1911 - Wikiwand

1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1911th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 911th year of the 2nd millennium, the 11th year of the 20th century, and the 2nd year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1911, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

From top to bottom, left to right: The 1911 Revolution in China ends over two millennia of imperial rule and establishes the Republic of China; the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City kills 146 workers, prompting major labor and safety reforms; the Italo-Turkish War begins as Italy invades Ottoman territories in North Africa, marking the first war with aerial bombardment; the Agadir Crisis heightens tensions between Germany and France in Morocco, escalating prewar rivalries; Roald Amundsen becomes the first person to reach the South Pole; and the Coronation of George V and Mary at Westminster Abbey inaugurates the new reign in the United Kingdom.

Quick facts

1911 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1911 MCMXI
Ab urbe condita	2664
Armenian calendar	1360 ԹՎ ՌՅԿ
Assyrian calendar	6661
Baháʼí calendar	67–68
Balinese saka calendar	1832–1833
Bengali calendar	1317–1318
Berber calendar	2861
British Regnal year	1 Geo. 5 – 2 Geo. 5
Buddhist calendar	2455
Burmese calendar	1273
Byzantine calendar	7419–7420
Chinese calendar	庚戌年 (Metal Dog) 4608 or 4401 — to — 辛亥年 (Metal Pig) 4609 or 4402
Coptic calendar	1627–1628
Discordian calendar	3077
Ethiopian calendar	1903–1904
Hebrew calendar	5671–5672
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1967–1968
- Shaka Samvat	1832–1833
- Kali Yuga	5011–5012
Holocene calendar	11911
Igbo calendar	911–912
Iranian calendar	1289–1290
Islamic calendar	1329–1330
Japanese calendar	Meiji 44 (明治４４年)
Javanese calendar	1840–1841
Juche calendar	N/A
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4244
Minguo calendar	1 before ROC 民前1年
Nanakshahi calendar	443
Thai solar calendar	2453–2454
Tibetan calendar	ལྕགས་ཕོ་ཁྱི་ལོ་ (male Iron-Dog) 2037 or 1656 or 884 — to — ལྕགས་མོ་ཕག་ལོ་ (female Iron-Boar) 2038 or 1657 or 885

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Events

January

January 1 – A decade after federation, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory are added to the Commonwealth of Australia.^[1]
January 3
- 1911 Kebin earthquake: An earthquake of 8.0 moment magnitude strikes near Almaty in Russian Turkestan, killing 450 or more people.^[2]
- Siege of Sidney Street in London: Two Latvian anarchists die, after a seven-hour siege against a combined police and military force. Home Secretary Winston Churchill arrives to oversee events.
January 4 – Amundsen and Scott expeditions: Robert Falcon Scott's British Terra Nova Expedition to the South Pole arrives in the Antarctic and establishes a base camp at Cape Evans on Ross Island.
January 5 – Egypt's Zamalek SC is founded as a general sports and Association football club by Belgian lawyer George Merzbach as Qasr El Nile Club.
January 14 – Amundsen and Scott expeditions: Roald Amundsen's Norwegian South Pole expedition arrives in the Antarctic and establishes a base camp at the Bay of Whales on the eastern edge of the Ross Ice Shelf.
January 18 – Eugene B. Ely lands on the deck of the USS Pennsylvania stationed in San Francisco harbor, the first time an aircraft has landed on a ship.
January 21 – First Monte Carlo Rally inaugurated.
January 26
- The United States and Canada announce the successful negotiation of their first reciprocal trade agreement.
- Premiere of Richard Strauss's opera Der Rosenkavalier in Dresden.^[3]

February

February 5 – The revolution in Haiti is suppressed after the leader, General Montreuil Guillaume, is captured by government troops and shot. General Millionard is executed two days later.^[4]
February 17 – The first "quasi-official" airmail flight occurs, when Fred Wiseman carries three letters between Petaluma and Santa Rosa, California.
February 18
- The first official air mail flight, second overall, takes place in British India from Allahabad to Naini when Henri Pequet carries 6,500 letters a distance of 13 km.
- A serious earthquake causes a landslide that creates Lake Sarez in modern-day Tajikistan.

March

March 19 – International Women's Day is celebrated for the first time across Europe.^[5]
March 25 – The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City kills 146 people.^[6]

April

April 3 – Jean Sibelius conducts the premiere of his Symphony No. 4, in Helsinki.
April 8 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovers superconductivity; he presents his findings on April 28.^[7]
April 13 – Mexican Revolution: Rebels take Agua Prieta on the Sonora–Arizona border; government troops take the town back April 17, when the rebel leader "Red" López gets drunk.
April 18 – SS Lusitania, a 5,557-ton Portuguese passenger liner en route from Mozambique to Lisbon, strikes Bellows Rock just off Cape Point and sinks.
April 19 – Mexican Revolution: Francisco I. Madero's troops besiege Ciudad Juárez, but General Juan J. Navarro refuses his surrender demand.
April 22 – A passenger train from Port Alfred to Grahamstown, South Africa derails on the Blaauwkrantz Bridge, and plunges into the ravine 200 feet (61 metres) below, killing 31 and seriously injuring 23.^[8]^[9]
April 26 – HŠK Građanski Zagreb (predecessor of GNK Dinamo Zagreb), a Croatian Association football club, is founded in Zagreb.
April 27 – Huanghuagang Uprising: In China, rebels take five villages in an attempt to create a power base to fight Imperial rule; those who die are remembered as "The 72 Martyrs" (the event is also called the "Second Guangzhou Uprising" and the "Yellow Flower Mound Revolt").

May

May 8 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa launches an attack against government troops in Ciudad Juárez without Madero's permission; the government troops surrender on May 10.
May 13–15 – Mexican Revolution: Torreón massacre – Over 300 Chinese residents are massacred by the revolutionary forces of Francisco I. Madero, in the Mexican city of Torreón.
May 15 –Standard Oil is dissolved by the Supreme Court of the United States into 34 separate oil companies including Exxon, Mobil, Chevron, Texaco, and others due to violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
May 21 – Mexican Revolution: In Ciudad Juárez, a peace treaty is signed between Madero's rebels and government troops.
May 24 – Mexican Revolution: Government troops fire at anti-Diaz demonstrators in Mexico City, killing about 200 (officials claim only 40).
May 25 – Mexican Revolution: Porfirio Díaz signs his resignation and leaves for Veracruz; on May 31 he leaves for exile in France.
May 30 – The first Indianapolis 500 automobile race is held in the United States, won by Ray Harroun at an average speed of 74.59 miles per hour.
May 31 – The hull of the RMS Titanic is launched in Belfast, on the same day RMS Olympic starts her sea trials.

June

June 7 – Mexican Revolution: Francisco Madero arrives in Mexico City, just after the 1911 Michoacán earthquake.
June 11 – The Sixth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance opens in Stockholm, Sweden.^[10]
June 13 – Igor Stravinsky's ballet Petrushka is premiered by Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in Paris with Vaslav Nijinsky in the lead.^[11]
June 14 – RMS Olympic departs Southampton, England, for her maiden voyage. On June 15, she arrives in Queenstown, Ireland, to discharge and take up passengers.
June 21 – RMS Olympic arrives in New York at the end of her maiden voyage.
June 22 – George V and Mary are crowned King and Queen of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, at Westminster Abbey in London.^[12]
June 23 – Frank C. Mars starts the Mars Candy Factory in Tacoma, Washington, origin of Mars, Incorporated, the global confectionery and pet food brand.^[13]
June 28
- RMS Olympic departs New York for her maiden eastbound voyage home to Southampton, England.
- The Nakhla meteorite falls in the Abu Hummus region of Egypt, providing evidence of water on Mars.

July

July 1 – The presence of the German warship Panther in the Moroccan port of Agadir triggers the Agadir Crisis.
July 5 – RMS Olympic arrives in Southampton, England, ending her maiden eastbound voyage from New York (having on July 4 discharged some passengers and mail off Plymouth).
July 24 – Hiram Bingham rediscovers Machu Picchu in Peru.
July 25 – Headington Football Club merge with Headington Quarry to create Headington United, which much later becomes Oxford United F.C. in England.
July 28 – The Australasian Antarctic Expedition begins as the SY Aurora departs London.^[14]

August

August 17–20 – Britain's National Railway strike of 1911, its first national strike of railway workers; on August 19 it leads to the Llanelli riots in Wales which result in 6 deaths.^[15]
August 21 – Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa is stolen from the Louvre museum in Paris by Vincenzo Peruggia; the painting is returned in 1913.
August 27 – CSKA Moscow, a professional multi-sports club in Russia, is officially founded.^[16]
August 29 – Ishi, the last unassimilated Native American in the U.S. using stone tools, emerges from hiding near Oroville, California.

September

September 18 – Pyotr Stolypin, 3rd Prime Minister of the Russian Empire is assassinated in Kiev by Leftist revolutionary Dmitry Bogrov and is succeeded by Count Vadimir Kokovtsov
September 20 – RMS Olympic collides with HMS Hawke in The Solent, causing considerable damage to both ships.
September 25 – French battleship Liberté explodes at anchor in Toulon, France, killing around 300 onboard and in the surrounding area.
September 29 – Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire.

October

October 4 – China adopts "Cup of Solid Gold" as its first national anthem. However, it is never performed publicly and is replaced a few months later with a new composition.
October 7 – Liberal leader Karl Staaff returns as Prime Minister of Sweden after a Riksdag election victory based on the promises of defense cuts and social reforms.
October 10 – The Wuchang Uprising starts the Xinhai Revolution that leads to the founding of the Republic of China.
October 16 – Mexican Revolution: Felix Diaz, nephew of Porfirio Díaz, occupies the port of Veracruz, as a sign of rebellion against Madero.
October 20 – Amundsen and Scott expeditions: Amundsen's expedition sets out for the South Pole from his base camp.
October 26 – In American baseball, the Philadelphia Athletics defeat the New York Giants, 13–2, to win the 1911 World Series in 6 games. The game is tied 1–1 after three innings, but with four runs in the fourth, and seven runs in the seventh, the A's demolish the Giants. The most unusual play of the game is an inside-the-park home run made by the A's Jack Barry, on a bunt.

November

November 1
- The world's first combat aerial bombing mission takes place in Libya, during the Italo-Turkish War. Second Lieutenant Giulio Gavotti of Italy drops several small bombs.
- Amundsen and Scott expeditions: Capt. Scott's Terra Nova Expedition sets out for the South Pole from his base camp.
November 3 – Chevrolet officially enters the automobile market in the United States, in competition with the Ford Model T.
November 4 – Morocco–Congo Treaty brings the Agadir Crisis to a close. This treaty leads Morocco to be split between France (as a protectorate) and Spain (as the colony of Spanish Sahara), with Germany forfeiting all claims to Morocco. In return, France gives Germany a portion of the French Congo (as Kamerun) and Germany cedes some of German Kamerun to France (as Chad).
November 5 – Italy annexes Tripoli and Cyrenaica (confirmed by an act of the Italian Parliament on February 25, 1912).
November 17 – Omega Psi Phi fraternity is founded on the campus of Howard University, in Washington, D.C.

December

December 1 – Outer Mongolia, the predecessor of modern-day Mongolia, is declared independent from the Chinese Empire.
December 2 – Australasian Antarctic Expedition sets sail from Hobart.
December 9 – Cross Mountain Mine disaster: A coal mine explosion near Briceville, Tennessee kills 84 miners, despite rescue efforts led by the United States Bureau of Mines.
December 12 – The Delhi Durbar is held to mark the coronation of George V and Queen Mary as Emperor and Empress of India, and the transfer of the capital of British India from Calcutta to Delhi.
December 14 – Amundsen and Scott expeditions: Roald Amundsen's Norwegian expedition reaches the geographical South Pole, 34 days ahead of Capt. Scott. News of Amundsen's success will not reach the outside world until next March.
December 18 – The first exhibition by Der Blaue Reiter group of painters opens in Munich.
December 18–28 – George V's 1911 hunting trip in Nepal.
December 24 – Lackawanna Cut-Off railway line opens in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
December 29 – Sun Yat-sen is elected Provisional President of the Republic of China.

Date unknown

The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition is published under American management in England, by Cambridge University Press.
New Zealand-born British physicist Ernest Rutherford deduces the existence of a compact atomic nucleus from experiments involving Rutherford scattering, proposing the Rutherford model of the atom.