1976 Portuguese legislative election
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The 1976 Portuguese legislative election was held on Sunday 25 April, exactly one year after the previous election, and two years after the Carnation Revolution. With a new Constitution approved, the country's main aim was economic recovery and strengthening its democratic institutions. The election renewed all 263 members of the Assembly of the Republic.
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25 April 1976
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All 263 seats in the Assembly of the Republic 132 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Registered | 6,564,667 5.4% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 5,483,461 (83.5%) 8.2 pp | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Socialist Party won a plurality of votes, almost 35 percent, and seats, with its leader, Mário Soares, becoming Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government on 23 July 1976, a minority one. However, the lack of a socialist majority forced the party to later form an unexpected coalition with the Democratic and Social Center, a right-wing party. The nature of this coalition, between a socialist party and a conservative party that voted against the new constitution because of its socialist influences, surprised most Portuguese voters and marked the start of the Socialist Party's right-wing turn that would soon be attacked by all the left due to the new government's measures against left-wing reforms following the Carnation Revolution, mainly concerning agrarian reform, in what was called the PS putting "Socialism in the drawer".[1]
The Social Democratic Party (then known as the Democratic People's Party, PPD) won the second most votes and seats, 24 percent of the votes, but polled 10 points below the PS. The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) achieved considerable gains that reflected its growing influence, mainly in the south of the country, gaining 14 percent of the votes. The big surprise in the elections was the strong showing of the Democratic and Social Center (CDS), which polled ahead of PCP and gathered 16 percent of the votes. Only 19 years later, in 1995, would the CDS again surpass the PCP in number of votes.
Voter turnout fell to 83.5 percent, compared with the 91.7 percent just a year before.
Background
Ongoing Revolutionary Process
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The previous election, held on 25 April 1975, elected a constituent assembly to write a new Constitution. The election results gave the two main moderate parties (PS and PPD) a clear majority in Parliament, with almost 38 percent for the PS and more than 26 percent for the PPD. The PCP achieved a weak result, just 12.5 percent, while CDS polled ahead of MDP/CDE. The election results started a conflict of legitimacy between parties, the Armed Forces Movement and the Revolutionary Council. It was the start of the Ongoing Revolutionary Process, which culminated in the Hot Summer of 1975.
On 1 May 1975, the PS and the PCP held separate rallies and some violent clashes occurred between PS and PCP supporters.[2] A few days later, in what was called "The República case", far-left supporters invaded the headquarters of República newspaper. The reason was a strike by typographers and other workers, many close to the far-left UDP, accusing the editorial board of being too aligned with the PS.[3] The case drew widespread international attention, and the PS started a full blown attack against the PCP and Prime Minister Vasco Gonçalves' government.
Positions become extreme as Vasco Gonçalves led the Ongoing Revolutionary Process. He started facing big opposition from the so-called "reactionaries" (the Catholic Church, groups close to the former Estado Novo regime and, unofficially, from the PS, PPD and CDS.), therefore, Vasco Gonçalves continued and forced his Democratic socialism policies with the nationalization of huge parts of the Portuguese economy.[4]
Hot Summer of 1975
By the beginning of the summer of 1975, the country was deeply divided. The "Hot summer of 1975" was starting. During this period, huge clashes between left and right supporters spread all across the country, some with great violence. The possibility of the country entering in a full blown Civil war was feared by many.[5] On 19 July 1975, the PS held a massive rally in Lisbon, with the help of the Catholic Church and others, to fight against the PCP and Vasco Gonçalves government. Mário Soares, PS leader, accused the Gonçalves government, and those who support it, of being "Paranoids", "Demented" and "Irresponsibles who do not represent the Portuguese people".[6]
During the summer of 1975, headquarters of the PCP, and other left-wing parties, in many cities in the North and Center of the country were vandalized and destroyed. Many leftwing supporters were also violently beaten by anti-left protesters.[7] The violence and increased tensions across the country were damaging Vasco Gonçalves leadership in the government, with divisions between the Armed Forces Movement and the Revolutionary Council starting to show. When COPCON commander, Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, withdrew his support from Gonçalves, the government was on its last days. On 20 September, Gonçalves leaves the government and Pinheiro de Azevedo is nominated as Prime Minister.[8] Shortly after, on 26 September, the assault of the Spanish embassy in Lisbon by far-left supporters, in retaliation to the attacks on left-wing parties headquarters in the North and Center, drew widespread attention as it was broadcast by US network CBS.[9]
25 November Coup and normalization
The new government was unable to control the tensions in the country. and by mid November. the government made the extraordinary announcement that they were on strike because there were no conditions to govern the country.[10] Just before this announcement, construction workers unions laid siege to Parliament and blocked MPs from leaving the building for two days.[11]
All of this culminated in the events of the Coup of 25 November 1975. The coup was an attempt by left-wing activists who hoped to hijack the Portuguese transition to democracy in favor of the Communists. The coup failed, and shortly after a counter-coup led by Ramalho Eanes, a pro-democracy moderate, and supported by PS leader Mário Soares, re-established the democratic process.[12]
By March 1976, the Constitutional Assembly had finally drafted the Constitution text and was sent to approval in April 1976. The Constitution draft was heavily ideological, with many references to Socialism and with many phrases that echoed Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto. On 2 April 1976, the new Constitution was approved with the votes of all parties with the exception of CDS, which voted against citing the ideological content of the document. However, the party agreed to abide by it in the interim.[13]
Electoral system
The Assembly of the Republic has 263 members elected to four-year terms. The total number of MPs increased to 263 from the 1975 total of 250 MPs. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 132 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved.[14]
The number of seats assigned to each district depends on the district magnitude.[15] The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.[16]
For these elections, and compared with the 1975 elections, the MPs distributed by districts were the following:[17]
| District | Number of MPs | Map |
|---|---|---|
| Lisbon(+3) | 58 | 
15
7
38
7
5
15
11
6
12
7
11
13
58
4
6
17
6
9
6
3
2
1
2
2
|
| Porto(+2) | 38 | |
| Setúbal(+1) | 17 | |
| Aveiro(+1) and Braga | 15 | |
| Santarém | 13 | |
| Coimbra | 12 | |
| Leiria and Viseu(+1) | 11 | |
| Faro | 9 | |
| Castelo Branco, Viana do Castelo(+1) and Vila Real(+1) | 7 | |
| Beja, Évora(+1), Guarda and Funchal | 6 | |
| Bragança(+1) | 5 | |
| Portalegre | 4 | |
| Ponta Delgada | 3 | |
| Angra do Heroísmo, Europe and Outside Europe | 2 | |
| Horta | 1 |
Parties
The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the Constitutional Assembly (1975–1976) and that also, some, contested the elections:
| Name | Ideology | Political position | Leader | 1975 result | Seats at dissolution | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | Seats | |||||||
| PS | Socialist Party Partido Socialista |
Social democracy |
Centre-left | Mário Soares | 37.9% | 116 / 250 |
116 / 250 | |
| PPD | Democratic People's Party Partido Popular Democrático |
Liberalism | Centre | Francisco Sá Carneiro |
26.4% | 81 / 250 |
60 / 250 | |
| PCP | Portuguese Communist Party Partido Comunista Português |
Communism | Far-left | Álvaro Cunhal | 12.5% | 30 / 250 |
30 / 250 | |
| CDS | Democratic and Social Center Centro Democrático e Social |
Christian democracy |
Centre-right | Diogo Freitas do Amaral |
7.6% | 16 / 250 |
16 / 250 | |
| MDP/CDE[a] | Portuguese Democratic Movement Movimento Democrático Português |
Left-wing nationalism Democratic socialism |
Left-wing | José Manuel Tengarrinha |
4.1% | 5 / 250 |
5 / 250 | |
| UDP | Popular Democratic Union União Democrática Popular |
Marxism Socialism |
Left-wing | Mário Tomé | 0.8% | 1 / 250 |
1 / 250 | |
| ADIM[a] | Association for the Defense of Macau Interests Associação para a Defesa dos Interesses de Macau |
Conservatism Macau interests |
Right-wing | Diamantino Ferreira |
0.0% | 1 / 250 |
1 / 250 | |
| Ind. | Independent Independente |
Various PPD members[18] | 21 / 250 | |||||
Seat changes
- On 9 December 1975, a total of 21 PPD MPs, including the party's caucus leader, Carlos Mota Pinto, left the party and became Independents, following deep disagreements with party leader Francisco Sá Carneiro regarding the party's ideology and policies.[19]
Campaign period
Issues
The campaign was dominated by the "hangover" from the previous two years, with economic problems, increased violence, social issues, and fierce divisions within and between parties and society, in addition to a halfhearted electorate.[20] Despite this backdrop of uncertainty, during the campaign, Socialist (PS) leader Mário Soares rejected any post-election coalition, preferring a minority government, while the Democratic People's Party (PPD), showed a propensity for agreements with the conservative Democratic Social Center (CDS),[20] which criticized the revolutionary process of the two preceding years.[21] The Communist Party (PCP) campaigned on defeating the "reactionary right".[21]
Party slogans
| Party or alliance | Original slogan | English translation | Refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PS | « Queremos e podemos reconstruir o país » | "We want and we can rebuild the country" | [22] | |
| PPD | « Portugal com Sá Carneiro » | "Portugal with Sá Carneiro" | [23] | |
| PCP | « Para uma maioria de esquerda » | "For a left-wing majority" | [24] | |
| CDS | « A resposta é muito simples » | "The answer is very simple" | [25] | |
Candidates' debates
The day after the elections, a round table was held on RTP1, moderated by Carlos Veiga Pereira, on the electoral results, with the participation of Mário Soares (Socialist Party), Francisco Sá Carneiro, (Social Democratic Party), Diogo Freitas do Amaral (Social Democratic Center), and Filipe Faria (UDP). Álvaro Cunhal (Portuguese Communist Party) declined to participate in the roundtable.
Results
National summary
 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Votes | % | +/– | Seats | +/– | |
| Socialist Party | 1,912,921 | 34.89 | –2.98 | 107 | –9 | |
| Democratic People's Party | 1,335,381 | 24.35 | –2.04 | 73 | –8 | |
| Democratic and Social Centre | 876,007 | 15.98 | +8.37 | 42 | +26 | |
| Portuguese Communist Party | 788,830 | 14.39 | +1.93 | 40 | +10 | |
| Popular Democratic Union | 91,690 | 1.67 | +0.88 | 1 | 0 | |
| People's Socialist Front | 42,162 | 0.77 | –0.39 | 0 | 0 | |
| Reorganizing Movement of the Party of the Proletariat | 36,200 | 0.66 | New | 0 | New | |
| Movement of Socialist Left | 31,332 | 0.57 | –0.45 | 0 | 0 | |
| Christian Democratic Party | 29,874 | 0.54 | New | 0 | New | |
| People's Monarchist Party | 28,320 | 0.52 | –0.05 | 0 | 0 | |
| Internationalist Communist League | 16,269 | 0.30 | +0.11 | 0 | 0 | |
| Communist Party of Portugal | 15,830 | 0.29 | New | 0 | New | |
| Worker–Peasant Alliance | 15,778 | 0.29 | New | 0 | New | |
| Workers' Revolutionary Party | 5,171 | 0.09 | New | 0 | New | |
| Total | 5,225,765 | 100.00 | – | 263 | [a]+13 | |
| Valid votes | 5,225,765 | 95.30 | +2.24 | |||
| Invalid/blank votes | 257,696 | 4.70 | –2.24 | |||
| Total votes | 5,483,461 | 100.00 | – | |||
| Registered voters/turnout | 6,564,667 | 83.53 | –8.13 | |||
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições | ||||||
Distribution by constituency
| Constituency | % | S | % | S | % | S | % | S | % | S | Total S |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PS | PPD | CDS | PCP | UDP | |||||||
| Angra do Heroísmo | 30.4 | 1 | 51.8 | 1 | 12.1 | - | 1.5 | - | 2 | ||
| Aveiro | 30.8 | 5 | 35.2 | 6 | 22.5 | 4 | 3.7 | - | 0.9 | - | 15 |
| Beja | 32.0 | 2 | 8.2 | - | 4.2 | - | 44.0 | 4 | 2.2 | - | 6 |
| Braga | 32.3 | 6 | 28.6 | 5 | 21.2 | 4 | 4.2 | - | 1.0 | - | 15 |
| Bragança | 22.6 | 1 | 33.3 | 2 | 28.3 | 2 | 2.7 | - | 0.8 | - | 5 |
| Castelo Branco | 36.4 | 3 | 22.6 | 2 | 19.9 | 2 | 6.7 | - | 1.1 | - | 7 |
| Coimbra | 40.9 | 6 | 26.7 | 4 | 12.5 | 1 | 7.3 | 1 | 1.2 | - | 12 |
| Évora | 30.3 | 2 | 9.2 | - | 8.0 | - | 43.2 | 4 | 2.6 | - | 6 |
| Faro | 44.6 | 6 | 19.3 | 2 | 6.8 | - | 14.5 | 1 | 2.6 | - | 9 |
| Funchal | 24.9 | 1 | 53.0 | 4 | 13.3 | 1 | 1.5 | - | 1.3 | - | 6 |
| Guarda | 25.2 | 2 | 25.7 | 2 | 32.1 | 2 | 2.9 | - | 1.1 | - | 6 |
| Horta | 34.2 | - | 57.0 | 1 | 4.3 | - | 1.5 | - | 1 | ||
| Leiria | 31.1 | 4 | 31.2 | 4 | 19.4 | 2 | 7.3 | 1 | 1.0 | - | 11 |
| Lisbon | 38.3 | 25 | 16.4 | 10 | 13.2 | 8 | 21.8 | 14 | 2.6 | 1 | 58 |
| Ponta Delgada | 35.4 | 1 | 45.6 | 2 | 11.8 | - | 1.5 | - | 3 | ||
| Portalegre | 41.9 | 3 | 10.1 | - | 13.9 | - | 22.0 | 1 | 1.0 | - | 4 |
| Porto | 40.7 | 18 | 27.0 | 11 | 15.7 | 6 | 8.4 | 3 | 1.5 | - | 38 |
| Santarém | 38.5 | 6 | 19.5 | 3 | 13.9 | 2 | 16.1 | 2 | 1.7 | - | 13 |
| Setúbal | 32.2 | 7 | 8.4 | 1 | 4.4 | - | 44.4 | 9 | 2.8 | - | 17 |
| Viana do Castelo | 25.5 | 2 | 32.8 | 3 | 23.5 | 2 | 6.6 | - | 0.9 | - | 7 |
| Vila Real | 26.3 | 2 | 39.0 | 4 | 18.3 | 1 | 3.1 | - | 0.9 | - | 7 |
| Viseu | 23.0 | 3 | 32.2 | 4 | 31.2 | 4 | 2.3 | - | 0.9 | - | 11 |
| Europe | 46.1 | 1 | 32.2 | 1 | 6.9 | - | 10.1 | - | 0.8 | - | 2 |
| Rest of the World | 6.3 | - | 53.2 | 1 | 33.7 | 1 | 1.4 | - | 0.4 | - | 2 |
| Total | 34.9 | 107 | 24.4 | 73 | 16.0 | 42 | 14.4 | 40 | 1.7 | 1 | 263 |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições | |||||||||||
5 largest municipalities
| Municipality | PS | PPD | CDS | PCP | UDP | Others | Turnout |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Lisbon |
36.9 (205,659) |
17.2 (95,751) |
16.6 (92,250) |
19.2 (106,897) |
2.8 (15,626) |
4.3 (23,571) |
82.8 |
 Porto |
38.8 (81,879) |
26.0 (54,892) |
16.4 (34,583) |
12.0 (25,418) |
2.5 (5,239) |
1.9 (3,968) |
88.2 |
 Oeiras |
38.9 (61,860) |
14.4 (22,982) |
10.6 (16,899) |
26.6 (42,330) |
3.1 (4,918) |
3.9 (6,230) |
83.5 |
 Loures |
41.5 (55,380) |
11.8 (15,754) |
7.2 (9,669) |
29.2 (39,028) |
2.4 (3,183) |
4.6 (6,173) |
84.6 |
 Vila Nova de Gaia |
46.6 (58,165) |
25.5 (31,978) |
11.8 (14,862) |
9.0 (11,227) |
1.4 (1,756) |
2.0 (2,501) |
89.5 |
Highest and lowest by party
| Party | Highest | Lowest | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Socialist Party (PS) | Olhão (56.0) |
Calheta, Azores (4.7) | |
| Democratic People's Party (PPD) | Ponta do Sol (84.2) |
Moita (4.1) | |
| Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | Sátão (50.5) |
Santa Cruz da Graciosa (1.2) | |
| Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) | Moita (61.8) |
Porto Moniz (0.3) | |
| Popular Democratic Union (UDP) | Borba (7.4) |
Pedrógão Grande (0.2) | |
Maps
Winner and seats by constituency.
Most voted political force by municipality.
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Aftermath
Fall of the government
By the fall of 1977, the situation of the Portuguese economy was deteriorating. During that year's summer, Prime Minister Mário Soares asked for a loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and several austerity measures were implemented, like the rise of interest rates, the devalue of the Escudo and budget cuts.[27][28] However, the policies were very unpopular and by late 1977, Soares was facing large opposition in Parliament. In November 1977, he proposed a sizeable memorandum between parties and associations to seek common economic and social policies, which was rejected.[29] Because of this rejection, Soares presented a motion of confidence in Parliament, which he lost by a 59 vote margin.[30]
| Motion of confidence Mário Soares (PS) | ||
| Ballot → | 8 December 1977 | |
|---|---|---|
| Required majority → | Simple | |
Yes
|
100 / 263 | |
159 / 263 | ||
| Abstentions | 0 / 263 | |
Absentees
|
4 / 263 | |
| Result → | Rejected  | |
| Sources[31][32] | ||
Following this vote, Soares was still able to form a second cabinet, in coalition with the Democratic Social Center (CDS), but it only lasted 8 months[33] and after August 1978, a series of Presidential appointed cabinets were nominated which culminated in the 2 December 1979 snap election.
See also
Notes
- Portuguese Democratic Movement won 5 seats and the Independent Democratic Association of Macau won 1 seat in the 1975 election. Neither party contested this election.