Business purpose

Aristotle contemplated the importance of business ethics and business purpose in his Nicomachean Ethics, where he describes the moral and intellectual traits accompanying virtuous human behavior in society. Also in his Politics, where he discerns between "productive knowledge" and the political abilities required for "good wealth" acquisition.^[10] Other classic philosophers cited for dealing with matters relevant to the purpose of business are Kierkegaard, David Hume, and Nietzsche.^[11]

Ideas on the purpose of business have evolved and undergone deep revision in the present era. Early modern discussion on business purpose doctrine took place in mid-20th century in the context of its relevance to tax-saving provisions in the US Internal Revenue Code.^[12] In 1964, American businessman Frederick Kappel published a volume containing a selection from his speeches dealing with the theme and its relation to performance.^[13] The advent of social responsibility theories in the 1960's brought about demands for businesses to widen the scope of their beneficiaries to include actors beyond the owners themselves, and for companies to share with the state the economic burden of attending social needs in the communities related to their areas of operation.^[14][15]

A plethora of books covering the importance of corporate purpose have been published in recent times, among them Purpose: The Starting Point of Great Companies by Nikos Mourkogiannis in 2006, Start with Why by Simon Sinek in 2009, Conscious Capitalism by John Mackey and Rajendra Sisodia in 2014, Grow the Pie by Alex Edmans in 2020, Good is the new Cool by Afdhel Aziz in 2021, and Deep Purpose by Ranjay Gulati in 2022. In their book Net Positive Paul Polman and Andrew Winston provide many examples of purpose-driven organizations, including Unilever of which Polman was CEO from 2009 to 2019. Schreuder (2022) sketches the evolution of corporate social responsibility over the last four decades from Do No Harm to Net Positive or even Max Positive and provides the case of Royal DSM as illustration.^[16]

• Drucker, Peter F. (1985). Business Purpose and Business Mission, in "Management: tasks, responsibilities, practices" (1st ed.). New York: Harper & Row. pp. 74–94. ISBN 978-0-06-011092-5.
• Ellsworth, Richard R. (2002). Leading with purpose: the new corporate realities. Stanford: Stanford Business Books. ISBN 0-8047-4385-1.
• Mourkogiannis, Nikos (2006). Purpose: the starting point of great companies (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave. ISBN 1-4039-7581-7.
• Duska, Ronald F. (2007). Contemporary reflections on business ethics. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-4984-2. OCLC 209942380.
• Spence, Roy (2011). It's not what you sell, it's what you stand for: why every extraordinary business is driven by purpose. Haley Rushing. New York, N.Y.: Portfolio/Penguin. ISBN 978-1-59184-447-1. OCLC 751805918
• Mackey, John and Raj Sisodia (2014). Conscious capitalism: liberating the heroic spirit of business. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business Review Press. ISBN 1-62527-175-1.
• Mayer, Colin (2018), Prosperity: better business makes the greater good. Oxford: Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-882400-8
• Edmans, Alex (2020). Grow the pie: how great companies deliver both purpose and profit. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108494854
• Polman, Paul and Andrew Winston, Net Positive: how courageous companies thrive by giving more than they take. Boston, Mass: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9781647821302