Frozen orbit

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The main perturbing force to be counteracted in order to have a frozen orbit is the "${\displaystyle J_{3}\,}$ force", i.e. the gravitational force caused by an imperfect symmetry north–south of the Earth, and the "classical theory" is based on the closed form expression for this "${\displaystyle J_{3}\,}$ perturbation". With the "modern theory" this explicit closed form expression is not directly used but it is certainly still worthwhile^{[for whom?]} to derive it. The derivation of this expression can be done as follows:

The potential from a zonal term is rotational symmetric around the polar axis of the Earth and corresponding force is entirely in a longitudinal plane with one component ${\displaystyle F_{r}\ {\hat {r}}\,}$ in the radial direction and one component ${\displaystyle F_{\lambda }\ {\hat {\lambda }}\,}$ with the unit vector ${\displaystyle {\hat {\lambda }}\,}$ orthogonal to the radial direction towards north. These directions ${\displaystyle {\hat {r}}\,}$ and ${\displaystyle {\hat {\lambda }}\,}$ are illustrated in Figure 1.

In the article Geopotential model it is shown that these force components caused by the ${\displaystyle J_{3}\,}$ term are

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&F_{r}=J_{3}\ {\frac {1}{r^{5}}}\ 2\ \sin \lambda \ \left(5\sin ^{2}\lambda \ -\ 3\right)\\&F_{\lambda }=-J_{3}\ {\frac {1}{r^{5}}}\ {\frac {3}{2}}\ \cos \lambda \ \left(5\ \sin ^{2}\lambda \ -1\right)\end{aligned}}}$

11

To be able to apply relations derived in the article Orbital perturbation analysis (spacecraft) the force component ${\displaystyle F_{\lambda }\ {\hat {\lambda }}\,}$ must be split into two orthogonal components ${\displaystyle F_{t}\ {\hat {t}}}$ and ${\displaystyle F_{z}\ {\hat {z}}}$ as illustrated in figure 2

Let ${\displaystyle {\hat {a}},\ {\hat {b}},\ {\hat {n}}\,}$ make up a rectangular coordinate system with origin in the center of the Earth (in the center of the Reference ellipsoid) such that ${\displaystyle {\hat {n}}\,}$ points in the direction north and such that ${\displaystyle {\hat {a}},\ {\hat {b}}\,}$ are in the equatorial plane of the Earth with ${\displaystyle {\hat {a}}\,}$ pointing towards the ascending node, i.e. towards the blue point of Figure 2.

The components of the unit vectors

${\displaystyle {\hat {r}},\ {\hat {t}},\ {\hat {z}}\,}$

making up the local coordinate system (of which ${\displaystyle {\hat {t}},\ {\hat {z}},}$ are illustrated in figure 2), and expressing their relation with ${\displaystyle {\hat {a}},\ {\hat {b}},\ {\hat {n}}\,}$, are as follows:

${\displaystyle r_{a}=\cos u\,}$

${\displaystyle r_{b}=\cos i\ \sin u\,}$

${\displaystyle r_{n}=\sin i\ \sin u\,}$

${\displaystyle t_{a}=-\sin u\,}$

${\displaystyle t_{b}=\cos i\ \cos u\,}$

${\displaystyle t_{n}=\sin i\ \cos u\,}$

${\displaystyle z_{a}=0\,}$

${\displaystyle z_{b}=-\sin i\,}$

${\displaystyle z_{n}=\cos i\,}$

where ${\displaystyle u\,}$ is the polar argument of ${\displaystyle {\hat {r}}\,}$ relative the orthogonal unit vectors ${\displaystyle {\hat {g}}={\hat {a}}\,}$ and ${\displaystyle {\hat {h}}=\cos i\ {\hat {b}}\ +\ \sin i\ {\hat {n}}\,}$ in the orbital plane

Firstly

${\displaystyle \sin \lambda =\ r_{n}\ =\ \sin i\ \sin u\,}$

where ${\displaystyle \lambda \,}$ is the angle between the equator plane and ${\displaystyle {\hat {r}}\,}$ (between the green points of figure 2) and from equation (12) of the article Geopotential model one therefore obtains

${\displaystyle F_{r}=J_{3}\ {\frac {1}{r^{5}}}\ 2\ \sin i\ \sin u\,\ \left(5\sin ^{2}i\ \sin ^{2}u\ -\ 3\right)}$

12

Secondly the projection of direction north, ${\displaystyle {\hat {n}}\,}$, on the plane spanned by ${\displaystyle {\hat {t}},\ {\hat {z}},}$ is

${\displaystyle \sin i\ \cos u\ {\hat {t}}\ +\ \cos i\ {\hat {z}}\,}$

and this projection is

${\displaystyle \cos \lambda \ {\hat {\lambda }}\,}$

where ${\displaystyle {\hat {\lambda }}\,}$ is the unit vector ${\displaystyle {\hat {\lambda }}}$ orthogonal to the radial direction towards north illustrated in figure 1.

From equation (11) we see that

${\displaystyle F_{\lambda }\ {\hat {\lambda }}\ =-J_{3}\ {\frac {1}{r^{5}}}\ {\frac {3}{2}}\ \left(5\ \sin ^{2}\lambda \ -1\right)\ \cos \lambda \ {\hat {\lambda }}\ =\ -J_{3}\ {\frac {1}{r^{5}}}\ {\frac {3}{2}}\ \left(5\ \sin ^{2}\lambda \ -1\right)\ (\sin i\ \cos u\ {\hat {t}}\ +\ \cos i\ {\hat {z}})\,}$

and therefore:

${\displaystyle F_{t}=\ -J_{3}\ {\frac {1}{r^{5}}}\ {\frac {3}{2}}\ \left(5\ \sin ^{2}i\ \sin ^{2}u\ -1\right)\ \sin i\ \cos u}$

13

${\displaystyle F_{z}=\ -J_{3}\ {\frac {1}{r^{5}}}\ {\frac {3}{2}}\ \left(5\ \sin ^{2}i\ \sin ^{2}u\ -1\right)\ \cos i}$

14

In the article Orbital perturbation analysis (spacecraft) it is further shown that the secular perturbation of the orbital pole ${\displaystyle {\hat {z}}\,}$ is

${\displaystyle \Delta {\hat {z}}\ =\ {\frac {1}{\mu p}}\left[{\hat {g}}\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }F_{z}r^{3}\cos u\ du+\ {\hat {h}}\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }F_{z}r^{3}\sin u\ du\right]\quad \times \ {\hat {z}}}$

15

Introducing the expression for ${\displaystyle F_{z}\,}$ of (14) in (15) one gets

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\Delta {\hat {z}}\ =-{\frac {J_{3}}{\mu \ p^{3}}}\ {\frac {3}{2}}\ \cos i\ \cdot \\&\left[{\hat {g}}\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }{\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{2}\left(5\ \sin ^{2}i\ \sin ^{2}u\ -1\right)\cos u\ du\ +{\hat {h}}\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }{\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{2}\left(5\ \sin ^{2}i\ \sin ^{2}u\ -1\right)\sin u\ du\right]\quad \times \ {\hat {z}}\end{aligned}}}$

16

The fraction ${\displaystyle {\frac {p}{r}}\,}$ is

${\displaystyle {\frac {p}{r}}\ =\ 1+e\cdot \cos \theta \ =\ 1+e_{g}\cdot \cos u+e_{h}\cdot \sin u}$

where

${\displaystyle e_{g}=\ e\ \cos \omega }$

${\displaystyle e_{h}=\ e\ \sin \omega }$

are the components of the eccentricity vector in the ${\displaystyle {\hat {g}},\ {\hat {h}}\,}$ coordinate system.

As all integrals of type

${\displaystyle \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\cos ^{m}u\ \sin ^{n}u\ du\,}$

are zero if not both ${\displaystyle n\,}$ and ${\displaystyle m\,}$ are even, we see that

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }{\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{2}\left(5\ \sin ^{2}i\ \sin ^{2}u\ -1\right)\cos u\ du&=\ 2\ e_{g}\ \left(5\ \sin ^{2}i\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\sin ^{2}u\cos ^{2}u\ du\ -\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\cos ^{2}u\ du\right)\\&=\ 2\pi \ e_{g}\ ({\frac {5}{4}}\sin ^{2}i-1)\end{aligned}}}$

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and

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }{\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{2}\left(5\ \sin ^{2}i\ \sin ^{2}u\ -1\right)\sin u\ du&=\ 2\ e_{h}\ \left(5\ \sin ^{2}i\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\sin ^{4}u\ du\ -\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\sin ^{2}u\ du\right)\\&=\ 2\pi \ e_{h}\ ({\frac {15}{4}}\sin ^{2}i-1)\end{aligned}}}$

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It follows that

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Delta {\hat {z}}\ &=\ 2\pi \ {\frac {J_{3}}{\mu \ p^{3}}}\ {\frac {3}{2}}\ \cos i\ \left[e_{g}\ (1-{\frac {5}{4}}\sin ^{2}i)\ {\hat {g}}+\ e_{h}\ (1-{\frac {15}{4}}\sin ^{2}i)\ {\hat {h}}\right]\quad \times \ {\hat {z}}\\&=\ 2\pi \ {\frac {J_{3}}{\mu \ p^{3}}}\ {\frac {3}{2}}\ \cos i\ \left[\ e_{h}\ (1-{\frac {15}{4}}\sin ^{2}i)\ {\hat {g}}\ -e_{g}\ (1-{\frac {5}{4}}\sin ^{2}i)\ {\hat {h}}\right]\end{aligned}}}$

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where

${\displaystyle {\hat {g}}\,}$ and ${\displaystyle {\hat {h}}\,}$ are the base vectors of the rectangular coordinate system in the plane of the reference Kepler orbit with ${\displaystyle {\hat {g}}\,}$ in the equatorial plane towards the ascending node and ${\displaystyle u\,}$ is the polar argument relative this equatorial coordinate system

${\displaystyle f_{z}\,}$ is the force component (per unit mass) in the direction of the orbit pole ${\displaystyle {\hat {z}}\,}$

In the article Orbital perturbation analysis (spacecraft) it is shown that the secular perturbation of the eccentricity vector is

${\displaystyle \Delta {\bar {e}}\ ={\frac {1}{\mu }}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\left(-{\hat {t}}\ f_{r}\ +\ \left(2\ {\hat {r}}-{\frac {V_{r}}{V_{t}}}\ {\hat {t}}\right)\ f_{t}\right)\ r^{2}\ du}$

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where

• ${\displaystyle {\hat {r}},{\hat {t}}\,}$ is the usual local coordinate system with unit vector ${\displaystyle {\hat {r}}\,}$ directed away from the Earth
• ${\displaystyle V_{r}={\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{p}}}\cdot e\cdot \sin \theta }$ - the velocity component in direction ${\displaystyle {\hat {r}}\,}$
• ${\displaystyle V_{t}={\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{p}}}\cdot (1+e\cdot \cos \theta )}$ - the velocity component in direction ${\displaystyle {\hat {t}}\,}$

Introducing the expression for ${\displaystyle F_{r},\ F_{t}\,}$ of (12) and (13) in (20) one gets

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\Delta {\bar {e}}\ ={\frac {J_{3}}{\mu \ p^{3}}}\ \sin i\ \cdot \\&\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\left(-{\hat {t}}\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ 2\ \sin u\,\ \left(5\sin ^{2}i\ \sin ^{2}u\ -\ 3\right)\ -\ \left(2\ {\hat {r}}-{\frac {V_{r}}{V_{t}}}\ {\hat {t}}\right)\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ {\frac {3}{2}}\ \left(5\ \sin ^{2}i\ \sin ^{2}u\ -1\right)\ \cos u\right)du\end{aligned}}}$

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Using that

${\displaystyle {\frac {V_{r}}{V_{t}}}={\frac {e_{g}\cdot \sin u\ -\ e_{h}\cdot \cos u}{\frac {p}{r}}}}$

the integral above can be split in 8 terms:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\left(-{\hat {t}}\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ 2\ \sin u\,\ \left(5\sin ^{2}i\ \sin ^{2}u\ -\ 3\right)\ -\ \left(2\ {\hat {r}}-{\frac {V_{r}}{V_{t}}}\ {\hat {t}}\right)\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ {\frac {3}{2}}\ \left(5\ \sin ^{2}i\ \sin ^{2}u\ -1\right)\ \cos u\right)\ du\ =\\&-10\sin ^{2}i\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }{\hat {t}}\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ \sin ^{3}u\ du\\&+6\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }{\hat {t}}\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ \sin u\ du\\&-15\ \sin ^{2}i\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }{\hat {r}}\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ \sin ^{2}u\ \cos u\ du\\&+3\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }{\hat {r}}\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ \cos u\ du\\&+{\frac {15}{2}}\sin ^{2}i\ e_{g}\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }{\hat {t}}\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{2}\ \ \ \sin ^{3}u\ \cos u\ du\\&-{\frac {15}{2}}\sin ^{2}i\ e_{h}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }{\hat {t}}\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{2}\ \ \ \sin ^{2}u\ \cos ^{2}u\ du\\&-{\frac {3}{2}}\ e_{g}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ {\hat {t}}\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{2}\ \ \sin u\ \cos u\ du\\&+{\frac {3}{2}}\ e_{h}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }{\hat {t}}\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{2}\ \ \cos ^{2}u\ du\end{aligned}}}$

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Given that

${\displaystyle {\hat {r}}=\cos u\ {\hat {g}}\ +\ \sin u\ {\hat {h}}}$

${\displaystyle {\hat {t}}=-\sin u\ {\hat {g}}\ +\ \cos u\ {\hat {h}}}$

we obtain

${\displaystyle {\frac {p}{r}}\ =\ 1+e\cdot \cos \theta \ =\ 1+e_{g}\cdot \cos u+e_{h}\cdot \sin u}$

and that all integrals of type

${\displaystyle \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\cos ^{m}u\ \sin ^{n}u\ du\,}$

are zero if not both ${\displaystyle n\,}$ and ${\displaystyle m\,}$ are even:

Term 1

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }{\hat {t}}\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ \sin ^{3}u\ du\ =-{\hat {g}}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ \sin ^{4}u\ du\ +{\hat {h}}\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ \sin ^{3}u\ \cos u\ du\ =\\&-{\hat {g}}\ \left(\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \sin ^{4}u\ du\ +\ 3\ {e_{g}}^{2}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \cos ^{2}u\ \sin ^{4}u\ du\ \ +\ 3\ {e_{h}}^{2}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \sin ^{6}u\ du\ \right)\\&+{\hat {h}}\ 6\ e_{g}\ e_{h}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \cos ^{2}u\ \sin ^{4}u\ du=\\&-{\hat {g}}\ \left(2\pi \left({\frac {3}{8}}\ +\ {\frac {3}{16}}\ {e_{g}}^{2}\ +\ {\frac {15}{16}}\ {e_{h}}^{2}\right)\right)+{\hat {h}}\ \left(2\pi \left({\frac {3}{8}}\ e_{g}\ e_{h}\right)\right)\end{aligned}}}$

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Term 2

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }{\hat {t}}\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ \sin u\ du\ =-{\hat {g}}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ \sin ^{2}u\ du\ +{\hat {h}}\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ \sin u\ \cos u\ du\ =\\&-{\hat {g}}\ \left(\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \sin ^{2}u\ du\ +\ 3\ {e_{g}}^{2}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \cos ^{2}u\ \sin ^{2}u\ du\ \ +\ 3\ {e_{h}}^{2}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \sin ^{6}u\ du\ \right)\\&+{\hat {h}}\ 6\ e_{g}\ e_{h}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \cos ^{2}u\ \sin ^{2}u\ du=\\&-{\hat {g}}\ \left(2\pi \left({\frac {1}{2}}\ +\ {\frac {3}{8}}\ {e_{g}}^{2}\ +\ {\frac {9}{8}}\ {e_{h}}^{2}\right)\right)+{\hat {h}}\ \left(2\pi \left({\frac {3}{4}}\ e_{g}\ e_{h}\right)\right)\end{aligned}}}$

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Term 3

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }{\hat {r}}\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ \sin ^{2}u\ \cos u\ du\ ={\hat {g}}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ \sin ^{2}u\cos ^{2}u\ du\ +{\hat {h}}\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ \sin ^{3}u\ \cos u\ du\ =\\&{\hat {g}}\ \left(\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \sin ^{2}u\cos ^{2}u\ du\ +\ 3\ {e_{g}}^{2}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \cos ^{4}u\ \sin ^{2}u\ du\ \ +\ 3\ {e_{h}}^{2}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \sin ^{4}u\ \cos ^{2}u\ du\ \right)\\&+{\hat {h}}\ 6\ e_{g}\ e_{h}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \cos ^{2}u\ \sin ^{4}u\ du=\\&{\hat {g}}\ \left(2\pi \left({\frac {1}{8}}\ +\ {\frac {3}{16}}\ {e_{g}}^{2}\ +\ {\frac {3}{16}}\ {e_{h}}^{2}\right)\right)+{\hat {h}}\ \left(2\pi \left({\frac {3}{8}}\ e_{g}\ e_{h}\right)\right)\end{aligned}}}$

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Term 4

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }{\hat {r}}\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ \cos u\ du\ ={\hat {g}}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ \cos ^{2}u\ du\ +{\hat {h}}\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ \sin u\ \cos u\ du\ =\\&{\hat {g}}\ \left(\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\cos ^{2}u\ du\ +\ 3\ {e_{g}}^{2}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \cos ^{4}u\ du\ \ +\ 3\ {e_{h}}^{2}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \sin ^{2}u\ \cos ^{2}u\ du\ \right)\\&+{\hat {h}}\ 6\ e_{g}\ e_{h}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \cos ^{2}u\ \sin ^{2}u\ du=\\&{\hat {g}}\ \left(2\pi \left({\frac {1}{2}}\ +\ {\frac {9}{8}}\ {e_{g}}^{2}\ +\ {\frac {3}{8}}\ {e_{h}}^{2}\right)\right)+{\hat {h}}\ \left(2\pi \left({\frac {3}{4}}\ e_{g}\ e_{h}\right)\right)\end{aligned}}}$

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Term 5

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }{\hat {t}}\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{2}\ \sin ^{3}u\ \cos u\ du\ =-{\hat {g}}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{2}\ \sin ^{4}u\ \cos u\ du\ +{\hat {h}}\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{2}\ \sin ^{3}u\ \cos ^{2}u\ du\ =\\&-{\hat {g}}\ 2\ e_{g}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \sin ^{4}u\ \cos ^{2}u\ du+{\hat {h}}\ 2\ e_{h}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \sin ^{4}u\ \cos ^{2}u\ du=-{\hat {g}}\ \left(2\pi {\frac {1}{8}}\ e_{g}\right)+{\hat {h}}\ \left(2\pi {\frac {1}{8}}\ e_{h}\right)\end{aligned}}}$

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Term 6

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }{\hat {t}}\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{2}\ \sin ^{2}u\ \cos ^{2}u\ du\ =-{\hat {g}}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{2}\ \sin ^{3}u\ \cos ^{2}u\ du\ +{\hat {h}}\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{2}\ \sin ^{2}u\ \cos ^{3}u\ du\ =\\&-{\hat {g}}\ 2\ e_{h}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \sin ^{4}u\ \cos ^{2}u\ du+{\hat {h}}\ 2\ e_{g}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \sin ^{2}u\ \cos ^{4}u\ du=-{\hat {g}}\ \left(2\pi {\frac {1}{8}}\ e_{h}\right)+{\hat {h}}\ \left(2\pi {\frac {1}{8}}\ e_{g}\right)\end{aligned}}}$

28

Term 7

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }{\hat {t}}\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{2}\ \sin u\ \cos u\ du\ =-{\hat {g}}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{2}\ \sin ^{2}u\ \cos u\ du\ +{\hat {h}}\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{2}\ \sin u\ \cos ^{2}u\ du\ =\\&-{\hat {g}}\ 2\ e_{g}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \sin ^{2}u\ \cos ^{2}u\ du+{\hat {h}}\ 2\ e_{h}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \sin ^{2}u\ \cos ^{2}u\ du=-{\hat {g}}\ \left(2\pi {\frac {1}{4}}\ e_{g}\right)+{\hat {h}}\ \left(2\pi {\frac {1}{4}}\ e_{h}\right)\end{aligned}}}$

29

Term 8

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }{\hat {t}}\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{2}\ \cos ^{2}u\ du\ =-{\hat {g}}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{2}\ \sin u\ \cos ^{2}u\ du\ +{\hat {h}}\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{2}\ \cos ^{3}u\ du\ =\\&-{\hat {g}}\ 2\ e_{h}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \sin ^{2}u\ \cos ^{2}u\ du+{\hat {h}}\ 2\ e_{g}\ \int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\ \cos ^{4}u\ du=-{\hat {g}}\ \left(2\pi {\frac {1}{4}}\ e_{h}\right)+{\hat {h}}\ \left(2\pi {\frac {3}{4}}\ e_{g}\right)\end{aligned}}}$

30

As

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&-10\sin ^{2}i\ \left(-{\hat {g}}\ \left({\frac {3}{8}}\ +\ {\frac {3}{16}}\ {e_{g}}^{2}\ +\ {\frac {15}{16}}\ {e_{h}}^{2}\right)+{\hat {h}}\ \left({\frac {3}{8}}\ e_{g}\ e_{h}\right)\right)\\&+6\ \left(-{\hat {g}}\ \left({\frac {1}{2}}\ +\ {\frac {3}{8}}\ {e_{g}}^{2}\ +\ {\frac {9}{8}}\ {e_{h}}^{2}\right)+{\hat {h}}\ \left({\frac {3}{4}}\ e_{g}\ e_{h}\right)\right)\\&-15\sin ^{2}i\ \left({\hat {g}}\ \left({\frac {1}{8}}\ +\ {\frac {3}{16}}\ {e_{g}}^{2}\ +\ {\frac {3}{16}}\ {e_{h}}^{2}\right)+{\hat {h}}\ \left({\frac {3}{8}}\ e_{g}\ e_{h}\right)\right)\\&+3\left({\hat {g}}\ \left({\frac {1}{2}}\ +\ {\frac {9}{8}}\ {e_{g}}^{2}\ +\ {\frac {3}{8}}\ {e_{h}}^{2}\right)+{\hat {h}}\ \left({\frac {3}{4}}\ e_{g}\ e_{h}\right)\right)\\&+{\frac {15}{2}}\sin ^{2}i\ e_{g}\ \left(-{\hat {g}}\ \left({\frac {1}{8}}\ e_{g}\right)+{\hat {h}}\ \left({\frac {1}{8}}\ e_{h}\right)\right)\\&-{\frac {15}{2}}\sin ^{2}i\ e_{h}\ \left(-{\hat {g}}\ \left({\frac {1}{8}}\ e_{h}\right)+{\hat {h}}\ \left({\frac {1}{8}}\ e_{g}\right)\right)\\&-{\frac {3}{2}}\ e_{g}\ \left(-{\hat {g}}\ \left({\frac {1}{4}}\ e_{g}\right)+{\hat {h}}\ \left({\frac {1}{4}}\ e_{h}\right)\right)\\&+{\frac {3}{2}}\ e_{h}\ \left(-{\hat {g}}\ \left({\frac {1}{4}}\ e_{h}\right)+{\hat {h}}\ \left({\frac {3}{4}}\ e_{g}\right)\right)=\\&{\frac {3}{2}}\ \left({\frac {5}{4}}\ \sin ^{2}i\ -\ 1\right)\left((1-{e_{g}}^{2}\ +\ 4\ {e_{h}}^{2}){\hat {g}}\ -\ 5\ e_{g}\ e_{h}\ {\hat {h}}\right)\end{aligned}}}$

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It follows that

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\Delta {\bar {e}}\ ={\frac {J_{3}}{\mu \ p^{3}}}\ \sin i\ \cdot \\&\int \limits _{0}^{2\pi }\left(-{\hat {t}}\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ 2\ \sin u\,\ \left(5\sin ^{2}i\ \sin ^{2}u\ -\ 3\right)\ -\ \left(2\ {\hat {r}}-{\frac {V_{r}}{V_{t}}}\ {\hat {t}}\right)\ {\left({\frac {p}{r}}\right)}^{3}\ {\frac {3}{2}}\ \left(5\ \sin ^{2}i\ \sin ^{2}u\ -1\right)\ \cos u\right)du=\\&2\pi \ {\frac {J_{3}}{\mu \ p^{3}}}\ \sin i\ {\frac {3}{2}}\ \left({\frac {5}{4}}\ \sin ^{2}i\ -\ 1\right)\left((1-{e_{g}}^{2}\ +\ 4\ {e_{h}}^{2}){\hat {g}}\ -\ 5\ e_{g}\ e_{h}\ {\hat {h}}\right)\end{aligned}}}$

32