1935 in science
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The year 1935 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy
- May 14 â Opening of the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles.
- October 3 â Opening of the Hayden Planetarium in New York City.
Chemistry
- January â Charles Richter publishes a paper detailing a new scale designed to describe the magnitude of earthquakes in objective terms. This scale will be widely adopted and become known as the Richter scale.[1]
- February 28âMarch 1 â Working with polyamides to develop a viable new fiber for chemical company DuPont, American chemist Gerard Bérchet working under the direction of Wallace Carothers first synthesizes the synthetic polymer nylon at Wilmington, Delaware.[2][3]
- April 13 â Dorothy Hodgkin publishes her first solo paper, on the methodology of X-ray crystallography of insulin.[4]
- Vitamin E is first isolated in a pure form by Gladys Anderson Emerson at the University of California, Berkeley.[5]
- Eastman Kodak first markets Kodachrome subtractive color reversal film as 16 mm movie film.[6][7] The product has been invented by two professional musicians, Leopold Godowsky Jr. and Leopold Mannes.[8][9][10]
Ecology
- English botanist Arthur Tansley introduces the concept of the ecosystem.[11][12]
Geology
- Charles Richter and Beno Gutenberg develop the Richter magnitude scale for quantifying earthquakes.
History of science and technology
- American bacteriologist Hans Zinsser publishes Rats, lice and history: being a study in biography, which... deals with the life history of typhus fever.[13]
- Cornish Engines Preservation Committee formed to conserve the Levant Mine beam engine in Cornwall, England.
Mathematics
- April 19 â Alonzo Church presents his paper "An unsolvable problem of elementary number theory", introducing his theorem on the Entscheidungsproblem, to the American Mathematical Society.[14]
- Octav Onicescu and Gheorghe Mihoc develop the notion of the "chain with complete links" in probability theory.[15]
- George Pólya develops counting techniques for graphs as algebra.[16]
- George K. Zipf proposes Zipf's law on probability distribution.[17]
Pharmacology
- January 2 â IG Farben are granted a patent in Germany for the medical application of the first sulfonamide prodrug, Sulfonamidochrysoidine (KI-730; marketed as Prontosil). In February, Gerhard Domagk and others publish (in Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift) the first clinical results on its properties as an antibiotic, the first commercially available; and in November a team directed by Ernest Fourneau at the Pasteur Institute identify sulfanilamide as the active component.[18]
Physics
- January 8 â A.C. Hardy patents the spectrophotometer.
- February 26 â Robert Watson-Watt and Arnold Wilkins first demonstrate the reflection of radio waves from an aircraft, near Daventry in England;[19] on June 17, the first radio detection of an aircraft by ground-based radar is made at Orford Ness.
- Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen publish a paper arguing that quantum mechanics is not a complete physical theory (the EPR paradox).[20] Discussion of this introduces the 'Schrödinger's cat' thought experiment.[21]
- Jacques Yvon introduces S-particle distribution functions in classical statistical mechanics;[22] they will later be included in the BBGKY hierarchy.
Physiology and medicine
- January 28 â Iceland becomes the first country to legalize abortion on medical grounds.
- May â The hormone testosterone is first isolated and named by a team at Organon in the Netherlands led by German scientist Ernst Laqueur.[23] In August, the chemical synthesis of testosterone from cholesterol is achieved by Adolf Butenandt and Günther Hanisch.[24] A week later, the Ciba group in Zurich, Leopold Ruzicka and A. Wettstein, publish their synthesis of the hormone.[25]
- Ladislas J. Meduna discovers metrazol shock therapy.
- First vaccine for yellow fever.
- German physician Karl Matthes develops the first two-wavelength ear O2 saturation meter.[26]
Technology
- January 24 â The first beer can is sold in Richmond, Virginia, United States, by the Gottfried Krueger Brewing Company.[27]
- June 12 â Conrad Bahr and George Pfefferle file a United States patent for an adjustable ratcheting torque wrench.[28]
- July 16 â The world's first parking meter is installed in Oklahoma City to a design by Holger George Thuesen and Gerald A. Hale patented by Carl Magee.[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]
- November 6
- Edwin H. Armstrong presents his paper on FM broadcasting, "A Method of Reducing Disturbances in Radio Signaling by a System of Frequency Modulation", to the New York section of the Institute of Radio Engineers.
- First flight of the Hawker Hurricane British fighter aircraft, designed by Sydney Camm.
- Callender-Hamilton bridge patented by A. M. Hamilton.
- Helical lobe rotary-screw compressor patented by Alf Lysholm of Ljungstroms Angturbin in Sweden.
Events
- September 16â21 â First Congress for the Unity of Science is held at the Sorbonne.[37]
Awards
Births
- January 26 â Andrew J. Stofan, American astronautical engineer.
- January 29 â Roger Payne (died 2023), American biologist and zoologist.[38]
- February 15 â Roger B. Chaffee (died in accident 1967), American astronaut.[39]
- February 27 â Anne Treisman, née Taylor (died 2018), English-born psychologist.
- April 11 â Kazys Almenas (died 2017), Lithuanian physicist, engineer and publisher.
- April 25 â Jim Peebles, Canadian-born theoretical cosmologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.[40]
- June 1 â Jacqueline Naze Tjøtta (died 2017), French-born mathematician.[41][42]
- June 14 â Louise Hay, née Schmir (died 1989), French-born American mathematician.
- June 25 â Charles Sheffield (died 2002), English-born science fiction author and physicist.
- June 30 â Animesh Chakravorty, Bengali Indian academic, chemistry professor.
- July 2 â Sergei Khrushchev, Soviet, Russian and American control engineer (died 2020).[43]
- July 7 â H. Franklin Bunn, American physician, hematologist and biochemist.
- July 12 â Satoshi Åmura, Japanese biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[44]
- July 14 â Ei-ichi Negishi, Japanese chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[45]
- August 3 â Georgy Shonin (died 1997), Ukrainian cosmonaut.
- August 26 â Karen Spärck Jones (died 2007), English computer scientist.
- September 11 â Gherman Titov (died 2000), Soviet cosmonaut.
- September 12 â Harvey J. Alter, American virologist, winner of the Nobel Prize.
- September 19 â Milan Antal (died 1999), Slovak astronomer
- October 23 â JacSue Kehoe, American neuroscientist
- October 26 â Ora Mendelsohn Rosen (died 1990), American biomedical researcher.
- October 31 â Ronald Graham (died 2020), American mathematician.
- November 16 â Magdi Yacoub, Egyptian-born cardiothoracic surgeon.
- November 20 â Michael F. Ashby, English materials engineer.
- December 27 â Stephan Tanneberger (died 2018), German oncologist, chemist.
Deaths
- February 15 â Bohuslav Brauner, Czech chemist (born 1855)[46]
- March 7 â Mary Gage Day, American physician (born 1857)[47]
- March 12 â Mihajlo Pupin (born 1858), Serbian American physicist.
- March 16 â John Macleod (born 1876), Scottish physician and physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[48]
- May 12 â Abraham Groves (born 1847), Canadian surgeon.
- May 21 â Hugo de Vries, Dutch botanist and geneticist (born 1848)[49]
- July 3 â André Citroën (born 1878), French automobile manufacturer.[50]
- August 21 â Kintarô Okamura (born 1867), Japanese phycologist.
- September 19 â Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Russian rocket scientist (born 1857)[51]
- September 28 â W. K. Dickson (born 1860), British cinematographic pioneer.[52]
- December 4 â Charles Richet (born 1850), French physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[53]
- November 6 â Henry Fairfield Osborn (born 1857), American paleontologist.
- November 21 â Agnes Pockels (born 1862), German chemist.[54]
- December 10 â Sir John Carden, 6th Baronet (born 1892), English tank and vehicle designer (died in 1935 SABENA Savoia-Marchetti S.73 crash).
- December 12 â Charles Loomis Dana (born 1852), American neurologist.
- December 13 â Victor Grignard, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1871)[55]