1994 Andalusian regional election
Election in the Spanish region of Andalusia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A regional election was held in Andalusia on 12 June 1994 to elect the 4th Parliament of the autonomous community. All 109 seats in the Parliament were up for election. It was held concurrently with the 1994 European Parliament election.
.jpg)
7.6% 12.0 pp | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
12 June 1994
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All 109 seats in the Parliament of Andalusia 55 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opinion polls | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Registered | 5,389,552 7.6% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 3,625,445 (67.3%) 12.0 pp | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Constituency results map for the Parliament of Andalusia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The candidate for the PSOE, Manuel Chaves, was invested as President of the Regional Government of Andalusia after winning the election. However, the poor results obtained by his party forced him to form a minority government 10 seats short of a majority. Eventually, a snap election had to be called in 1996 due to the impracticality of government resulting from the union, at times, of the two main opposition parties (People's Party and United Left).
Overview
Under the 1981 Statute of Autonomy, the Parliament of Andalusia was the unicameral legislature of the homonymous autonomous community, having legislative power in devolved matters, as well as the ability to grant or withdraw confidence from a regional president.[1] The electoral and procedural rules were supplemented by national law provisions.[2]
Date
The term of the Parliament of Andalusia expired four years after the date of its previous election, unless it was dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than 25 days before the scheduled expiration date of parliament and published on the following day in the Official Gazette of the Regional Government of Andalusia (BOJA), with election day taking place 54 days after the decree's publication (barring any date within from 1 July to 31 August).[3] The previous election was held on 23 June 1990, which meant that the chamber's term would have expired on 23 June 1994. Due to the ban on summer elections, the latest possible date for election day was 30 June 1994, meaning the election decree was required to be published in the BOJA no later than 7 May 1994.
Amendments earlier in 1994 granted the regional president the prerogative to dissolve the Parliament of Andalusia at any given time and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process and that dissolution did not occur before one year after a previous one.[4]
The election to the Parliament of Andalusia was officially called on 19 April 1994 with the publication of the corresponding decree in the BOJA, setting election day for 12 June and scheduling for the chamber to reconvene on 5 July.[5][6]
Electoral system
Voting for the Parliament was based on universal suffrage, comprising all Spanish nationals over 18 years of age, registered in Andalusia and with full political rights, provided that they had not been deprived of the right to vote by a final sentence, nor were legally incapacitated.[7]
The Parliament of Andalusia had a minimum of 90 and a maximum of 110 seats, with electoral provisions fixing its size at 109. All were elected in eight multi-member constituencies—corresponding to the provinces of Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga and Seville, each of which was assigned an initial minimum of eight seats and the remaining 45 distributed in proportion to population (with the number of seats in each province not exceeding two times that of any other)—using the D'Hondt method and closed-list proportional voting, with a three percent-threshold of valid votes (including blank ballots) in each constituency.[8] The use of this electoral method resulted in a higher effective threshold depending on district magnitude and vote distribution.[9]
As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Parliament constituency was entitled the following seats:[10]
The law did not provide for by-elections to fill vacant seats; instead, any vacancies arising after the proclamation of candidates and during the legislative term were filled by the next candidates on the party lists or, when required, by designated substitutes.[11]
Outgoing parliament
The table below shows the composition of the parliamentary groups in the chamber at the time of the election call.[12]
| Parliamentary groups | Parties | Legislators | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seats | Total | ||||
| Socialist Parliamentary Group | PSOE–A | 62 | 62 | ||
| Andalusian People's Parliamentary Group | PP | 26 | 26 | ||
| United Left/The Greens Parliamentary Group | IULV–CA | 11 | 11 | ||
| Andalusian Parliamentary Group | PA | 6 | 6 | ||
| Mixed Group | PAP | 4[b] | 4 | ||
Parties and candidates
The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, alliances and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form an alliance were required to inform the relevant electoral commission within 10 days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list.[13]
Below is a list of the main parties and alliances which contested the election:
| Candidacy | Parties and alliances |
Leading candidate | Ideology | Previous result | Gov. | Ref. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vote % | Seats | ||||||||
| PSOE–A | List |
|
Manuel Chaves | Social democracy | 49.6% | 62 |  |
[14] | |
| PP | List
|
.jpg) |
Javier Arenas | Conservatism Christian democracy |
22.2% | 26 |  |
[15] [16] [17] | |
| IULV–CA | List
|
 |
Luis Carlos Rejón | Socialism Communism |
12.7% | 11 | |
||
| PA–PAP | List
|
|
Pedro Pacheco | Andalusian nationalism Social democracy |
10.8% [a] |
10 | |
[18] [19] [20] | |
Campaign
Opinion polls
The tables below list opinion polling results in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a poll.
Voting intention estimates
The table below lists weighted voting intention estimates. Refusals are generally excluded from the party vote percentages, while question wording and the treatment of "don't know" responses and those not intending to vote may vary between polling organisations. When available, seat projections determined by the polling organisations are displayed below (or in place of) the percentages in a smaller font; 55 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Parliament of Andalusia.
- Color key:
Exit poll
| Polling firm/Commissioner | Fieldwork date | Sample size | Turnout |  |
 |
IULV |  |
PAP |  |
Lead |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 regional election | 12 Jun 1994 | N/a | 67.3 | 38.7 45 |
34.4 41 |
19.1 20 |
[e] | [e] | 5.8 3 |
4.3 |
| Sigma Dos/COPE[p 1] | 12 Jun 1994 | ? | ? | ? 46/47 |
? 41/44 |
? 17 |
[e] | [e] | ? 3 |
? |
| Vox Pública/Antena 3[p 1] | 12 Jun 1994 | ? | ? | ? 46 |
? 41 |
? 19 |
[e] | [e] | ? 3 |
? |
| Demoscopia/Cadena SER[p 1] | 12 Jun 1994 | ? | ? | ? 43/47 |
? 37/43 |
? 18/22 |
[e] | [e] | ? 3/4 |
? |
| Eco Consulting/RTVE[p 1] | 12 Jun 1994 | ? | ? | ? 45/48 |
? 37/39 |
? 20/23 |
[e] | [e] | ? 2/4 |
? |
| ICP–Research/Diario 16[p 2] | 5 Jun 1994 | ? | ? | 40.6 46/48 |
26.8 30/33 |
19.2 17/21 |
[e] | [e] | 5.4 3/4 |
13.8 |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo[p 2][p 3] | 3–4 Jun 1994 | ? | ? | 39.4 45/49 |
32.2 38/40 |
17.8 17/20 |
[e] | [e] | 6.9 3/5 |
7.2 |
| Opina/La Vanguardia[p 4] | 30 May–1 Jun 1994 | 2,000 | ? | 40.0 45/49 |
34.0 37/41 |
15.0 14/16 |
[e] | [e] | 8.0 7/9 |
6.0 |
| Demoscopia/El País[p 5][p 6] | 29–31 May 1994 | ? | ? | 40.7 48/51 |
30.9 34/37 |
18.2 18/20 |
[e] | [e] | 7.9 5 |
9.8 |
| Metra Seis[p 7] | 26–31 May 1994 | 3,700 | ? | ? 41/46 |
? 35/39 |
? 16/18 |
[e] | [e] | ? 9/16 |
? |
| CIS[p 8] | 19–23 May 1994 | 2,000 | ? | ? 45/46 |
? 37/38 |
? 19/20 |
[e] | [e] | ? 3/4 |
? |
| Sigma Dos/El Mundo[p 9][p 10] | 16 May 1994 | ? | ? | 39.2 44/49 |
31.4 37/39 |
? 14/16 |
[e] | [e] | ? 9/11 |
6.8 |
| CIS[p 11] | 13–28 Apr 1994 | 4,000 | ? | ? 45 |
? 38 |
? 20 |
[e] | [e] | ? 6 |
? |
| Opina/La Vanguardia[p 12] | 8–11 Apr 1994 | 2,000 | ? | 37.0 42/46 |
34.0 36/40 |
14.0 14/15 |
[e] | [e] | 12.0 12/13 |
3.0 |
| PSOE[p 13] | 7 Apr 1994 | ? | ? | ? 42 |
? 32/35 |
? 20 |
[e] | [e] | ? 12/15 |
? |
| PP[p 14] | 7 Mar 1994 | 2,500 | ? | 40.0– 42.0 50/53 |
34.0 38/41 |
13.0– 16.0 14/16 |
3.0 4.0 1/2 |
– | – | 6.0– 8.0 |
| PP[p 15][p 16] | 5–18 Nov 1993 | 2,500 | ? | 42.0 52/55 |
32.0 36 |
14.0 14/16 |
4.0– 6.0 1/2 |
3.0 1 |
– | 10.0 |
| 1993 general election | 6 Jun 1993 | N/a | 76.2 | 51.5 (63) |
29.8 (35) |
12.1 (11) |
2.4 (0) |
1.1 (0) |
– | 21.7 |
| 1990 regional election | 23 Jun 1990 | N/a | 55.3 | 49.6 62 |
22.2 26 |
12.7 11 |
10.8 10 |
– | – | 27.4 |
Voting preferences
The table below lists raw, unweighted voting preferences.
| Polling firm/Commissioner | Fieldwork date | Sample size | |
|
IULV | |
PAP | |
 |
 |
Lead |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 regional election[f] | 12 Jun 1994 | N/a | 25.9 | 23.2 | 12.9 | [e] | [e] | 3.9 | N/a | 32.3 | 2.7 |
| CIS[p 17][p 18] | 19–23 May 1994 | 1,994 | 26.6 | 18.6 | 11.5 | [e] | [e] | 4.8 | 29.4 | 7.7 | 8.0 |
| CIS[p 19][p 20] | 13 Apr–2 May 1994 | 3,992 | 26.2 | 19.4 | 11.8 | 4.9 | 0.5 | – | 28.5 | 6.5 | 6.8 |
| 1993 general election[f] | 6 Jun 1993 | N/a | 39.1 | 22.8 | 9.2 | 1.8 | 0.8 | – | N/a | 23.5 | 16.3 |
| CIS[p 21] | 11–24 Nov 1992 | 4,446 | 29.4 | 7.7 | 6.4 | 7.6 | – | – | 34.8 | 12.8 | 21.7 |
| 1990 regional election[f] | 23 Jun 1990 | N/a | 27.4 | 12.3 | 7.0 | 6.0 | – | – | N/a | 44.5 | 15.1 |
Victory preferences
The table below lists opinion polling on the victory preferences for each party in the event of a regional election taking place.
| Polling firm/Commissioner | Fieldwork date | Sample size | |
|
IULV | |
Other/ None |
|
Lead |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opina/La Vanguardia[p 4] | 30 May–1 Jun 1994 | 2,000 | 23.2 | 21.3 | 9.3 | 5.9 | 4.7 | 35.6 | 1.9 |
| CIS[p 17] | 19–23 May 1994 | 1,994 | 32.4 | 21.1 | – | – | 10.1 | 36.4 | 11.3 |
| CIS[p 19] | 13 Apr–2 May 1994 | 3,992 | 34.1 | 22.9 | – | – | 9.3 | 33.7 | 11.2 |
| Opina/La Vanguardia[p 12] | 8–11 Apr 1994 | 2,000 | 18.1 | 21.8 | 7.7 | 4.2 | 1.6 | 46.7 | 3.7 |
Victory likelihood
The table below lists opinion polling on the perceived likelihood of victory for each party in the event of a regional election taking place.
| Polling firm/Commissioner | Fieldwork date | Sample size | |
|
IULV | |
Other/ None |
|
Lead |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opina/La Vanguardia[p 4] | 30 May–1 Jun 1994 | 2,000 | 42.7 | 12.1 | 1.2 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 40.5 | 30.6 |
| CIS[p 17] | 19–23 May 1994 | 1,994 | 40.6 | 13.8 | – | – | 21.0 | 24.6 | 26.8 |
| CIS[p 19] | 13 Apr–2 May 1994 | 3,992 | 37.2 | 14.8 | – | – | 18.6 | 29.4 | 22.4 |
| Opina/La Vanguardia[p 12] | 8–11 Apr 1994 | 2,000 | 37.2 | 12.0 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.7 | 45.7 | 25.2 |
Results
Overall
 | ||||||
| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− | ||
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Andalusia (PSOE–A) | 1,395,131 | 38.72 | −10.88 | 45 | −17 | |
| People's Party (PP) | 1,238,252 | 34.36 | +12.18 | 41 | +15 | |
| United Left/The Greens–Assembly for Andalusia (IULV–CA) | 689,815 | 19.14 | +6.47 | 20 | +9 | |
| Andalusian Coalition–Andalusian Power (PA–PAP)1 | 208,862 | 5.80 | −4.95 | 3 | −7 | |
| Communist Party of the Andalusian People (PCPA) | 12,078 | 0.34 | +0.11 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Forum–Democratic and Social Centre (Foro–CDS) | 9,875 | 0.27 | −0.91 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Andalusian Nation (NA)2 | 9,690 | 0.27 | +0.21 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Humanist Party (PH) | 5,510 | 0.15 | +0.08 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) | 2,637 | 0.07 | −0.01 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Socialist October (OS) | 641 | 0.02 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI) | 350 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 | |
| Blank ballots | 30,750 | 0.85 | +0.41 | |||
| Total | 3,603,591 | 109 | ±0 | |||
| Valid votes | 3,603,591 | 99.40 | −0.16 | |||
| Invalid votes | 21,854 | 0.60 | +0.16 | |||
| Votes cast / turnout | 3,625,445 | 67.27 | +11.93 | |||
| Abstentions | 1,764,107 | 32.73 | −11.93 | |||
| Registered voters | 5,389,552 | |||||
| Sources[12][23] | ||||||
Footnotes:
| ||||||
Distribution by constituency
| Constituency | PSOE–A | PP | IULV–CA | PA–PAP | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | S | % | S | % | S | % | S | |
| Almería | 38.1 | 5 | 41.9 | 5 | 15.0 | 1 | 3.2 | − |
| Cádiz | 34.5 | 5 | 33.2 | 5 | 18.2 | 3 | 11.6 | 2 |
| Córdoba | 37.5 | 6 | 30.8 | 4 | 24.6 | 3 | 5.3 | − |
| Granada | 38.3 | 5 | 38.6 | 6 | 16.8 | 2 | 4.4 | − |
| Huelva | 44.1 | 5 | 33.3 | 4 | 15.7 | 2 | 5.2 | − |
| Jaén | 42.6 | 5 | 35.9 | 5 | 15.6 | 2 | 4.1 | − |
| Málaga | 34.3 | 6 | 36.5 | 6 | 22.4 | 4 | 4.7 | − |
| Seville | 42.0 | 8 | 30.6 | 6 | 19.5 | 3 | 5.8 | 1 |
| Total | 38.7 | 45 | 34.4 | 41 | 19.1 | 20 | 5.8 | 3 |
| Sources[12][23] | ||||||||
Aftermath
Government formation
| Investiture Nomination of Manuel Chaves (PSOE–A) | ||||
| Ballot → | 20 July 1994 | 23 July 1994 | 29 July 1994[g] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Required majority → | 55 out of 109 |
Simple |
Simple  | |
Yes
|
44 / 109 |
43 / 109 |
44 / 109 | |
63 / 109 |
64 / 109 |
41 / 109 | ||
0 / 109 |
0 / 109 |
4 / 109 | ||
2 / 109 |
2 / 109 |
1 / 109 | ||
| Sources[12][24][25][26] | ||||
Notes
- Denotes a main invitee attending the event.
- Denotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.
- Does not include non-resident citizens.