Cap binding complex
Formation on 5' ends of mRNAs
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The 5' cap of eukaryotic messenger RNA is bound at all times by various cap-binding complexes (CBCs).
Nuclear cap-binding complex
In the nucleus, freshly transcribed mRNA molecules are bound on the 5' cap by the nuclear cap-binding complex of Cbc1/Cbc2 in yeast or CBP20/CBP80 in metazoans. These aid in the export of the mRNA and protect it from decapping. They also serve as a marker for the so-called pioneer round of translation when the message is examined by nonsense mediated decay.[1]
Cytoplasmic cap-binding complex
After the first round of translation ("pioneer round"), CBC20/80 is replaced by the translation initiation factor eIF4E.[2] The eIF4F complex (eIF4E, eIF4G and eIF4A) then regulates translation in response to the state of the cell via its phosphorylation state and again protects the message from decapping.[3]
Decapping complex
When translationally repressed or marked for decay by various mechanisms the 5' cap is bound by the mRNA decapping enzyme DCP2. A host of proteins accompany it including UPF1, UPF2, UPF3A, Dcp1, Dhh1, XRN1, and others. The decapping enzyme removes the 5' cap leading to destruction of the message.[4]