Øresund drone incident

Russian military or intelligence services are accused by Western governments and intelligence agencies of systematic covert attacks on European infrastructure since the late 2010s, intensifying after the 2022 invasion of Ukraine.^[1][2] The operations include arson,^[3][4][5] assassination attempts,^[6] railway damage,^[7][8][9] vandalism and electronic interference such as GPS jamming^[10] as part of a hybrid war across Europe aimed at destabilizing countries that support Ukraine. Officials report that the number of suspected Russian sabotage incidents increased in 2023–2024, targeting critical infrastructure including gas pipelines and communication cables.^[11][12] As part of this strategy, Russia has violated the airspace of NATO members 18 times during 2025 alone using drones, aircraft and missiles. Notable incursions involve a Russian UAV that traveled roughly 100 kilometers into Poland undetected by radar before going down near Osiny. Similarly, another drone spent four hours navigating through several Romanian districts before eventually crashing in Vaslui. Furthermore, a significant wave of 21 drones over Poland on September 9–10 disrupted commercial aviation, resulting in the temporary shutdown of major airports in Warsaw, Rzeszów, and Lublin. Up to 4 drones were shotdown by NATO fighters.^[13]

The nuclear powered French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle departed from the naval base of Toulon on 27 January for Malmö to take part of the multinational exercise "Lafayette 26", a NATO mission aimed to improve deterrence capabilities, defend Europe's borders and strengthen maritime security in the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean. The French carrier made a stopover regarded as "historic" by the Swedish Armed Forces, since it was the first time a French flagship docked in the port, reinforcing links between France and the newest Nordic NATO members.^[14]

After its arrival, the aircraft carrier was protected by an integrated security perimeter.^[15] On 26 February, as part of the defensive detail the Swedish patrol boat HSwMS Rapp spotted the Russian signals intelligence ship Zhigulevsk entering Swedish territorial waters^[15] while patrolling the Øresund Strait.^[16] The Zhigulevsk is a Project 503R surveillance vessel, belonging to the 72nd Separate Division of Special Purpose Ships of the Baltic Fleet Intelligence Center, usually on station in Baltic waters.^[17] The Russian trawler was not initially challenged as it was exercising its right of free passage.^[18]

Shortly after, Rapp 's sensors detected the launch of an unmanned aerial vehicle,^[18] and, once it was determined it was flying without authorisation,^[19] the Swedish vessel used its electronic warfare equipment to neutralize the drone.^[18] The drone was presumably a fixed-wing Orlan-10.^[20] The interception took place between 6 miles (9.7 km)^[21] to 7 miles (11 km) away from the Charles De Gaulle, moored at Malmö.^[22] The drone eventually disappeared from radar, presumably either flying back to the Russian ship or sent crashing into the waters after being jammed.^[16] Rapp shadowed Zhigulevsk out of Swedish territorial waters into the Baltic Sea. According to French military spokesman Guillaume Vernet, the security system "showed it is robust, and this event had no impact on the activity of the aircraft carrier battle group".^[15] The incident was notwithstanding classified as a "serious security alert" by the authorities^[16] as the Russian ship violated maritime laws regarding Swedish passage.^[19]