Yuzhny Oleny
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_Site_of_Yuzhny_Oleny_highlighted.png) Hunter-gatherer populations, with their specific ancestries, between 14 ka and 9 ka. The area of the Eastern Hunter-Gatherer (EHG) appears in pink, with the site of Yuzhny Oleny (red circle) | |
  Location of Yuzhny Oleny.[1] | |
| Location | Karelia, Russia |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 62°03′00″N 35°21′30″E / 62.050022°N 35.358273°E |
| Type | Burial site |
| History | |
| Periods | Late Upper Paleolithic to Mesolithic |
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Yuzhny Oleny ("Southern Reindeer"), also Yuzhniy Oleniy, is an archaeological site located on Yuzhny Oleny island (Russian: Южный Олений остров, romanized: Yuzhniy Oleniy ostrov), in Lake Onega, Karelia.
Remains of Eastern Hunter-Gatherers dated to circa 8,100 BP (6,100 BCE) have been excavated at Yuzhny Oleny.[2] A total of 19 Eastern Hunter-Gatherer genomes were extracted from Yuzhny Oleny, which had comparable or lower WHG ancestry compared to other EHG groups.[3] The Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) ancestry is the main component of the Yuzhny Oleny group, and is particularly high among them compared to the rest of the Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG).[4] The 11 ka Sidelkino individual from Samara in western Russia also had a virtually identical profile with the members of the Yuzhniy Oleniy group.[3] The genes of the Yuzhny Oleni were transmitted to the people of the Yamnaya Culture, and to Scandinavia through a western route.[4]
A genetic study published in Nature in March 2023 examined the remains of fifteen individuals discovered in a burial site at Yuzhny Oleny, dating back to approximately 8,200 years ago. The nine samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to haplogroup Q1a1-F746/NWT01 (three samples), Q1b1-L53, R1a2-YP4141, R1a-M420, R1-M173, and J1-L255 (two samples). The fifteen samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to haplogroup U4 (three samples), U2e1 (three samples), U5a1 (two samples), and R1b (three samples), U4a2, U2e1e, U5a2, and U5a2d.[5]
The Eastern Hunter-Gatherer people established themselves in Karelia soon after the retreat of the ice sheet, circa 10,000 years before present (BP).[6] The first implements were made of stone, but ceramics were introduced circa 5,000 BCE.[6]
Reconstruction of burial No. 132 of the Oleneostrovsky burial ground (Yuzhni Oleny island, Lake Onega). Exhibit of the National Museum of the Republic of Karelia.[7]
Artifacts and reconstruction of the deceased (by Gerasimov) in tomb No. 132 from Yuzhni Oleny island.[7]
Forensic reconstruction by Gerasimov of individual in tomb No. 132 in Yuzhi Oleny island
