Voiceless palatal lateral fricative
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨𝼆⟩ or ⟨ʎ̝̊⟩ in IPA
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A voiceless palatal lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in a few spoken languages. This sound is somewhat rare; Dahalo has both a palatal lateral fricative and an affricate; Hadza has a series of palatal lateral affricates. In Bura, it is the realization of palatalized /ɬʲ/ and contrasts with [ʎ].
𝼆L_0| Voiceless palatal lateral approximant | |
|---|---|
| ʎ̥ | |
| IPA number | 157 402A |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | L_0 |
| Voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral fricative | |
|---|---|
| ɬ̠ʲ |
| Voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral approximant | |
|---|---|
| l̠̊ʲ |
The extensions to the IPA transcribes this sound with the letter ⟨𝼆⟩ (⟨ʎ⟩ with a belt, analogous to ⟨ɬ⟩ for the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative), which was added to Unicode in 2021. Some scholars also posit a voiceless palatal lateral approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ʎ̥⟩.
If distinction is necessary, a voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral fricative may be transcribed as ⟨ɬ̠ʲ⟩ (retracted and palatalized ⟨ɬ⟩) or as advanced ⟨𝼆̟⟩; these are essentially equivalent. The approximant also occurs and can be represented as ⟨l̠̊ʲ⟩ or ⟨ʎ̥˖⟩.
Features
Features of the voiceless palatal lateral fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bura[citation needed] | [example needed] | Contrasts with /l, ʎ, ɬ, ɮ, ʎ̝̊/. | |||
| Dahalo[citation needed] | [𝼆aːbu] | 'leaf' | Contrasts with [ɬ] and [ɬʷ] | ||
| Faroese[1] | kjálki | [ˈt͡ʃʰaʎ̥t͡ʃɪ] | 'jaw' | Allophone of /l/.[1] See Faroese phonology | |
| Inupiaq[2] | sikł̣aq | [sik𝼆̟ɑq] | 'pickaxe' | Alveolo-palatal;[2] also described as an approximant.[3] Contrasts with voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ʎ/ and /l/. | |
| nuiŋił̣ł̣uni | [nuiŋi𝼆̟ːuni] | 'because it did not appear' | |||
| Kumeyaay[4] | kałyəxwiiw | [kɑ𝼆əxʷeːw] | 'skunk' | Rare in word-initial position.[4] Contrasts with voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ʎ/ and /l/. | |
| Norwegian | Trondheim subdialect of Trøndersk[5] | alt | [ɑʎ̥c] | 'everything, all' | Allophone of /ʎ/ before /c/.[5] See Norwegian phonology |
| Some subdialects of Trøndersk[5] | tatle | [tɑʎ̥] | 'acting silly' | According to some scholars,[6][7] it is a phoneme that contrasts with /ʎ/ (as in /tɑʎ/ 'softwood'.)[5] See Norwegian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic[8] | coilltean | [ˈkʰɤiʎ̥tʲən] | 'woods' | Allophone of /ʎ/ before /tʲʰ/.[8] | |
| Turkish[9] | dil | [ˈd̟iʎ̟̊] | 'tongue' | Devoiced allophone of alveolo-palatal /l/, frequent finally and before voiceless consonants.[9] See Turkish phonology | |
| Xumi | Lower[10] | [ʎ̥˖o˦] | 'spirit' | Described as an approximant. Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiced /ʎ/.[10][11] | |
| Upper[11] | [ʎ̥˖ɛ˦] | 'flavorless' | |||
Voiceless post-palatal lateral fricative
| Voiceless post-palatal or pre-velar lateral fricative | |
|---|---|
| 𝼆̠ | |
| 𝼄̟ |
Archi, a Northeast Caucasian language of Dagestan, has four voiceless palatal lateral fricatives: plain [𝼆], labialized [𝼆ʷ], fortis [𝼆ː], and labialized fortis [𝼆ːʷ]. Although clearly fricatives, these are further back than palatals in most languages, but further forward than velars in most languages, and might better be called post-palatal or pre-velar. Archi also has a voiced fricative, as well as a voiceless and several ejective lateral velar affricates, but no alveolar lateral fricatives or affricates.[12]
Features
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is post-palatal (or pre-velar; also called palato-velar, retracted palatal, backed palatal, advanced velar or fronted velar), which means it is articulated between the position of palatal consonants and velar consonants. Palatalized velar consonants may be the same, but "palatalized" may also simply mean a palatal approximant-like release.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.