Šassūrātu
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| Šassūrātu | |
|---|---|
Assistants of Ninmah | |
| Equivalents | |
| Ugaritic | Kotharat |
| Hurrian | Hutena and Hutellura |
Šassūrātu were a group of Mesopotamian goddesses regarded as the assistants of Ninmah. Their name can be translated as "midwives" and they were considered to be tutelary goddesses of pregnant women. They appear in the myth Enki and Ninmah, where they receive individual names, as well as in a late version of Atrahasis.
Šassūrātu as a single deity
The name of the Šassūrātu is an Akkadian derivative of the Sumerian word šassūru, which can be translated as "womb"[1] or "midwife."[2] It is grammatically plural.[2] As a theonym, it referred to a group of seven goddesses who functioned as the tutelary deities of pregnant women and birth.[2] As such, they were regarded as helpers of the goddess Ninmah.[3] Most likely they were believed to assist her during the birth of every human child.[4] Manfred Krebernik characterizes them as "mother goddesses,"[5] a term commonly employed to refer to deities who took part in creation of mankind and of other gods.[6] However, as noted by Julia M. Asher-Greve, the term "birth goddess" might be preferable in Assyriology.[7] Joan Goodnick Westenholz also objected to the use of the phrase "mother goddess" in most cases, as deities subsumed under this term were typically not described as responsible for nurturing children.[6] The term "birth goddess" is also favored by Alfonso Archi,[1] who notes that the idea of a divine "Great Mother" which was originally formed by Johann Jakob Bachofen "enjoyed great success but (...) finds no justification in the documentation."[8]
In texts from Ugarit, Šassūrātu correspond to local Kotharat and Hurrian Hutena and Hutellura, groups of goddesses of similar character.[1] The equivalence between the first two groups is also known from texts from Mari, where they appear side by side in offering lists.[1] It is possible that both Šassūrātu and Kotharat served as models for Hutena and Hutellura.[9]
The term Šassūrātu is in some cases used to refer to a single deity.[10] It could be treated as an alternate name of Nintur,[5] "mistress birth-hut,"[11] who was initially a fully distinct goddess, as attested in the Kesh temple hymn.[12] However, Lluís Feliu notes the term is never directly equated with the name Ninmah, and therefore it cannot be assumed that the logogram dNIN.MAH was ever used interchangeably with the name Šassūrātu, for example in Ugarit, where both appear in syllabic versions of offering lists and most likely represent different Ugaritic deities.[10]
The goddess Šasurra (dŠà-sur-ra), whose name is etymologically related and who is treated alongside the Šassūrātu in reference works such as Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie, was associated with the city of Urrak (uruUr-rakki).[5][13] She is attested in a text known as the "Archive of Mystic Heptads," where she appears in an enumeration of birth goddesses from various cities, alongside Aruru, Nintur, Ninmah, Ninhursag, Ninmena and Erua (a manifestation of Zarpanit).[13] The purpose of this list was most like to claim the position of the other goddesses for Zarpanit, who is subsequently described as the "mistress" of the entire heptad.[13]