Zinnosaurus
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| Zinnosaurus | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Synapsida |
| Clade: | Therapsida |
| Clade: | †Therocephalia |
| Family: | †Lycosuchidae |
| Genus: | †Zinnosaurus Boonstra, 1968 Nomen dubium |
| Species: | †Z. paucidens |
| Binomial name | |
| †Zinnosaurus paucidens Boonstra, 1964 Nomen dubium (=Lycosuchidae incertae sedis) | |
Zinnosaurus is a dubious genus of therocephalian therapsids from the middle Permian (Capitanian) of South Africa. It includes the type and only species, Z. paucidens, named from a relatively complete skull and partial skeleton of an indeterminate lycosuchid therocephalian from the Karoo Basin by paleontologist Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra in 1964. Although it was described from relatively decent remains compared to other indeterminate lycosuchids, the holotype of Zinnosaurus is otherwise very similar to Lycosuchus (with which it was considered synonymous between 1987 and 2014) and further cannot be reliably distinguished from either it or Simorhinella, the only two definitively valid lycosuchids. As such, the holotype can only be identified as Lycosuchidae incertae sedis and so Zinnosaurus paucidens is a nomen dubium. Although dubious, Zinnosaurus has played an important role in the study of therocephalians by being one of only a relatively small number of specimens to have its postcranial skeleton studied and described in detail.
Taxonomy
The holotype of Zinnosaurus, SAM-PK-12185, was discovered in the Beaufort West Municipality on the Meyers Poort Farm 326 by Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra and Humphrey Zinn in 1959.[1][2] This farm exposes rocks from the boundary between the Abrahamskraal Formation and the overlying Teekloof Formation, and so the corresponding uppermost Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone (AZ) and lowest Endothiodon AZ. The age of this boundary has been dated to approximately 260 million years ago. Unfortunately, the fossil assemblage at Meyers Poort is not distinctive enough to distinguish which of the two assemblage zones they originated from. In addition to Zinnosaurus, it includes indeterminate therocephalian, gorgonopsian, dicynodont remains, a proburnettiine burnetiid, rhinesuchid temnospondyls, and the enigmatic reptile Eunotosaurus. However, the Teekloof Formation is only present at high ground at this locality and is less well exposed, so SAM-PK-12185 and other fossils are more likely come from the Abrahamskraal Formation and so near the top of the Tapinocephalus AZ (i.e. within the Diictodon-Styracocephalus subzone).[3] Such a biostratigraphic position was favoured by Boonstra himself in 1964.[1]
Boonstra named Zinnosaurus in 1964 after his colleague and technical assistant Humphrey Zinn,[3] who accompanied him on many trips to collect fossils in the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone.[1] The species name is from the Latin "paucidens", which translates as "few teeth", a feature Boonstra often highlighted when diagnosing the genus and species. Indeed, in his diagnoses of the genus he would characterise the non-canine teeth as "weak" and "well-spaced", and in 1969 he even described the postcanines as "feeble".[1][4] However, van den Heever contradicted this assessment in 1987, regarding the five incisors in each premaxilla as closely packed and separated from the canine. Van den Heever noted that the fourth incisor, usually the largest incisor in lycosuchids, was in the process of replacement, which may have influenced Boonstra's view of them.[5]
When Boonstra first described Zinnosaurus in 1964, he assigned it to the family Pristerognathidae (an invalid name for what is now recognised as Scylacosauridae), rather than to Lycosuchidae, and thought it to be most closely related to Glanosuchus. In two 1968 and 1969 papers overviewing the Tapinocephalus AZ fauna, he would further specifically assign Zinnosaurus to one of two pristerognathid subfamilies, the Scymnosaurinae (itself named after another dubious genus based mostly on lycosuchid material, Scymnosaurus).[4][6] This classification and division was echoed by James Kitching in 1977.[7]
In 1987, Juri van den Heever completed his PhD thesis revising the taxonomy and systematics of early therocephalians. Therein, van den Heever recognised the lycosuchid affinities of Zinnosaurus, but also synonymised Zinnosaurus paucidens with Lycosuchus vanderrieti due to their close physical similarity. He especially highlighted a flange along the bottom of the maxilla in both taxa, which he regarded as a unique trait specific to L. vanderrieti, distinguishing it from another species of Lycosuchus proposed in his thesis.[a] However, in 2014 a mature specimen of the therocephalian Simorhinella was described by Fernando Abadala and colleagues, and was identified as another lycosuchid. Abdala and colleagues found Simorhinella and Lycosuchus to be very similar and are mostly told apart by characteristics of the palate. Such features are not discernible in SAM-PK-12185, and so it can no longer be confidently assigned to (or told apart from) either Lycosuchus or Simorhinella. As such, SAM-PK-12185 is now considered to be Lycosuchidae incertae sedis and Zinnosaurus paucidens a nomen dubium, representing an indeterminate lycosuchid.[2]
