Battle of Laodicea (1147)

Otto's division took the coastal route through the Aegean Sea. They turned to Alaşehir where they arrived at Meander River. The Germans did not have proper boats to cross the river, so they were forced to pass by themselves, which weakened and exhausted their forces.^[3] They headed towards Laodicea up to Gediz River hoping to rest and gather supplies there. However the Germans were ambushed by the Seljuks, inflicting heavy losses on them.^[4][5] Count Bernard of Carinthia was killed alongside the majority of his men.^[6]

Otto was forced to retreat to the coast, marching towards Antalya.^[7][8] The Germans faced exhaustion, starvation, and thirst, forcing them to kill their horses and cattle. Seeing this, the Seljuks attacked them again. Showing no sign of resistance, only a handful of men survived and reached Antalya.^[9] Otto reached Antalya and traveled to Jerusalem by sea, while others slowly made their way to the Levant using coastal roads.^[10]

• Carey, Brian Todd (2023), Warfare in the Age of Crusades, The Latin East.
• Esposito, Gabriele (2024), Armies of the Crusaders, 1096–1291, History, Organization, Weapons and Equipment.
• Ibrahim, Naima Muhammad (2020), Asia Minor and the Crusades in the Twelfth Century AD (In Arabic).
• Richard, Jean (1999), The Crusades, C.1071-c.1291.