Daylight saving time in Canada
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In Canada, daylight saving time (DST) is observed in seven of the country's ten provinces and one of its three territories—though with exceptions in parts of several provinces and Nunavut.[1]
- Manitoba
- New Brunswick
- Newfoundland and Labrador
- Nova Scotia
- Nunavut (mostly)
- Ontario (mostly)
- Prince Edward Island
- Quebec (mostly)
- Saskatchewan (partly)
| Canadian daylight saving time | |
|---|---|
| Observed by |
|
| Begins | Second Sunday in March |
| Ends | First Sunday in November |
| 2025 date | March 9 – November 2 |
| 2026 date | March 8 – November 1 |
| 2027 date | March 14 – November 7 |
| First time | 1908 |
| Related to | Daylight saving time |
Under the Canadian Constitution, laws related to timekeeping are a provincial and territorial matter.[2] Most of Saskatchewan, despite geographically being in the Mountain Time Zone, observes year-round Central Standard Time (CST). This results in the province effectively being on year-round daylight saving time. In 2020, Yukon abandoned seasonal time change and moved to permanently observe year-round UTC−7.[3] In 2026, British Columbia decided to move to a permanent Pacific Time (essentially year-round Pacific Daylight Time). This change came into effect on March 8, 2026, when the province moved to Pacific Daylight Time permanently; the provincial government announced it would not move back to Pacific Standard Time that November, when daylight saving time ends for the year in Canada and the US.[4] In April 2026, Alberta similarly moved to permanently adopt Mountain Daylight Time (UTC−6) year-round, branding the proposal Alberta Time.
In the regions of Canada that use daylight saving time, it begins on the second Sunday of March at 2 a.m. and ends on the first Sunday in November at 2 a.m. As a result, daylight saving time lasts in Canada for a total of 34 weeks (238 days) every year, about 65 percent of the entire year.
History
Port Arthur, Ontario (now part of Thunder Bay) was the first municipality in the world to enact daylight saving time, on July 1, 1908.[5][6] (Germany later became the first country to adopt the time change, on April 30, 1916.)[7]
Five Canadian cities, by local ordinance, subsequently used daylight saving time before 1918: Regina, Saskatchewan, on April 23, 1914;[7][8] Brandon and Winnipeg, Manitoba, on April 24, 1916; Halifax, Nova Scotia, on May 1, 1916;[9] Hamilton, Ontario, on June 4, 1916.[10][11][12] St. John's, Newfoundland (now Newfoundland and Labrador) also used DST before 1918, but Newfoundland itself did not become a province of Canada until 1949.[12]
In practice, since the late 1960s, DST across Canada has been closely or completely synchronized with its observance in the United States to facilitate consistent economic and social interaction. When daylight time became standardized across the US in 1966 when its Congress passed the Uniform Time Act, Canada soon followed.[7] DST ended in October until 1986, when the end of the period was changed to November. When the United States extended DST in 1987 to the first Sunday in April, all DST-observing Canadian jurisdictions followed suit.[6]
In 2005, the United States passed the Energy Policy Act of 2005, which added parts of March and November to the period during which DST is observed, starting in 2007. The new transition dates were adopted by each of Canada's provinces and territories (except Saskatchewan) between 2005 and 2007, resulting in Canada and the US remaining synchronized.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]
Beginning in the late 2010s, many regions in Canada began to consider ending the practice of clock changes by adopting daylight saving time year-round. In 2019 and 2020, British Columbia[25] and Ontario passed legislation to enable such a change, although the implementation was delayed to allow coordination with neighbouring US states. In 2020, Yukon made the change, choosing not to "fall back" in November and remaining on UTC−7 year-round.[26] Despite no changes on the American side of the border, British Columbia enacted their 2019 bill in 2026,[27] joining Yukon in observing UTC−7. Later in 2026, Alberta and the Northwest Territories adopted UTC−6 year-round.[28][29]
By province and territory
The provinces and territories that observe DST in Canada are:[11]
- Manitoba
- New Brunswick
- Newfoundland and Labrador
- Nova Scotia
- Nunavut (excluding Southampton Island)
- Ontario (excluding some northwestern regions)
- Prince Edward Island
- Quebec (excluding some northeastern regions)
The town of Creighton in Saskatchewan also observes daylight saving time.
Alberta, Saskatchewan and Northwest Territories
Although Alberta and Saskatchewan are geographically within the Pacific Time Zone and Mountain Time Zone, both provinces officially observe Central Time year-round. Clocks in the provinces therefore match clocks in Manitoba during the winter. Alberta characterizes its timezone as permanent Mountain Daylight Time, which in effect is the same as permanent Central Standard Time.[30][31]
The Saskatchewan Time Act of 1966 designated the use of CST year-round for eastern Saskatchewan and allowed western parts of the province to use MST year-round. By 1972, most western regions of the province had switched from MST to CST. The exception was the area around city of Lloydminster, which is bisected by the Saskatchewan–Alberta boundary, which kept in sync with time in Alberta until Alberta itself changed its time observance practice to match Saskatchewan's. An unofficial exception also exists in the east of the province where the small, remote Saskatchewan towns of Denare Beach and Creighton observe Central Daylight Time during the summer to keep the same time as larger neighbouring Manitoba communities.
Until 2026, Alberta observed Mountain Time, switching between Mountain Standard Time (UTC−7) in winter and Mountain Daylight Time (UTC−6) in summer. In February 2006, Alberta was among the provinces that extended its daylight saving period to align with changes introduced by the United States' Energy Policy Act of 2005. In 2021, the provincial government held a referendum on permanently adopting daylight saving time, which was narrowly defeated (50.2% against, 49.8% in favour).[32] The referendum did not offer permanent Mountain Standard Time as an option, a limitation critics noted as skewing the framing of the question.[33] The 2026 public consultation formally offered permanent Mountain Standard Time as an alternative, but the government proceeded with permanent MDT – an offset equivalent to Central Standard Time.[34] Following British Columbia's move to permanent Pacific Daylight Time in March 2026,[35] the Alberta government conducted public consultations on eliminating biannual clock changes.[36] In April 2026, Premier Danielle Smith acted to permanently adopt Mountain Daylight Time (UTC−6) year-round, characterizing this as Alberta Time.[37] Chronobiologists argue that Alberta's misalignment with solar noon compounds the health effects already associated with permanent summer time, including elevated risks to cardiovascular health, sleep, and metabolic function.[38][39]
In March 2021, the Northwest Territories passed legislation to eliminate daylight saving time, pending a public consultation which was held in 2022.[40] Respondents were overwhelmingly in favour of eliminating DST with a slight majority in favour of adopting permanent daylight time.[41] In 2026, Premier R.J. Simpson announced that the territory would adopt UTC−6 year-round. A key motivation for the change was remaining in sync with Alberta due to close economic and cultural links.[29] The change took force on August 21, 2026.[42]
Atlantic Canada
In 2022, the premiers of New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia discussed the possibility of adopting permanent daylight time.[43] Their discussion followed the US Senate passing a bill to make DST permanent; this bill died in the US House of Representatives. In 2026, the premier of Nova Scotia stated that adopting permanent DST was a possibility but only in conjunction with the other Atlantic provinces.[44]
British Columbia and Yukon
Most of British Columbia (BC) and all of Yukon functionally follow Mountain Standard Time (UTC−07:00) and do not observe DST. British Columbia calls its time zone Pacific Time, while Yukon calls its observance Yukon Standard Time.
In 2006, British Columbia and Yukon each added parts of March and November to the daylight saving period after the United States passed the Energy Policy Act of 2005.[20]
In 2020, Yukon abandoned seasonal time changes, moving to year-round UTC−7.
On March 2, 2026, British Columbia premier David Eby announced the end of daylight saving time for the majority of the province, which will see the bulk of the province observe permanent UTC−7, a time observance identical to the Peace River region and neighbouring Yukon.[4]
Manitoba
Time in Manitoba, all of which runs on Central Time, is dictated by the province's Official Time Act.[45]
In 1916, Brandon and Winnipeg became two of seven cities in Canada to use daylight saving time before 1918, by local ordinance.[12] On October 20, 2005, Manitoba added parts of March and November to its daylight saving period, following the United States' Energy Policy Act of 2005.[14]
Nunavut
The territory of Nunavut has three time zones: Mountain Time in the west, Central Time in the centre and, Eastern Time in the east. Daylight saving time is observed throughout Nunavut except for Southampton Island, including Coral Harbour, and Eureka, which is a permanent research station on Ellesmere Island; both remain on Eastern Standard Time year-round.[46]
On February 19, 2007, Nunavut added parts of March and November to its daylight saving period after the United States passed the Energy Policy Act of 2005.[24]
Ontario
Most of Ontario uses DST. Pickle Lake, Atikokan, and New Osnaburgh are three communities within the Central Time Zone in northwestern Ontario that observe Eastern Standard Time year-round.
Ontario was the site of the first municipality in the world to enact DST: Port Arthur on July 1, 1908.[5] Similarly, Hamilton subsequently became one of seven cities in Canada to use daylight saving time before 1918, by local ordinance.[12]
On October 20, 2005, Ontario added parts of March and November to its daylight saving period after the United States passed the Energy Policy Act of 2005.[13] In November 2020, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed Bill 214, the Time Amendment Act, 2020, which will establish year-round observation of daylight saving time. However, the act does not come into force immediately but takes effect on a day to be named by proclamation of the Ontario lieutenant governor under the advisory of the province's attorney general.[47] That is intended to avoid moving to a different time zone from the one that is used in Quebec or New York.[48]
Quebec
Most of Quebec is on Eastern Time and observes DST. However, there are three exceptions, all of which are legally accommodated by the province's Time Act of 2006:
- The Magdalen Islands are on Atlantic Time and observe DST.
- The Listuguj Reserve is on Atlantic Time and observes DST.
- Le Golfe-du-Saint-Laurent Regional County Municipality observes Atlantic Standard Time all year.
In the early 20th century, Montreal became one of seven cities in Canada to use daylight saving time before 1918, by local ordinance.[12] On December 5, 2005, Quebec added parts of March and November to its daylight saving period, following the United States' Energy Policy Act of 2005.[15]