Draft:AmeriTRAM

Ever since it supplied the MBTA Green Line with their MBTA Kinki Sharyo Type 7 light rail vehicles in 1986, Kinki Sharyo has maintained a high market share in the streetcar and light rail vehicle market in the United States. Among these, the most frequently manufactured were partially low-floor LRVs, in which 70% of the interior, excluding the powered bogies at both ends, was low-floor. Meanwhile, while the demand for light rail and streetcars in the United States continued to increase, the demands for vehicles and facilities began to diversify, such as avoiding the installation of overhead lines in some sections to protect the urban landscape and simplify ground equipment , and aiming for environmentally friendly energy conservation. In response, Kinki Sharyo, together with its local subsidiary in the United States, Kinki Sharyo America, developed a new type of vehicle, called the ameriTRAM.^{[1][2][10][11]}

The prototype consists of three articulated car bodies, with a leading car body (car A, car B) having a powered bogie sandwiching an intermediate car body (car C) with a floating structure and no bogie . The train could be extended to five or seven car bodies according to customer requests. By using a four-axle independent wheel system for the bogies, the leading car body was also made low-floor, and the entire interior (100%) of the car was made low-floor.^[3][4]

The seating arrangement inside the train consists of cross seats in the leading cars and long seats in the intermediate cars, with lithium-ion rechargeable batteries installed under the seats in the intermediate cars. The passenger doors are plug doors, with single-leaf doors in the leading cars and double-leaf doors in the intermediate cars.^[2]

To comply with stringent safety standards in the United States, vehicles for New Jersey Transit and Phoenix utilize a shock-absorbing structure that employs continuous wall buckling of specially designed aluminum profiles, arranged in parallel and in series along the longitudinal direction of the underframe at the end of the car. In addition, due to the presence of rechargeable batteries, ventilation openings for cooling are located on the underside of the intermediate car body, but strength is ensured by modifications to the shape of the underframe and structure.^[2]

As mentioned earlier, in order to achieve a 100% low-floor structure, the bogies (motorized bogies) use four-axle independent wheels without axles. Two main motors are mounted on each bogie, and hydraulic disc brakes and emergency electromagnetic brakes are installed as braking systems. In addition, by using hydraulic suspension as a secondary spring system, precise control of the floor height is possible, and the air compressor is omitted, resulting in a simplified equipment structure. Electrical equipment such as control devices, auxiliary power supplies, and air conditioning systems are installed on the roof.^[3][12]

In 2010, a prototype three-car articulated train was completed, and test runs were first conducted in May of that year on a test track at the Kinki Sharyo factory in Japan. After its public debut in Charlotte, North Carolina in January 2011, it was exhibited and demonstrated in various cities including Dallas, Cincinnati, and Washington D.C.. Although several cities showed interest, ultimately other companies' ultra-low-floor trams were introduced, and as of 2019, mass production of ameriTRAMs and have not taken place.^{[5][8][1][2][3]}

Some of the technology used in the ameriTRAM, including the LIM30H-8A battery, would later be used in the Smart BEST, an experimental battery electric multiple unit that would be built by Kinki Sharyo in 2014 for use in Japan.^[13][14]

Likewise, in 2007, a few years before the ameriTRAM was built, GS Yuasa had contributed its battery technology to the Railway Technical Research Institute, for use on its RTRI LH02 "Hi-tram" [], an experimental variant of the Little Dancer series of trams. The technology on the LH02 is similar to the ameriTRAM, but the circuit configuration is different.^[13]

• SWIMO [ja], an earlier experimental tram developed in 2006 by Nippon Sharyo, a competing company
• Inekon 121 Trio, a 2012 variant of the Inekon 12 Trio that is also fitted with batteries.
• Brookville Liberty Modern Streetcar, a later, more successful battery-electric streetcar built by Brookville Equipment for several American streetcar operators
• Siemens S700 and S70, a battery-electric variation of which has been used on the CityLynx Gold Line since 2021.