Akrabou Formation
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Geological formation in Morocco
| Akrabou Formation | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: latest Cenomanian to ?middle Turonian ~93.9–90 Ma | |
 Fish of the Akrabou Formation | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Sub-units | Agoult, Goulmima, others |
| Overlies | Kem Kem Group |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Limestone |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 30°30′N 4°48′W / 30.5°N 4.8°W / 30.5; -4.8 |
| Approximate paleocoordinates | 17°48′N 4°48′W / 17.8°N 4.8°W / 17.8; -4.8 |
| Region | Er Rachidia |
| Country | Morocco, Algeria |
| Extent | central and eastern Morocco north and south of the Pre-African Trough |
| Type section | |
| Named by | El Mostafa Ettachfini, Bernard Andreu |
| Year defined | 2004 |
  Akrabou Formation (Morocco) | |
The Akrabou Formation is a Late Cretaceous (latest Cenomanian to early/mid Turonian)-aged geological formation and Konservat-Lagerstätte in Morocco.[1] It overlies the slightly older freshwater deposits of the Kem Kem Group, which it was once thought to be a part of. It was deposited over following the Kem Kem ecosystem's submergence by the Tethys Ocean during a marine transgression from the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event, as part of a wider deposition of carbonate platforms across the region from the event.[2][3][4]
The Akrabou Formation has outcrops across the Anti-Atlas, but it has two especially prominent localities: Agoult and Goulmima (also known as Asfla). The Agoult locality is also commonly referred to as Gara Sbaa due to it outcropping at the hill of the same name, but this name is also used for the underlying freshwater-based deposit of the Kem Kem Group at the same locality, which may lead to nomenclatural confusion.[5][6] Both localities are considered lagerstätten due to their excellently preserved fossils, but they differ in time period, paleoenvironment, and preservation of fossils.
The Agoult locality is the older of the two and appears to have been deposited around the time of the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event, dating it to latest Cenomanian or earliest Turonian. It is a plattenkalk that contains excellently preserved two-dimensional fossils of fish, land plants, marine and terrestrial invertebrates, and some terrestrial reptiles. The presence of a significant terrestrial component indicates it was deposited in a shallow marine environment close to shore, although the deposits record the gradual deepening of the habitat as the sea level rose.[7]
In contrast, the Goulmima locality is younger, dating to the early or mid Turonian, and appears to have been deposited in an offshore environment on the continental shelf. Fossils from this locality, which include fish and marine reptiles, are found in concretions and have a unique three-dimensional preservation akin to that of the older Santana Formation in Brazil.[7][8]
In addition, several other localities are also known, some of which cross the border into Algeria, which have a rich fauna of ammonites and nautiloids.[9]
Paleoenvironment
In the basal Agoult horizons of the formation, a number of plant remains are known, which are similar to those found in southern Europe at the same time, suggesting floristic exchanges between northern Africa and southern Europe. Based on these, the paleoclimate of the ecosystem, at least earlier during its deposition, is suggested to have been a mildly dry subtropical climate akin to that of the modern western Canary Islands.[6][7]
Paleobiota
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Most fish are documented in a species list from Amalfitano et al (2020) & Cooper et al (2023):[10]
Vertebrates
Cartilaginous fish
| Genus | Species | Locality | Material | Notes | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asflapristis | A. cristadentis | Goulmima | Incomplete three-dimensional skeletons, isolated teeth | A ptychotrygonid sawskate.[11] | |
| Cretomanta | C. sp. | Goulmima | Isolated teeth | A chondrichthyan of uncertain affinties, possibly an aquilolamnid.[8] | |
| Haimirichia | H. amonensis | Agoult | Partial skeleton | A haimirichiid mackerel shark.[8] | |
| Ptychodus | P. maghrebianus | Goulmima | Dental battery, isolated teeth | A ptychodontid shark.[12] |  |
| Ptychotrygon | P. rostrispatula | Goulmima | Incomplete skeletons | A ptychotrygonid sawskate.[8] |  |
| ?Rhinobatos | ?R. sp. | Goulmima | Incomplete cranium | A presumed guitarfish.[8] |  |
| Squalicorax | S. sp. | Goulmima | Teeth | A crow shark.[8] |  |
| Tingitanius | T. tenuimandibulus | Goulmima | Three-dimensionally preserved incomplete skeleton of a young individual | The oldest known platyrhinid ray.[13] |
Bony fish
| Genus | Species | Locality | Material | Notes | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acanthomorpha indet. | Agoult | Complete specimen | A poorly-preserved acanthomorph of uncertain affinities.[14] | ||
| Agoultichthys | A. chattertoni | Agoult | Complete specimen | A macrosemiid.[15] |  |
| Agoultpycnodus | A. aldrovandii | Agoult | Complete specimen | A pycnodont.[16] | |
| Amioidea gen. et sp. nov. 1 | Agoult | Undescribed amiiforms in their own family.[5][17] | |||
| Amioidea gen. et sp. nov. 2 | |||||
| Anomoeodus | A. sp. "A" | Goulmima | Isolated jaw bones. | A pycnodont. |  |
| A. sp. "B" | |||||
| Armigatus | A. oligodentatus | Agoult | Complete specimens | An armigatid clupeomorph.[18] |  |
| Belonostomus | B. sp. | Agoult | Complete specimen | An aspidorhynchid. |  |
| Araripichthys | A. corythophorus | Goulmima | Incomplete specimens with associated skull remains | An araripichthyiform. |  |
| cf. Chanoidei indet. | Agoult | Complete specimen | A potential chanid.[5] | ||
| Cladocyclus | C. sp. | Agoult | An ichthyodectid.[7] | ||
| cf. Dercetis | cf D. sp. | Agoult | Complete specimens | A dercetid aulopiform.[5] | |
| Enchodus | E. sp. | Goulmima | Incomplete specimens, isolated crania & teeth, | An enchodontid aulopiform. |  |
| Errachidia | E. pentaspinosa | Agoult | Complete specimen | A pharmacichthyid lamprimorph.[14] |  |
| Goulmimichthys | G. arambourgi | Goulmima | Complete specimen. | A pachyrhizodontid crossognathiform. |  |
| Grandemarinus | G. gherisiensis | Goulmima | 3 specimens known, one complete. | A gar.[8] |  |
| Ghrisichthys | G. bardacki | Goulmima | Isolated cranium | An ichthyodectid.[19] | |
| Homalopagus | H. multispinosus | Agoult | Complete specimen | A pharmacichthyid lamprimorph.[14] |  |
| Ichthyodectes | I. sp. | Goulmima | Complete specimen, isolated crania | An ichthyodectid. |  |
| Kradimus | K. asflaensis | Goulmima | Complete specimen. | A pachyrhizodontid crossognathiform.[20] | |
| Lusitanichthys | L. africanus | Agoult | Complete specimen | A clupavid otophysan.[21] |  |
| Maghrebichthys | M. nelsoni | Agoult | Complete specimen | A pycnosteroidid beardfish.[14] |  |
| Neomesturus | N. asflaensis | Goulmima | Isolated jaw bones. | A pycnodont.[22] | |
| Nursallia | N. fenestrata | Goulmima | A pycnodont[23] |  | |
| Osmeroides | O. rheris | Goulmima | Isolated crania | An osmeroidid albuliform. |  |
| Paranursallia | P. cavini | Goulmima | Isolated jaw bones. | A pycnodont.[22] |  |
| Pleuropholis | P. danielae | Agoult | Complete specimen | The last known pleuropholid.[24] | .jpg) |
| Polazzodus | P. sp. | Goulmima | Isolated jaw bones. | A pycnodont.[22] |  |
| Rhynchodercetis | R. sp. | Agoult | Complete specimens. | A dercetid aulopiform.[7] |  |
| Saurorhamphus | S. sp. | Agoult | Complete specimens. | A eurypholid aulopiform.[7] | |
| Sorbinichthys | S. africanus | Agoult | Complete specimen. | A sorbinichthyid clupeomorph. |  |
| Teleostei indet. | Agoult | Complete specimen | An indeterminate teleost.[5] | ||
| Thorectichthys | T. marocensis | Agoult | Complete specimens. | A paraclupeid clupeomorph. |  |
| T. rhadinus |  |
Reptiles
| Genus | Species | Locality | Material | Notes | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brachauchenius | B. lucasi | Goulmima | Partial mandible | A pliosaur, the first record of this species outside North America.[25] |  |
| Libonectes | L. morgani (=L. atlasense) | Goulmima | Articulated skull and post-cranial skeleton. | An elasmosaurid plesiosaur, the first record of this species outside North America.[26] |  |
| Manemergus | M. anguirostris | Goulmima | Partially complete skeleton | A polycotylid plesiosaur. |  |
| Protostegidae indet. | Goulmima | Carapace, skull | Indeterminate protostegid turtles.[3] | ||
| Tethysaurus | T. nopcsai | Goulmima | Hundreds of specimens of different age classes, some nearly complete[27] | A tethysaurine mosasaur. |  |
| Thililua | T. longicollis | Goulmima | Complete skull, lower jaw, and articulated vertebrae | A polycotylid plesiosaur. |  |
| Polycotylidae indet. | Goulmima | Skull with mandible | An indeterminate polycotylid plesiosaur.[26] | ||
| Squamata indet. | Agoult | Complete specimen | A small indeterminate terrestrial lizard, specimen now lost.[7] |
Mollusks
Based on Kennedy et al (2008) & Meister et al (2017):[28][9]
| Genus | Species | Locality | Material | Notes | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angulithes | A. mermeti | Douira, Goulmima & Tazzougert | Shells | A hercoglossid nautiloid. | |
| Choffaticeras | C. segne | Goulmima | A pseudotissotid ammonite. | ||
| C. sinaiticum | |||||
| Eutrephoceras | E. sp. | Douira & Taouz | A nautilid nautiloid. | .jpg) | |
| Fagesia | F. peroni | Goulmima | A vasoceratid ammonite. |  | |
| F. cf. tevesthensis | |||||
| Hoplitoides | H. mirabilis | Goulmima | A hoplitid ammonite. | ||
| H. gr. wortmanni | |||||
| Mammites | M. nodosoides | Goulmima | An acanthoceratid ammonite. |  | |
| Nannovascoceras | N. intermedium | Goulmima | A vasoceratid ammonite. | ||
| Neolobites | N. vibrayeanus | Agoult, Tazzougert, Taouz, Tizi Momrad | An engonoceratid ammonite. | ||
| Neoptychites | N. cephalotus | Goulmima | A vasoceratid ammonite. | ||
| N. aff. hottingeri | Goulmima | ||||
| Romaniceras (Yubariceras) | R. (Y.) reymenti | Goulmima | An acanthoceratid ammonite. | ||
| Thomasites | T. rollandi | Goulmima | A vasoceratid ammonite. | ||
| Wrightoceras | W. munieri | Goulmima | A pseudotissotid ammonite. |
Arthropods
Partially based on Garassino, Angeli & Pasini (2014):[29]
| Genus | Species | Locality | Material | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afroapseudes | A. cretacicus | Agoult | A tanaidacean crustacean.[30] |  | |
| Amazighopsis | A. cretacea | An astacidean crustacean.[31] | |||
| Corazzatocarcinus | C. cf. hadjoulae | A necrocarcinid crab. |  | ||
| Cretagalathea | C. exigua | A munidid squat lobster. | |||
| Cretapenaeus | C. berberus | A penaeid prawn. |  | ||
| Galathea | G. sahariana | A galatheid squat lobster. |  | ||
| ?Glyphea | G. garaasbaensis | A glypheid crustacean. |  | ||
| Mesolimulus | M. tafraoutensis | Two complete specimens | A horseshoe crab.[32] |  | |
| ?Isoptera indet. | Complete specimen | A potential termite.[33] | |||
| Marocarcinus | M. pasinii | A marocarcinid crab. | |||
| Muelleristhes | M. africanus | Complete specimen | A porcelain crab.[29] | ||
| Palinuridae indet. | Complete specimen | A spiny lobster.[34] | |||
| Phagophytichnus | P. ekowskii | Trace fossil | Feeding traces on a leaf.[33] | ||
| Polyphaga indet. | Complete specimen | A polyphagan beetle.[33] | |||
| Telamonocarcinus | T. cf. gambalatus | A dorippid crab. | |||
| Troponoma | T. constricta | Trace fossil | Trail made by a leafminer.[6] | ||
| Unusuropode | U. castroi | Complete specimen | A sphaeromatid isopod, first record of this species outside Brazil.[35] |  |
Plants
Based primarily on Krassilov & Bacchia (2013):[6]
| Genus | Species | Locality | Material | Notes | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abietites[6] | A. (Tritaenia) cf. linkii | Agoult | Needles | A conifer. | |
| Barykovia[6] | B. cf. tschuckotika | Leaf | A potentially fagalean angiosperm. | ||
| Cocculophyllum[6] | C. cf. fucinerve | Leaf | A climbing angiosperm. | ||
| Coniopteris[6] | C. cf. Dicksonia mamiyai | Leaflet. | A fern. | .jpg) | |
| Dryophyllum[6] | D. cf. subcretaceum | Leaf | A potentially fagalean angiosperm. | ||
| Frenelopsis[6] | F. cf. teixeirae | Shoot | A cheirolepidiacean conifer. |  | |
| Garasbahia[6] | G. flexuosa | Branching shoot with leaves. | A cabombacean angiosperm. | ||
| Pseudotorellia[6] | P. cf. ensiformis | Leaf | A ginkgoalean. | ||
| Sulcatocladus[6] | S. cf. robustus | Shoot | A conifer. | ||
| Welwitschiophyllum[6][36] | W. sp. | Leaf | A possible welsitschialean.[36] |
References
- ↑ Ettachfini, El Mostafa; Andreu, Bernard (2004-04-01). "Le Cénomanien et le Turonien de la Plate-forme Préafricaine du Maroc". Cretaceous Research. 25 (2): 277–302. Bibcode:2004CrRes..25..277E. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2004.01.001. ISSN 0195-6671.
- ↑ Ibrahim, N.; Sereno, P.C.; Varricchio, D.J.; Martill, D.M.; Dutheil, D.B.; Unwin, D.M.; Baidder, L.; Larsson, H.C.E.; Zouhri, S.; Kaoukaya, A. (2020). "Geology and paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of eastern Morocco". ZooKeys (928): 1–216. Bibcode:2020ZooK..928....1I. doi:10.3897/zookeys.928.47517. PMC 7188693. PMID 32362741.
- 1 2 Cavin, L.; Tong, H.; Boudad, L.; Meister, C.; Piuz, A.; Tabouelle, J.; Aarab, M.; Amiot, R.; Buffetaut, E.; Dyke, G.; Hua, S.; Le Loeuff, J. (2010-07-01). "Vertebrate assemblages from the early Late Cretaceous of southeastern Morocco: An overview". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 57 (5): 391–412. Bibcode:2010JAfES..57..391C. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.12.007. ISSN 1464-343X.
- ↑ Ibrahim, Nizar; Sereno, Paul C.; Varricchio, David J.; Martill, David M.; Dutheil, Didier B.; Unwin, David M.; Baidder, Lahssen; Larsson, Hans C.E.; Zouhri, Samir; Kaoukaya, Abdelhadi (2020-04-21). "Geology and paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of eastern Morocco". ZooKeys (928): 1–216. Bibcode:2020ZooK..928....1I. doi:10.3897/zookeys.928.47517. ISSN 1313-2989. PMC 7188693. PMID 32362741.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Murray, Allison M.; Wilson, Mark V. H.; Gibb, Stacey; Chatterton, Brian D. E. (2013). "Additions to the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian/Turonian) actinopterygian fauna from the Agoult locality, Akrabou Formation, Morocco, and comments on the palaeoenvironment". Mesozoic Fishes 5 – Global Diversity and Evolution. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 525–548. ISBN 978-3-89937-159-8.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Krassilov, V.; Bacchia, F. (2013-03-01). "New Cenomanian florule and a leaf mine from southeastern Morocco: Palaeoecological and climatological inferences". Cretaceous Research. 40: 218–226. Bibcode:2013CrRes..40..218K. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.07.005. ISSN 0195-6671.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Martill, David M.; Ibrahim, Nizar; Brito, Paulo M.; Baider, Lahssen; Zhouri, Samir; Loveridge, Robert; Naish, Darren; Hing, Richard (2011-08-01). "A new Plattenkalk Konservat Lagerstätte in the Upper Cretaceous of Gara Sbaa, south-eastern Morocco". Cretaceous Research. 32 (4): 433–446. Bibcode:2011CrRes..32..433M. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.01.005. ISSN 0195-6671.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cooper, Samuel L. A.; Gunn, James; Brito, Paulo M.; Zouhri, Samir; Martill, David M. (2023-11-01). "A new fully marine, short-snouted lepisosteid gar from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) of North Africa". Cretaceous Research. 151 105650. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15105650C. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105650. ISSN 0195-6671.
- 1 2 Meister, Christian; Piuz, André; Cavin, Lionel; Boudad, Larbi; Bacchia, Flavio; Ettachfini, El M.; Benyoucef, M. (2017). "Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) ammonites from southern Morocco and south western Algeria". Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 10 (1). Bibcode:2017ArJG...10....1M. doi:10.1007/s12517-016-2714-1. ISSN 1866-7511.
- ↑ Amalfitano, Jacopo; Giusberti, Luca; Fornaciari, Eliana; Carnevale, Giorgio (2020-04-03). "UPPER CENOMANIAN FISHES FROM THE BONARELLI LEVEL (OAE2) OF NORTHEASTERN ITALY". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 126 (2). doi:10.13130/2039-4942/13224. ISSN 2039-4942.
- ↑ Villalobos-Segura, Eduardo; Underwood, Charlie J.; Ward, David J.; Claeson, Kerin M. (2019-11-02). "The first three-dimensional fossils of Cretaceous sclerorhynchid sawfish: Asflapristis cristadentis gen. et sp. nov., and implications for the phylogenetic relations of the Sclerorhynchoidei (Chondrichthyes)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (21): 1847–1870. Bibcode:2019JSPal..17.1847V. doi:10.1080/14772019.2019.1578832. ISSN 1477-2019.
- ↑ Amadori, Manuel; Kindlimann, René; Fornaciari, Eliana; Giusberti, Luca; Kriwet, Jürgen (2022-03-01). "A new cuspidate ptychodontid shark (Chondrichthyes; Elasmobranchii), from the Upper Cretaceous of Morocco with comments on tooth functionalities and replacement patterns". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 187 104440. Bibcode:2022JAfES.18704440A. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104440. ISSN 1464-343X. PMC 7612291. PMID 35111270.
- ↑ Claeson, Kerin M.; Underwood, Charlie J.; Ward, David J. (2013). "† Tingitanius tenuimandibulus, a new platyrhinid batoid from the Turonian (Cretaceous) of Morocco and the cretaceous radiation of the Platyrhinidae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (5): 1019–1036. Bibcode:2013JVPal..33.1019C. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.767266. ISSN 0272-4634.
- 1 2 3 4 Murray, Alison M.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2014). "Four new basal acanthomorph fishes from the Late Cretaceous of Morocco". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 34–48. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34...34M. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.791693. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ↑ Murray, Alison M.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2009). "A New Late Cretaceous Macrosemiid Fish (Neopterygii, Halecostomi) from Morocco, with Temporal and Geographical Range Extensions for the Family". Palaeontology. 52 (2): 429–440. Bibcode:2009Palgy..52..429M. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00851.x. ISSN 0031-0239.
- ↑ Taverne, Louis; Luigi, Capasso (2021). "Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Agoultpycnodus aldrovandii gen. and sp. nov., a new pycnodont fish genus (Pycnodontidae) from the marine Upper Cretaceous of Morocco" (PDF). Geo-Eco-Trop. 45 (3): 487–495.
- ↑ Wilson, Mark; Murray, Alison; Grande, Terry (2017-08-01). "New Genera and Species of Fossil Marine Amioid Fishes (Actinopterygii, Holostei) from the Late Cretaceous Agoult locality in Southeastern Morocco". Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 77th Annual Meeting Program and Abstracts.
- ↑ Vernygora, Oksana; Murray, Alison M. (2016-01-02). "A new species of Armigatus (Clupeomorpha, Ellimmichthyiformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Morocco, and its phylogenetic relationships". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (1) e1031342. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E1342V. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1031342. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ↑ Cavin, Lionel; Forey, Peter L.; Giersch, Samuel (2013). "Osteology of Eubiodectes libanicus (Pictet & Humbert, ) and some other ichthyodectiformes (Teleostei): phylogenetic implications". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (2): 115–177. Bibcode:2013JSPal..11..115C. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.691559. ISSN 1477-2019.
- ↑ Veysey, Alexander J.; Brito, Paulo M.; Martill, David M. (2020-10-01). "A new crossognathiform fish (Actinopterygii, Teleostei) from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) of southern Morocco with hypertrophied fins". Cretaceous Research. 114 104207. Bibcode:2020CrRes.11404207V. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104207. ISSN 0195-6671.
- ↑ Cavin, Lionel (1999-11-15). "A new clupavidae (teleostei, ostariophysi) from the Cenomanian of Daoura (Morocco)". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIA - Earth and Planetary Science. 329 (9): 689–695. Bibcode:1999CRASE.329..689C. doi:10.1016/S1251-8050(00)87647-8. ISSN 1251-8050.
- 1 2 3 Cooper, Samuel L. A.; Martill, David M. (2020-12-01). "Pycnodont fishes (Actinopterygii, Pycnodontiformes) from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Turonian) Akrabou Formation of Asfla, Morocco". Cretaceous Research. 116 104607. Bibcode:2020CrRes.11604607C. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104607. ISSN 0195-6671. PMC 7442934. PMID 32863512.
- ↑ Capasso, L. (2023). "Nursallia fenestrata n. sp. (Actinopterygii: Pycnodontiformes) dal Turoniano inferiore della Formazione di Akrabou, Marocco sudorientale". Thalassia Salentina. 45: 41–56. doi:10.1285/i15910725v45p41.
- ↑ Brito, Paulo M.; Vullo, Romain (2023-08-01). "A new species of Pleuropholis (Teleostei: Pleuropholidae) from the Upper Cretaceous Akrabou Formation of southeastern Morocco, with comments on the evolutionary history of the genus". Cretaceous Research. 148 105500. Bibcode:2023CrRes.14805500B. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105500. ISSN 0195-6671.
- ↑ Angst, D.; Bardet, N. (2016). "A new record of the pliosaur Brachauchenius lucasi Williston, 1903 (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) of Turonian (Late Cretaceous) age, Morocco". Geological Magazine. 153 (3): 449–459. Bibcode:2016GeoM..153..449A. doi:10.1017/S0016756815000321. ISSN 0016-7568.
- 1 2 Allemand, Rémi; Bardet, Nathalie; Houssaye, Alexandra; Vincent, Peggy (2018-02-01). "New plesiosaurian specimens (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) of Goulmima (Southern Morocco)". Cretaceous Research. 82: 83–98. Bibcode:2018CrRes..82...83A. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.09.017. ISSN 0195-6671.
- ↑ Gale, A. S.; Kennedy, W. J.; Martill, D. (2017). "Mosasauroid predation on an ammonite – Pseudaspidoceras – from the Early Turonian of south-eastern Morocco". Acta Geologica Polonica. 67 (1): 31–46. Bibcode:2017AcGeP..67...31G. doi:10.1515/agp-2017-0003. ISSN 0001-5709.
- ↑ Kennedy, W.; Gale, A.; Ward, D.; Underwood, C. (2008). "Early Turonian ammonites from Goulmima, southern Morocco". Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre. 78. ISSN 0374-6291.
- 1 2 Garassino, A.; De Angeli, A.; Pasini, G. (2014). "A new porcellanid genus (Crustacea, Decapoda) to accommodate the Late Cretaceous Paragalathea africana Garassino, De Angeli & Pasini, 2008 from southeast Morocco" (PDF). Atti della Società italiana di Scienze naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia naturale di Milano. 149 (I): 37–67.
- ↑ Pasini, Giovanni; Vega, Francisco J.; Garassino, Alessandro; Pasini, Giovanni; Vega, Francisco J.; Garassino, Alessandro (2022). "A new genus and species of Tanaidacea (Crustacea, Apseudomorpha) from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of Gara Sbaa, southeastern Morocco". Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana. 74 (2) A290622. doi:10.18268/bsgm2022v74n2a290622. ISSN 1405-3322.
- ↑ Garassino, Alessandro; Pasini, Giovanni (2018-02-05). "Amazighopsidae, a new family of decapod macruran astacideans from the late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of Gara Sbaa, Southeastern Morocco". Natural History Sciences. 5 (1). doi:10.4081/nhs.2018.358. ISSN 2385-0922.
- ↑ Lamsdell, James C.; Tashman, Jessica N.; Pasini, Giovanni; Garassino, Alessandro (2020-02-01). "A new limulid (Chelicerata, Xiphosurida) from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) of Gara Sbaa, southeast Morocco". Cretaceous Research. 106 104230. Bibcode:2020CrRes.10604230L. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104230. ISSN 0195-6671.
- 1 2 3 Engel, Michael S.; McKellar, Ryan C.; Gibb, Stacey; Chatterton, Brian D. E. (2012-06-01). "A new Cenomanian–Turonian (Late Cretaceous) insect assemblage from southeastern Morocco". Cretaceous Research. 35: 88–93. Bibcode:2012CrRes..35...88E. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.11.022. ISSN 0195-6671.
- ↑ Pasini, Giovanni; Garassino, Alessandro (2020-08-28). "A spiny lobster (Decapoda, Achelata) from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) of Gara Sbaa, southeastern Morocco". Palaeodiversity. 13 (1): 83. doi:10.18476/pale.v13.a8. ISSN 1867-6294.
- ↑ Corbacho, Joan; Morrison, Scott; Alonso, Máximo (December 2018). "First Mention of Unusuropode castroi Duarte & Santos, 1962 (Crustacea: Isopoda) in the Upper Cretaceous of Gara es Sbâa Lagerstätte, South-Eastern Morocco". Earth Sciences Research Journal. 7 (6): 288–292.
- 1 2 Roberts, Emily A.; Martill, David M.; Loveridge, Robert F. (2020-02-01). "Phytogeographical implications of the probable occurrence of the gnetalean plant Welwitschiophyllum in the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Africa". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 131 (1): 1–7. Bibcode:2020PrGA..131....1R. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.10.002. ISSN 0016-7878.