Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
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Haplogroup P also known as P-PF5850 or K2b2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics, it forms a clade within Haplogroup K2b (K-P331). Its sister clade within K2b is K2b1 (haplogroup MS).
Coalescence age50,400 years BP
Possible place of originSouth Asia, or Southeast Asia[2][3][4]
| Haplogroup P (K2b2) | |
|---|---|
| |
| Possible time of origin | 51,000 years BP[1] |
| Coalescence age | 50,400 years BP |
| Possible place of origin | South Asia, or Southeast Asia[2][3][4] |
| Ancestor | PF5850 within K2b[5][6][7] |
| Descendants |
|
| Defining mutations | PF5850[8] |
While the unique SNP PF5850 is unambiguously downstream of the defining SNPs of haplogroup K2b and upstream of formerly defining SNPs (such as P295), this change is not yet reflected in all guides to Y-DNA phylogeny,[6][7] such as those by International Society of Genetic Genealogy, nor in scientific publications.
Basal P-PF5850* is found in Southeast Asia.[6][7] Near-basal P-P295* is found among South and Southeast Asians, as well as Oceanians. P1~* (P-M1254*) has been found only in one Andamanese male, P-FT292000 (P1b, formerly P3) has an unknown distribution, and P1c* (P-M45*) is commonly found among Siberians and Central Asians.[6][7] P-M45 is the parent node of Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and Haplogroup R (R-M207).
The major subclades of Haplogroups P-M45, Q and R now include most males among Europeans, Native Americans, South Asians, North Africans, and Central Asians.
Origin and dispersal
Karafet et al. (2015) suggests an origin and dispersal of haplogroup P and its ancestral clade K from either South Asia or Southeast Asia as part of the early human dispersal, based on the distribution of subclades of P-P295 and more ancient clades such as K1 and K2. However, Karafet et al. (2015) mentions that this hypothesis is "parsimonious" and K may have alternatively originated elsewhere in Eurasia and later went extinct there.[3][9][10] According to a geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K, from which haplogroup P descended, originated most likely in the Middle East or Central Asia.[11] According to Bergstorm et al. (2016), haplogroup K2b1, the ancestor of haplogroups M and S found in Indigenous Australians, and haplogroup P (K2b2), the ancestor of haplogroups R and Q, split in Southeast Asia near Sahul.[12]
The highest frequency and diversity of haplogroup P clades is observed in Southeast Asia, specifically on the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines.[13][6] To date, the ancestral clade K2b has only been confirmed among the 39,000 year old Tianyuan man.[14]
Structure
Distribution
(Note: the tilde (~) suffix indicates that subclade names are approximate and may subsequently be redefined.)
P* (P-PF5850)
P-PF5850* has been found among a sample of Jehai (or Jahai) males in Malaysia.[6][16]
The near-basal subclade P-M295* (P~*; formerly P*) has been found among at least three living individuals from the Philippines.[17]
P(xP1~)
This paraphyletic group notionally comprises all subclades of P-P295 (or K2b2) except for the main subclades P1 (PF5962) and P1c (M45), thus also excluding the two major haplogroups Q and R (as subclades of P1c). The tilde (~) suffix indicates that the redefinition of P-M45 from P1 to P1c is relatively recent, as is the discovery of P2 (P-F20148). Thus, it is not always clear if older studies include P1a, P1b or P2 (none of which are defined by the SNP M45). Therefore, some cases reported as P* in older literature may include all subclades of P other than P1 (M45).
P(xP1~) exists at low to moderate levels among various groups in Island South East Asia, the South West Pacific and East Asia.[3]
P(xP1~) is found at its highest rate among members of the Aeta (or Agta), a people indigenous to Luzon who formed from various ancient groups, such as Oceanians and Austronesian peoples from Taiwan.[6] P1*(xQ,R) is most common among individuals in Siberia and Central Asia, as well as in South Asia at a lower frequency.[2][3][10][18]
| Population | P* % | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Papua New Guinea | 0.69 | Assumed from Kayser et al. (2006), i.e. one P* found[3] |
| New Zealand | 0 | |
| Fiji | 0 | |
| Solomon Islands | 0 | |
| French Polynesia | 0 | |
| Vanuatu | 0 | |
| New Caledonia | ||
| Guam | 0 | |
| Samoa | 0 | |
| Kiribati | ||
| Tonga | 0 | |
| Federated States of Micronesia | 0 | |
| Marshall Islands | 0 | |
| American Samoa | ||
| Northern Mariana Islands | ||
| Palau | ||
| Cook Islands | 0 | |
| Wallis and Futuna | 0 | |
| Tuvalu | 0 | |
| Nauru | ||
| Norfolk Island | ||
| Niue | 0 | Small sample size |
| Tokelau | 0 | Small sample size |
| Hawaii | 0 | Small sample size, from FTDNA |
| Australia | 0 | |
| Timor | 10.8 | |
| Aeta (Philippines) | 28 | |
| Austronesians (Philippines) | 0 | |
| Malaysia | 0 | |
| Flores | 0 | |
| Sulawesi | 0.6 | |
| East Indonesia | 0 | |
| Java Indonesia | 0 | |
| Bali Indonesia | 0 | |
| Sumatra Indonesia | 0 | |
| Borneo Indonesia | 0 | |
| West Papua Province | 0 | |
| Papua Province | 0 | |
| Sumba Indonesia | 3.2 |
P1
P1~* (P-M1254)
P1~*, also known as P-M1254, is known only from the remains of an Andamanese male who lived during the 19th century.[19][20] While P1 was previously defined by the SNP M45, the discovery of individuals lacking M45, as well as the defining SNPs for haplogroup P2, has led to the M45 being attached to haplogroup P1c (see below).
P1c~ (P-P337)
Two long-deceased individuals from Siberia are known to have had P-P337 (P1c~*). One is the remains of an Upper Paleolithic individual from northeast Siberia, known as Yana 1, and the other is the Bronze Age remains known as I6950, from the Okunev culture of southern Siberia.[20] Previously known as P1, this clade is often defined by the SNP M45, however, the YFull phylogeny tree has since excluded M45 because it has been found under at least one haplogroup outside haplogroup P.
P1c (P-M45)
P1c (P-M45; previously known as P1) has been found among the Ancient North Eurasian Yana individuals, who carried around 29–51% ancestry from an East Eurasian source related to the Tianyuan man (although those particular remains belong to K2b*).[21][22]
Many modern ethnic groups with high frequencies of P1~, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, are located in Central Asia and Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altai-Kizhi (PxQ-M3,R1),[23] and 35% among Nivkh males.
| Modern population | Modern ethnolinguistic affiliation | Reference | n | Percentage | Notes / SNPs tested |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tuvinian | Turkic | [23] | 113 | 35.40 | P-M45 |
| Nivkh | Isolate | [24] | 17 | 35 | P-M45 |
| Altai-Kizhi | Turkic | [23] | 92 | 28.3 | P-M45 |
| Todjin | Turkic | [23] | 36 | 22.2 | P-M45 |
| Chukchi | Chukotkan | [24] | 24 | 20.8 | P-M45 |
| Koryak | Chukotkan | [24] | 27 | 18.5 | P-M45 |
| Yupik | Eskimo-Aleut | [24] | 33 | 18.2 | P-M45 |
| Uighur | Turkic | [25] | 70 | 17.1 | P-M45 |
| Kalmyk | Mongolic | [23] | 68 | 11.8 | P-M45 |
| Turkmen | Turkic | [26] | 30 | 10 | P-M45 |
| Soyot | Turkic | [23] | 34 | 8.8 | P-M45 |
| Uriankhai | Mongolic | [27] | 60 | 8.3 | P-M45 |
| Khakas | Turkic | [23] | 53 | 7.6 | P-M45 |
| Kazakh | Turkic | [26] | 54 | 5.6 | P-M45 |
| Uzbek | Turkic | [26] | 366 | 5.5 | P-M45 |
| Khasi-Khmuic | Austro-Asiatic | [28] | 353 | 5.40 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| Munda | Austro-Asiatic | [28] | 64 | 10.90 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| Nicobarese | Austro-Asiatic | [28] | 11 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| Southeast Asia | Austro-Asiatic | [28] | 257 | 1.60 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| Garo | Tibeto-Burman | [28] | 71 | 1.40 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| India | Tibeto-Burman | [28] | 226 | 3.10 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| East Asia | Tibeto-Burman | [28] | 214 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| Eastern India | Unclear / Various | [28] | 54 | 18.50 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| Southern Talysh, Iran | Iranian | [29] | 50 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Northern Talysh, Azerbaijan | Iranian | [29] | 40 | 5.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Mazandarani | Iranian | [29] | 50 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Gilaki | Iranian | [29] | 50 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Tehran | Iranian | [29] | 80 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Isfahan | Iranian | [29] | 50 | 6.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Bakhtiari | Iranian | [30] | 53 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Iranian Arabs | Arabic | [30] | 47 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| North Iran | Iranian | [31] | 33 | 9.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| South Iran | Iranian | [31] | 117 | 3.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| South Caucacus | Georgian | [32] | 77 | 3.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| South Caucacus | Armenian | [32] | 100 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Hvar | Croatian | [33] | 14 | ||
| Korčula | Croatian | [33] | 6 |
§ May include members of haplogroup R2.
| Population group | N | P (xQ, xR) | Q | R | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [34] | Count | % | Count | % | Count | % | |
| Gope | 16 | 1 | 6.4 | ||||
| Oriya Brahmin | 24 | 1 | 4.2 | ||||
| Mahishya | 17 | 3 | 17.6 | ||||
| Bhumij | 15 | 2 | 13.3 | ||||
| Saora | 13 | 3 | 23.1 | ||||
| Nepali | 7 | 2 | 28.6 | ||||
| Muslims of Manipur | 9 | 3 | 33.3 | ||||
| Himachal Pradesh Rajput | 15 | 1 | 6.7 | ||||
| Lambadi | 18 | 4 | 22.2 | ||||
| Gujarati Patel | 9 | 2 | 22.2 | ||||
| Katkari | 19 | 1 | 5.3 | ||||
| Madia Gond | 14 | 1 | 7.1 | ||||
| Kamma Chowdary | 15 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6.7 | 12 | 80 |
Q
Near universal in the Kets (93.8%) of Siberia. Very common in pre-modern Native American populations and Selkups, where it reaches 50–92%. In Na-Dene peoples it reaches 92.3% in Navajo. It is present in 80% of the Inuit.[35] Also common, at 25–50% in Siberian populations such as the Siberian Tatars,[36] Nivkh, Tuvans, Chukchi, Siberian Eskimos, Northern Altaians, Tsaatan,[37] and in 73% of Turkmens from Karakalpakstan.[38]
R
The only discovered case of basal R* (i.e. one that does not belong to R1 or R2) is the Mal'ta boy from the Upper Paleolithic, found in the upper Angara River in the area west of Lake Baikal in the Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia, Russian Federation.
R1
| Continental | Country | Population | n | R1a1[a] | R1a1*[b] | R1a1a[c] | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caucasus | Ossetians | North | 134 | NA | 0.00 | 0.75 | [39] |
| Europe | Estonia | 100 | NA | 0.00 | 35.00 | [39] | |
| Europe | Romania | 335 | NA | 0.00 | 17.01 | [39] | |
| Europe | Croatia | Krk (island) | 74 | NA | 0.00 | 36.49 | [39] |
| Europe | Croatia | Brac (island) | 49 | NA | 0.00 | 24.49 | [39] |
| Europe | Croatia | Hvar (island) | 91 | NA | 0.00 | 6.59 | [39] |
| Europe | Croatia | Korcula (island) | 134 | NA | 0.00 | 15.67 | [39] |
| Europe | Croatia | Mainland | 108 | NA | 0.00 | 26.85 | [39] |
| Europe | Bosnia-Herzegovina | Herzegovina | 141 | NA | 0.00 | 12.06 | [39] |
| Europe | Kosovo | Albanians | 114 | NA | 0.00 | 3.51 | [39] |
| Europe | Serbia | 113 | NA | 0.00 | 18.58 | [39] | |
| Europe | Republic of Macedonia | Macedonia | 79 | NA | 0.00 | 13.92 | [39] |
| Europe | Czech Republic | 53 | NA | 0.00 | 37.74 | [39] | |
| Europe | Belarus | Brest | 97 | NA | 0.00 | 58.8 | [40] |
| Europe | Belarus | 267 | NA | 0.00 | 54.7 | [40] | |
| Europe | Belarus | 50 | NA | 0.00 | 42.00 | [39] | |
| Europe | Russia | Russians | 39 | NA | 0.00 | 38.46 | [39] |
| Central Asia | Tajiks, Turkmens | 38 | NA | 0.00 | 7.89 | [39] | |
| North Asia | Russia | Tuvas | 104 | NA | 0.00 | 7.69 | [39] |
| North Asia | Russia | Altaians | 58 | NA | 0.00 | 41.38 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Jammu Jharkhand | 61 | NA | 0.00 | 37.70 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Andhra-Pradesh Jharkhand | 19 | NA | 0.00 | 26.32 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Madhya-Pradesh Madhya-Pradesh | 54 | NA | 0.00 | 35.19 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Khatri-Punjab/Haryana | 15 | NA | 0.00 | 67.00 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Ahir-Punjab/Haryana | 24 | NA | 0.00 | 63.00 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Uttar-Pradesh Jharkhand | 171 | NA | 0.00 | 49.71 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Uttranchal Jharkhand | 21 | NA | 0.00 | 47.62 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | West-Bengal Chhattisgarh | 49 | NA | 0.00 | 48.98 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Asur Maharashtra | 88 | NA | 0.00 | 5.68 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Ho Madhya-Pradesh | 45 | NA | 0.00 | 0.00 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Mawasi Orissa | 27 | NA | 0.00 | 3.70 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Mawasi Chhattisgarh | 12 | NA | 0.00 | 8.33 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Mahali Orissa | 32 | NA | 0.00 | 9.38 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Santhal Meghalaya | 20 | NA | 0.00 | 10.00 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Birhor Meghalaya | 27 | NA | 0.00 | 3.70 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Birhor | 35 | NA | 0.00 | 2.86 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Baiga | 23 | NA | 0.00 | 8.70 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Baiga | 42 | NA | 0.00 | 2.38 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Kharia | 37 | NA | 0.00 | 5.41 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Savara | 21 | NA | 0.00 | 9.52 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Meghwal Rajasthan | 50 | NA | 0.00 | 30.00 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Garo | 25 | NA | 0.00 | 4.00 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Lohana Gujarat | 20 | NA | 0.00 | 60.00 | [39] |
| South Asia | India | Khasi | 21 | NA | 0.00 | 4.76 | [39] |
| South Asia | Iran | 87 | NA | 0.00 | 10.34 | [39] | |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Sindhi | 134 | NA | 0.00 | 49.00 | [39] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Mohanna | 70 | NA | 0.00 | 71.00 | [39] |
| Europe | Turkey | 89 | NA | 0.00 | 3.37 | [39] | |
| Caucasus | Armenia | 25 | NA | 0.00 | 4.00 | [39] | |
| Caucasus | Megrels | 67 | NA | 0.00 | 8.96 | [39] | |
| Caucasus | Abkhazes | 162 | NA | 0.00 | 9.26 | [39] | |
| Caucasus | Avars | 42 | NA | 0.00 | 2.38 | [39] | |
| Caucasus | Chamalals | 27 | NA | 0.00 | 7.41 | [39] | |
| Caucasus | Bagvalals | 28 | NA | 0.00 | 3.57 | [39] | |
| Caucasus | Andis | 49 | NA | 0.00 | 2.04 | [39] | |
| Caucasus | Lezgis | 31 | NA | 0.00 | 0.00 | [39] | |
| Caucasus | Darginians | 68 | NA | 0.00 | 0.00 | [39] | |
| Caucasus | Tabasarans | 43 | NA | 0.00 | 2.33 | [39] | |
| Caucasus | Adyghes | 160 | NA | 0.00 | 11.25 | [39] | |
| Caucasus | Karachays | 69 | NA | 0.00 | 27.54 | [39] | |
| Caucasus | Kumyks | 76 | NA | 0.00 | 13.16 | [39] | |
| Caucasus | Balkars | 136 | NA | 0.00 | 25.74 | [39] | |
| Caucasus | Cherkessians | 126 | NA | 0.00 | 12.70 | [39] | |
| Caucasus | Kabardians | 141 | NA | 0.71 | 13.48 | [39] | |
| Caucasus | Abazas | 89 | NA | 0.00 | 19.10 | [39] | |
| Caucasus | Nogays | 87 | NA | 0.00 | 12.64 | [39] | |
| Caucasus | Karanogays | 77 | NA | 0.00 | 9.09 | [39] | |
| Caucasus | Tats | 10 | NA | 0.00 | 0.00 | [39] | |
| Europe | Crete | 193 | NA | 0.00 | 8.81 | [39] | |
| Middle East | Oman | 121 | NA | 0.00 | 9.09 | [39] | |
| Middle East | Iran | 150 | NA | 0.67 | 12.67 | [39] | |
| Middle East | United Arab Emirates | 164 | NA | 0.00 | 7.32 | [39] | |
| Europe | Turkey | 523 | NA | 0.00 | 6.88 | [39] | |
| Europe | Lithuania | Aukštaičiai | 106 | 45.3 | NA | NA | [41] |
| Europe | Lithuania | Žemaičiai | 90 | 44.4 | NA | NA | [41] |
| Europe | Norway | North | 377 | 27.1 | NA | NA | [42] |
| Europe | Norway | Middle | 317 | 31.5 | NA | NA | [42] |
| Europe | Norway | West | 301 | 24.3 | NA | NA | [42] |
| Europe | Norway | East | 493 | 26.8 | NA | NA | [42] |
| Europe | Norway | Bergen | 93 | 28 | NA | NA | [42] |
| Europe | Norway | Oslo | 109 | 19.3 | NA | NA | [42] |
| Europe | Norway | South | 76 | 13.2 | NA | NA | [42] |
| Europe | Spain/Portugal | Large survey | 1140 | NA | 0.00 | 1.2 | [43] |
| Europe | Greece | Greeks | 92 | NA | 0.00 | 16.3 | [44] |
| Europe | Greece | Macedonian Greeks | 57 | NA | 1.80 | 10.5 | [44] |
| Europe | Albania | 55 | NA | 0.00 | 9.1 | [44] | |
| Europe | Bosnia | Serbs | 81 | NA | 0.00 | 13.6 | [44] |
| Europe | Bosnia | Bosniacs | 84 | NA | 0.00 | 15.5 | [44] |
| Europe | Bosnia | Croats | 90 | NA | 0.00 | 12.2 | [44] |
| Europe | Croatia | 89 | NA | 0.00 | 27.0 | [44] | |
| Europe | Hungary | 53 | NA | 0.00 | 56.6 | [44] | |
| Europe | Czech Republic | 75 | NA | 0.00 | 41.3 | [44] | |
| Europe | Poland | 99 | NA | 0.00 | 56.6 | [44] | |
| Europe | Ukraine | 92 | NA | 0.00 | 50.0 | [44] | |
| Europe | Georgia | 66 | NA | 0.00 | 10.6 | [44] | |
| Europe | Russia | Balkarians | 38 | NA | 0.00 | 13.2 | [44] |
| Europe | Republic of Macedonia | Albanian language | 64 | NA | 0.00 | 1.6 | [44] |
| Europe | Croatia | Osijek | 29 | NA | 0.00 | 37.9 | [44] |
| Europe | Slovenia | Slovenians | 75 | NA | 0.00 | 38.70 | [44] |
| Europe | Italy | North East | 67 | NA | 0.00 | 10.4 | [44] |
| - | - | Ashkenazi Cohen | 76 | NA | 0.00 | 1.3 | [45] |
| - | - | Sephardi Cohen | 69 | NA | 0.00 | 5.8 | [45] |
| Europe | - | Ashkenazi Levite | 60 | NA | 0.00 | 51.7 | [45] |
| - | - | Sephardi Levite | 31 | NA | 0.00 | 3.2 | [45] |
| Middle East | Israel | Ashkenazi | 100 | NA | 0.00 | 4.0 | [45] |
| Middle East | Israel | Sephardi | 63 | NA | 0.00 | 1.6 | [45] |
| Europe | Germany | 88 | NA | 0.00 | 12.5 | [45] | |
| Europe | Norway | 83 | NA | 0.00 | 21.7 | [45] | |
| Europe | Germany | Sorbs | 112 | NA | 0.00 | 63.4 | [45] |
| Europe | Belarus | 306 | NA | 0.33 | 51.0 | [45] | |
| Europe | Spain | Spanish Basques | 42 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [46] |
| Europe | British Crown | Channel Islands | 128 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [46] |
| Europe | England | Chippenham | 52 | NA | NA | 6.0 | [46] |
| Europe | England | Cornwall | 52 | NA | NA | 6.0 | [46] |
| Europe | England | Dorchester | 73 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [46] |
| Europe | England | Faversham | 55 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [46] |
| Europe | England | Midhurst | 80 | NA | NA | 1.0 | [46] |
| Europe | England | Morpeth | 95 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [46] |
| Europe | England | Norfolk | 121 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [46] |
| Europe | England | Penrith | 90 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [46] |
| Europe | England | Southwell | 70 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [46] |
| Europe | England | Uttoxeter | 84 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [46] |
| Europe | England | York | 46 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [46] |
| Europe | Denmark/Germany | Denmark/Schleswig-Holstein | 190 | NA | NA | 8.0 | [46] |
| Europe | Ireland | Castlerea | 43 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [46] |
| Europe | British Crown | Isle of Man | 62 | NA | NA | 8.0 | [46] |
| Europe | Norway | 201 | NA | NA | 12.0 | [46] | |
| Europe | Scotland | Orkney | 121 | NA | NA | 7.0 | [46] |
| Europe | Ireland | Rush, Dublin | 76 | NA | NA | 1.0 | [46] |
| Europe | Scotland | Durness | 51 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [46] |
| Europe | Scotland | Oban | 42 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [46] |
| Europe | Scotland | Pitlochry | 41 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [46] |
| Europe | Scotland | Stonehaven | 44 | NA | NA | 5.0 | [46] |
| Europe | Scotland | Western Isles | 88 | NA | NA | 3.0 | [46] |
| Europe | Scotland | Shetland | 63 | NA | NA | 6.0 | [46] |
| Europe | Wales | Haverfordwest | 59 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [46] |
| Europe | Wales | Llangefni | 80 | NA | NA | 1.0 | [46] |
| Europe | Wales | Llanidloes | 57 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [46] |
| Europe | Turkey | 523 | NA | NA | 6.9 | [47] | |
| Europe | Italy | Sicily | 236 | NA | NA | 5.5 | [48] |
| Europe | Greece | 77 | NA | NA | 15.6 | [49] | |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Burusho | 97 | NA | NA | 25.8 | [49] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Kalash | 44 | NA | NA | 18.2 | [49] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Pathan (Pashtun) | 96 | NA | NA | 44.8 | [49] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | 638 | NA | NA | 37.1 | [49] | |
| South Asia | Nepal | Tharu from Chitwan District in central Inner Terai ('CI' village sample) | 57 | NA | 0.00 | 10.5 | [50] |
| South Asia | Nepal | Tharu from Chitwan District ('CII' village sample) | 77 | NA | 0.00 | 3.9 | [50] |
| South Asia | Nepal | Tharu from Morang District in eastern Outer Terai | 37 | NA | 0.00 | 16.2 | [50] |
| South Asia | Nepal/India | Hindus (as proxy for Indian ancestry) Chitwan District, Nepal | 26 | NA | 0.00 | 69.2 | [50] |
| South Asia | India | Hindus New Delhi | 49 | NA | 0.00 | 34.7 | [50] |
| South Asia | India | Andhara Pradesh tribal | 29 | NA | 0.00 | 27.6 | [50] |
| Europe | Poland | 913 | NA | NA | 57.0 | [51] | |
| Europe | Germany | 1215 | NA | NA | 17.9 | [51] | |
| Europe | Germany | Berlin | 103 | NA | NA | 22.3 | [51] |
| Europe | Germany | Leipzig | 144 | NA | NA | 27.1 | [51] |
| Europe | Germany | Magdeburg | 100 | NA | NA | 21 | [51] |
| Europe | Germany | Rostock | 96 | NA | NA | 31.3 | [51] |
| Europe | Germany | Greifswald | 104 | NA | NA | 19.2 | [51] |
| Europe | Germany | Hamburg | 161 | NA | NA | 16.8 | [51] |
| Europe | Germany | Münster | 102 | NA | NA | 7.8 | [51] |
| Europe | Germany | Freiburg | 102 | NA | NA | 10.8 | [51] |
| Europe | Germany | Cologne | 96 | NA | NA | 15.6 | [51] |
| Europe | Germany | Mainz | 95 | NA | NA | 8.4 | [51] |
| Europe | Germany | Munich | 95 | NA | NA | 14.3 | [51] |
| Europe | Greece | Nea Nikomedeia | 57 | NA | 0.00 | 21.1 | [52] |
| Europe | Greece | Sesklo/Dimini | 57 | NA | 0.00 | 10.5 | [52] |
| Europe | Greece | Lerna/Franchthi | 57 | NA | 0.00 | 1.8 | [52] |
| Europe | Greece | Crete | 193 | NA | 0.50 | 8.3 | [52] |
| Europe | Greece | Crete, Heraklion Prefecture | 104 | NA | 0.00 | 8.7 | [53] |
| Europe | Greece | Crete, Lasithi Plateau | 41 | NA | 0.00 | 29.3 | [53] |
| Europe | Greece | Crete, Lasithi Prefecture | 23 | NA | 0.00 | 17.4 | [53] |
| Europe | Ukraine | 94 | NA | NA | 43.6 | [54] | |
| Europe | Belarus | 68 | NA | NA | 45.6 | [55] | |
| North Asia | Russia (Altai Republic) | Northern Altaians (Gorno-Altaisk) | 20 | NA | NA | 50.0 | [56] |
| North Asia | Russia (Altai Republic) | Northern Altaians (Kurmach-Baigol) | 11 | NA | NA | 18.2 | [56] |
| North Asia | Russia (Altai Republic) | Northern Altaians (Turochak) | 19 | NA | NA | 36.8 | [56] |
| North Asia | Russia (Altai Republic) | Southern Altaians (Beshpel'tir) | 43 | NA | NA | 58.1 | [56] |
| North Asia | Russia (Altai Republic) | Southern Altaians (Kulada) | 46 | NA | NA | 52.2 | [56] |
| North Asia | Russia (Altai Republic) | Southern Altaians (Kosh-Agach) | 7 | NA | NA | 28.6 | [56] |
| Europe | England | West Lancashire (standard 2-G[d]) | 49 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [57] |
| Europe | England | Wirral Peninsula (standard 2-G[d]) | 100 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [57] |
| Europe | England | West Lancashire (medieval[e]) | 42 | NA | NA | 16.7 | [57] |
| Europe | England | Wirral Peninsula (medieval[e]) | 37 | NA | NA | 13.5 | [57] |
| South Asia | India | South India, Chenchu | 41 | NA | NA | 26.8 | [58] |
| South Asia | India | South India, Koya | 41 | NA | NA | 2.4 | [58] |
| South Asia | India | West Bengal | 31 | NA | NA | 38.7 | [58] |
| South Asia | India | Konkanastha Brahmins, Bombay | 43 | NA | NA | 41.9 | [58] |
| South Asia | India | Gujarat | 29 | NA | NA | 24.1 | [58] |
| South Asia | India | Lambadi | 35 | NA | NA | 8.6 | [58] |
| South Asia | India | Punjab | 66 | NA | NA | 47.0 | [58] |
| South Asia | Sri Lanka | Sinhalese | 39 | NA | NA | 12.8 | [58] |
| North Asia | Russia | Tuvan | 40 | NA | NA | 7.5 | [24] |
| North Asia | Russia | Tofalar | 19 | NA | NA | 5.3 | [24] |
| North Asia | Russia | Buryat | 13 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [24] |
| North Asia | Russia | Yenisey Evenk | 31 | NA | NA | 9.7 | [24] |
| North Asia | Russia | Okhotsk Evenk | 16 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [24] |
| North Asia | Russia | Ulchi/Nanai | 53 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [24] |
| North Asia | Russia | Upriver Negidal | 10 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [24] |
| North Asia | Russia | Downriver Negidal | 7 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [24] |
| North Asia | Russia | Ugedey | 20 | NA | NA | 5.0 | [24] |
| North Asia | Russia | Nivkh | 17 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [24] |
| North Asia | Russia | Kamchatka, Koryak | 27 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [24] |
| North Asia | Russia | Kamchatka, Itel\'man | 18 | NA | NA | 22.2 | [24] |
| North Asia | Russia | Chukotka, Chukchi | 24 | NA | NA | 4.2 | [24] |
| North Asia | Russia | Chukotka, Asiatic Eskimo | 33 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [24] |
| Caucasus | Russia | Abazinians | 14 | NA | NA | 14.0 | [29] |
| Caucasus | Russia | Chechenians | 19 | NA | NA | 5.0 | [29] |
| Caucasus | Russia | Darginians | 26 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [29] |
| Caucasus | Russia | Ingushians | 22 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [29] |
| Caucasus | Russia | Kabardinians | 59 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [29] |
| Caucasus | Russia | Lezgi (Dagestan) | 25 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [29] |
| Caucasus | Russia | Ossetians (Ardon) | 28 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [29] |
| Caucasus | Russia | Ossetians (Digora) | 31 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [29] |
| Caucasus | Russia | Rutulians | 24 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [29] |
| Caucasus | Georgia | Abkhazians | 12 | NA | NA | 33.0 | [29] |
| Caucasus | Armenia | Armenians | 100 | NA | NA | 6.0 | [29] |
| Caucasus | Azerbaijan | Azerbaijanians | 72 | NA | NA | 7.0 | [29] |
| Caucasus | Georgia | Georgians | 77 | NA | NA | 10.0 | [29] |
| Europe | Turkey | 39 | NA | NA | 13.0 | [29] | |
| Middle East | Iran | Isfahan | 50 | NA | NA | 18.0 | [29] |
| Middle East | Iran | Tehran | 80 | NA | NA | 20.0 | [29] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Balti | 13 | NA | NA | 15.0 | [59] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Brahui | 110 | NA | NA | 8.2 | [59] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Burusho | 94 | NA | NA | 27.7 | [59] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Pakistan Hazara | 23 | NA | NA | 60.9 | [59] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Kalash | 44 | NA | NA | 9.1 | [59] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Pakistan Kashmiri | 12 | NA | NA | 25.0 | [59] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Makrani Baluch | 25 | NA | NA | 24.0 | [59] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Makrani Negroid | 33 | NA | NA | 18.2 | [59] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Pakistan Parsi | 90 | NA | NA | 26.7 | [59] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Pathan (Pashtun) | 93 | NA | NA | 10.8 | [59] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Pakistan Sindhi | 122 | NA | NA | 12.3 | [59] |
| Europe | Albania | Albanian | 51 | NA | NA | 9.8 | [60] |
| Europe | France | French Basque | 22 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [60] |
| Europe | Spain | Spanish Basque | 45 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [60] |
| Europe | Italy | Calabrian | 37 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [60] |
| Europe | Spain | Catalan | 24 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [60] |
| Europe | Italy | Central/Northern | 50 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [60] |
| Europe | Croatia | Croatian | 58 | NA | NA | 29.3 | [60] |
| Europe | Czech Republic/Slovakia | Czech/Slovak | 45 | NA | NA | 26.7 | [60] |
| Europe | Netherlands | Dutch | 27 | NA | NA | 3.7 | [60] |
| Europe | Georgia | Georgian | 63 | NA | NA | 7.9 | [60] |
| Europe | Germany | German | 16 | NA | NA | 6.2 | [60] |
| Europe | Greece | Greek | 76 | NA | NA | 11.8 | [60] |
| Europe | Hungary | Hungarian | 45 | NA | NA | 60.0 | [60] |
| Middle East | Lebanon | Lebanese | 31 | NA | NA | 9.7 | [60] |
| Europe | Republic of Macedonia | Macedonian | 20 | NA | NA | 35.0 | [60] |
| Europe | Poland | Polish | 55 | NA | NA | 56.4 | [60] |
| Europe | Saami | 24 | NA | NA | 8.3 | [60] | |
| Europe | Italy | Sardinian | 77 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [60] |
| Europe | Syria | Syrian | 20 | NA | NA | 10.0 | [60] |
| Europe | Turkey | Turkish | 30 | NA | NA | 6.6 | [60] |
| Asia | Russia | Udmurt | 43 | NA | NA | 37.2 | [60] |
| Europe | Ukraine | Ukrainian | 50 | NA | NA | 54.0 | [60] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | 85 | NA | NA | 16.5 | [61] | |
| South Asia | India | Rajput (of Rajasthan) | 29 | NA | NA | 31.3 | [61] |
| South Asia | Pakistan | Southern | 91 | NA | NA | 31.9 | [61] |
| Southeast Asia | Cambodia | 6 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [61] | |
| East Asia | China | 128 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [61] | |
| East Asia | Japan | 23 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [61] | |
| North Asia | Siberia | 18 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [61] | |
| South Asia | India | Tribe (Austro-Asiatic) | 64 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [61] |
| South Asia | India | Tribe (Dravidian) | 18 | NA | NA | 2.8 | [61] |
| South Asia | India | Tribe (Tibeto-Burman) | 87 | NA | NA | 4.6 | [61] |
| South Asia | India | Tribe (Indo-European) | 21 | NA | NA | 19.1 | [61] |
| South Asia | India | Dravidian Upper Caste | 59 | NA | NA | 28.8 | [61] |
| South Asia | India | Dravidian Middle Caste | 85 | NA | NA | 11.8 | [61] |
| South Asia | India | Dravidian Lower Caste | 29 | NA | NA | 24.1 | [61] |
| South Asia | India | Indo-European Upper Caste | 86 | NA | NA | 45.4 | [61] |
| South Asia | India | Indo-European Middle Caste | 48 | NA | NA | 50.4 | [61] |
| South Asia | India | Indo-European Lower Caste | 50 | NA | NA | 26.0 | [61] |
| South Asia | India | Kashmiri Gujars | 49 | NA | 0.00 | 40.86 | [62] |
| South Asia | India | Kashmiri Pandits | 51 | NA | 3.92 | 19.61 | [62] |
| South Asia | India | Gujarat Brahmins | 64 | NA | 0.00 | 32.81 | [62] |
| South Asia | India | Bihar Paswan | 27 | NA | 0.00 | 40.74 | [62] |
| South Asia | India | Bihar Brahmins | 38 | NA | 0.00 | 60.53 | [62] |
| South Asia | India | Himachal Pradesh Brahmin | 30 | NA | 0.00 | 47.37 | [62] |
| South Asia | India | Indian Punjab Brahmins | 49 | NA | 0.00 | 35.71 | [62] |
| South Asia | India | West Bengal Brahmins | 30 | NA | 0.00 | 72.22 | [62] |
| South Asia | India | Uttar Pradesh Brahmins | 31 | NA | 0.00 | 67.74 | [62] |
| South Asia | India | Uttar Pradesh Kols | 38 | NA | 0.00 | 14.81 | [62] |
| South Asia | India | Madhya Pradesh Saharia | 57 | NA | 22.8 | 28.07 | [62] |
| South Asia | India | Madhya Pradesh Brahmins | 42 | NA | 0.00 | 38.1 | [62] |
| South Asia | India | Maharashtra Brahmins | 32 | NA | 0.00 | 43.33 | [62] |
| Europe | Moldova | Moldavians, Carahasani[63][64] | 72 | NA | NA | 34.7 | [64] |
| Europe | Moldava | Moldavians Sofia, Drochia, Moldava | 54 | NA | NA | 20.4 | [64] |
| Europe | Romania | Dniester-Carpathian region | - | NA | NA | 20.4 | [64] |
| Europe | Ukraine | Ukrainians, Rașcov (Rashkovo), Camenca district | 53 | NA | NA | 41.5 | [64] |
| Europe | Moldava | Gagauzes, Kongaz | 48 | NA | NA | 12.5 | [64] |
| Europe | Ukraine | Gagauzes, Etulia | 41 | NA | NA | 26.8 | [64] |
| East Asia | China | Dongxiang (Mongolian descent) | 49 | 28.0 | [65] | ||
| East Asia | China | Salar (Central Asian Turkic descent[65]) | 52 | NA | 17.0 | [65] | |
| East Asia | China | Bo\'an (Bonan) Mongolic descent | 47 | NA | 26.0 | [65] | |
| Caucasus | Armenia | Ararat | 44 | NA | 0.00 | 0.0 | [66] |
| Caucasus | Armenia/Georgia | Northern Armenians | 189 | NA | 0.53 | 4.2 | [66] |
| Caucasus | Armenia | Syunik (South Armenia) | 140 | NA | 0.00 | 9.3 | [66] |
| Caucasus | Azerbaijan/Armenia | Karabakh | 215 | NA | 0.00 | 5.6 | [66] |
| Middle East | Iran | Isfahan, New Julfa, (Armenian descent) | 56 | NA | 0.00 | 1.8 | [66] |
| Europe | Turkey | Near Armenia | 90 | NA | 1.11 | 3.3 | [66] |
| Europe | Turkey | Istanbul University | 173 | NA | 0.00 | 10.4 | [66] |
| Caucasus | Azerbaijan | Baku | 29 | NA | 0.00 | 10.3 | [66] |
| Middle East | Syria | Damascus University | 44 | NA | 0.00 | 2.3 | [66] |
| Caucasus | Georgia | Tbilisi | 68 | NA | 0.00 | 4.4 | [66] |
| Europe | Greece | Athens | 132 | NA | 0.00 | 6.1 | [66] |
| Europe | Mongolia | soldiers mainly from Khalkh | 402 | NA | 0.00 | 2.5 | [66] |
| Europe | Hungary | 215 | NA | 1.40 | 24.2 | [67] | |
| Europe | Wales | North Wales | 98 | NA | NA | 1.0 | [68] |
| Europe | England | English Midlands | 136 | NA | NA | 4.4 | [68] |
| Europe | England | East Anglia | 173 | NA | NA | 4.6 | [68] |
| Europe | Netherlands | Friesland | 94 | NA | NA | 7.4 | [68] |
| Europe | Norway | 83 | NA | NA | 21.7 | [68] | |
| Europe | United Kingdom | British | 25 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [26] |
| Europe | Scotland | Orkney | 26 | NA | NA | 27.0 | [26] |
| Europe | Russia | Pomor | 28 | NA | NA | 36.0 | [26] |
| Europe | Russia | Russian, North | 49 | NA | NA | 43.0 | [26] |
| Asia | Russia | Russian, Tashkent | 89 | NA | NA | 47.0 | [26] |
| Europe | Russia | Kazan Tatar | 38 | NA | NA | 24.0 | [26] |
| Europe | Russia | Saami | 23 | NA | NA | 22.0 | [26] |
| Asia | Russia | Nenets | 54 | NA | NA | 11.0 | [26] |
| Middle East | Lebanon | 50 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [26] | |
| Middle East | Iran | Tehran | 24 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [26] |
| Middle East | Iran | Shiraz | 12 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [26] |
| Middle East | Iran | Esfahan | 16 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [26] |
| Caucasus | Georgia | Svans (Svanetians) | 25 | NA | NA | 8.0 | [26] |
| Caucasus | Georgia | Kazbegi | 25 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [26] |
| Caucasus | Georgia | South Ossetians | 17 | NA | NA | 6.0 | [26] |
| Caucasus | Azerbaijan | Lezgi in Azerbaijan | 12 | NA | NA | 8.0 | [26] |
| Caucasus | Azerbaijan | Azerbaijanians | 21 | NA | NA | 10.0 | [26] |
| Caucasus | Armenia | Armenians | 47 | NA | NA | 9.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Afghanistan | Pashtuns | 49 | NA | NA | 51.02 | [69] |
| Central Asia | Afghanistan | Tajiks | 56 | NA | NA | 30.36 | [69] |
| Central Asia | Afghanistan | Hazara | 60 | NA | NA | 6.66 | [69] |
| Central Asia | Afghanistan | Uzbeks | 17 | NA | NA | 17.64 | [69] |
| Central Asia | Afghanistan | Balochs | 13 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [69] |
| Central Asia | Afghanistan | Nuristanis | 5 | NA | NA | 60.0 | [69] |
| Central Asia | Turkmenistan | Turkmen | 30 | NA | NA | 7.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Turkmenistan | Turkmenistan Kurd | 17 | NA | NA | 12.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Sinte Romani | 15 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Iranian (Samarkand) | 53 | NA | NA | 11.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Tajik (Samarkand) | 40 | NA | NA | 25.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Arab Bukhara | 42 | NA | NA | 19.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Crimean Tatar | 22 | NA | NA | 32.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Karakalpak | 44 | NA | NA | 18.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Uzbek/ Kashkadarya | 19 | NA | NA | 16.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Uzbek/ Bukhara | 58 | NA | NA | 28.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Uzbek/ Surkhandarya | 68 | NA | NA | 29.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Uzbek/ Khorezm | 70 | NA | NA | 30.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Uzbek/ Tashkent | 43 | NA | NA | 28.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Uzbek/ Fergana Valley | 63 | NA | NA | 22.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Samarkand | 45 | NA | NA | 13.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Tajikistan | Near Afghanistan | 25 | NA | NA | 68.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Tajikistan | Bartangi | 30 | NA | NA | 40.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Tajikistan | Shugnan | 44 | NA | NA | 23.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Tajikistan | Yagnobi | 31 | NA | NA | 16.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Tajikistan | Tajiks/Panjikent | 22 | NA | NA | 64.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Tajikistan | Tajiks/Dushanbe | 16 | NA | NA | 19.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Kyrgyzstan | Kyrgyz | 52 | NA | NA | 63.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Kyrgyzstan | Dungan (Sino-Tibetan) | 40 | NA | NA | 10.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Kazakhstan | Kazakhs | 54 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [26] |
| Central Asia | Kazakhstan | Uighur | 41 | NA | NA | 22.0 | [26] |
| South Asia | India | South India Sourashtran | 46 | NA | NA | 39.0 | [26] |
| South Asia | India | South India Kallar Dravidian | 84 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [26] |
| South Asia | India | South India Yadhava | 129 | NA | NA | 13.0 | [26] |
| North Asia | Russia | Tuvinian | 42 | NA | NA | 14.0 | [26] |
| North Asia | Mongolia | 24 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [26] | |
| East Asia | Korea | 45 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [26] | |
| East Asia | China | Liqian from Yongchang | 87 | NA | NA | 1.1 | [70] |
| East Asia | China | Yugur from Sunan in Gansu | 52 | NA | NA | 1.9 | [70] |
| East Asia | China | Tibetan from Guide, Qinghai | 39 | NA | NA | 2.6 | [70] |
| East Asia | China | Uyghurs from Urumqi | 49 | NA | NA | NA | [70] |
| Europe | Italy | Sardinia | 10 | 0.0 | NA | NA | [71] |
| Europe | England | Cornwall | 51 | 0.0 | NA | NA | [71] |
| Europe | Spain | Basque | 26 | 0.0 | NA | NA | [71] |
| Europe | Portugal | Northern | 328 | 0.0 | NA | NA | [71] |
| North Africa | Algeria | 27 | 0.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| North Africa | 129 | 0.0 | NA | NA | [71] | ||
| North Africa | Tunisia | 'Jerbian' Arabs (from the island of Djerba) | 46 | NA | 4.3 | 4.3 | [72] |
| Europe | Finland | 57 | 10.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Bulgaria | 24 | 12.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Netherlands | 84 | 13.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Germany | Bavarian | 80 | 15.0 | NA | NA | [71] |
| Europe | Sweden | Gotlander | 64 | 16.0 | NA | NA | [71] |
| Europe | Yugoslavian | 100 | 16.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Russia | Chuvash | 17 | 18.0 | NA | NA | [71] |
| Europe | Sweden | Northern | 48 | 19.0 | NA | NA | [71] |
| Europe | Romania | 45 | 20.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Iceland | 28 | 21.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Saami | 48 | 21.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Hungary | 36 | 22.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Estonia | 207 | 27.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Russia | Mari | 48 | 29.0 (Tambets disagrees) | NA | NA | [71] |
| Europe | Ukraine | Ukraine | 27 | 30.0 | NA | NA | [71] |
| Europe | Germany | 30 | 30.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Norway | 52 | 31.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Lithuania | 38 | 34.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Slovenia | 70 | 37.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Czech Republic | 53 | 38.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Belarus | 41 | 39.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Latvia | 34 | 41.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Asia | Russia | 122 | 47.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Slovakia | 70 | 47.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Poland | 112 | 54.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Ireland | 57 | 1.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Ossetia | 47 | 2.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Cyprus | 45 | 2.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Italy | 99 | 2.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Spain | 126 | 2.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Portugal | Southern | 57 | 2.0 | NA | NA | [71] |
| Europe | Belgium | 92 | 4.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Turkey | 167 | 5.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | France | 40 | 5.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Georgia | 64 | 6.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Armenia | 89 | 6.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Denmark | 56 | 7.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Scotland | Western | 120 | 7.0 | NA | NA | [71] |
| Europe | Scotland | 43 | 7.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | Greece | 36 | 8.0 | NA | NA | [71] | |
| Europe | England | East Anglia | 172 | 9.0 | NA | NA | [71] |
| Europe | Iceland | 181 | 23.8 | NA | NA | [73] | |
| Europe | Norway | 112 | 17.9 | NA | NA | [73] | |
| Europe | Sweden | 110 | 17.3 | NA | NA | [73] | |
| Europe | Denmark | 12 | 16.7 | NA | NA | [73] | |
| Europe | Ireland | 222 | 0.5 | NA | NA | [73] | |
| Europe | Scotland | 61 | 6.6 | NA | NA | [73] | |
| Europe | Britain | 32 | 9.4 | NA | NA | [73] | |
| Europe | Germany | 32 | 9.4 | NA | NA | [73] | |
| Europe | Greece | 42 | 4.8 | NA | NA | [73] | |
| Europe | Italy | 332 | 2.7 | NA | NA | [73] | |
| Asia | Russia | 30 | 43.3 | NA | NA | [73] | |
| Europe | Estonia | 74 | 36.5 | NA | NA | [74] | |
| Europe | Russia | Komi-Permyaks | 42 | 23.8 | NA | NA | [74] |
| Europe | Russia | Russian (Perm) | 37 | 43.2 | NA | NA | [74] |
| Europe | Russia - Mordovia | Mordovian Erzya | 46 | 39.1 | NA | NA | [74] |
| Europe | Russia - Mordovia | Mordovian Moksi | 46 | 21.7 | NA | NA | [74] |
| Europe | Estonia | Estonia Russian | 26 | 26.9 | NA | NA | [74] |
| Europe | Ukraine | Ukrainian | 6 | 50.0 | NA | NA | [74] |
| Europe | Bulgaria | Bulgarian | 808 | 17.5 | NA | NA | [75] |
| Europe | Turkey | Northeast Turkish | 11 | 18.2 | NA | NA | [74] |
| Europe | Turkey | Central Anatolian | 18 | 11.1 | NA | NA | [74] |
| Europe | Turkey | Southwest Turkish | 29 | 10.3 | NA | NA | [74] |
| Europe | Turkey | Southeast Turkish | 13 | 15.4 | NA | NA | [74] |
| Europe | Cyprus | Turkish Cypriots | 22 | 13.6 | NA | NA | [74] |
| Middle East | Talysh | 20 | 10.0 | NA | NA | [74] | |
| Caucasus | Azerbaijan | Azeri | 24 | 12.5 | NA | NA | [74] |
| Europe | Croatia | Mainland | 108 | 34.3 | NA | NA | [76] |
| Europe | Bosnia-Herzogivina | Bosnians | 69 | 24.6 | NA | NA | [76] |
| Europe | Bosnia-Herzogivina | Herzogivinians | 141 | 12.1 | NA | NA | [76] |
| Europe | Serbia | Serbians | 113 | 15.9 | NA | NA | [76] |
| Europe | Kosova | Albanians | 114 | 4.4 | NA | NA | [76] |
| Europe | Republic of Macedonia | Macedonians | 79 | 15.2 | NA | NA | [76] |
| Europe | Republic of Macedonia | Romani | 57 | 1.8 | NA | NA | [76] |
| Europe | Croatia | Mainland | 109 | 33.9 | NA | NA | [33] |
| Europe | Croatia | Krk | 74 | 28.0 | NA | NA | [33] |
| Europe | Croatia | Brač | 49 | 13.0 | NA | NA | [33] |
| Europe | Croatia | Hvar | 91 | 8.0 | NA | NA | [33] |
| Europe | Croatia | Korčula | 134 | 27.0 | NA | NA | [33] |
| Europe | Russia | North | 380 | 34.20 | NA | NA | [77] |
| Europe | Russia | Central | 364 | 46.50 | NA | NA | [77] |
| Europe | Russia | South | 484 | 55.40 | NA | NA | [77] |
| Europe | Portugal | 553 | 1.27 | NA | NA | [78] | |
| Europe | Sweden | Swedes | 141 | 18.4 | NA | NA | [79] |
| Europe | Estonia | Estonians | 209 | 33.5 | NA | NA | [79] |
| Europe | Latvia | Latvians | 86 | 38.4 | NA | NA | [79] |
| Europe | Russia | Mari | 111 | 47.7 (Rosser disagrees) | NA | NA | [79] |
| Europe | Russia | Mordvin | 83 | 26.5 | NA | NA | [79] |
| Europe | Russia | Komi | 94 | 33 | NA | NA | [79] |
| Europe | Russia | Udmurt | 87 | 10.3 | NA | NA | [79] |
| Europe | Russia | Chuvash | 79 | 31.6 | NA | NA | [79] |
| Europe | Russia | Volga Tatars | 126 | 34.1 | NA | NA | [79] |
| Europe | France | French | 61 | 0 | NA | NA | [79] |
| Europe | Hungary | Hungarians | 113 | 20.4 | NA | NA | [79] |
| Europe | Russia | Russians | 61 | 42.6 | NA | NA | [79] |
| North Asia | Russia | Khant | 47 | 4.3 | NA | NA | [79] |
| North Asia | Russia | Nganasan | 38 | 0 | NA | NA | [79] |
| North Asia | Russia | Nenets | 148 | 0 | NA | NA | [79] |
| North Asia | Russia | Selkup | 131 | 19.1 | NA | NA | [79] |
| North Asia | Russia | Ket | 48 | 0 | NA | NA | [79] |
| North Asia | Russia | Dolgan | 67 | 16.4 | NA | NA | [79] |
| North Asia | Russia | Yakut | 155 | 1.9 | NA | NA | [79] |
| North Asia | Russia | Buryat | 81 | 1.2 | NA | NA | [79] |
| North Asia | Russia | Evenk | 96 | 1 | NA | NA | [79] |
| North Asia | Russia | Evens | 31 | 6.5 | NA | NA | [79] |
| North Asia | Russia | Altaians | 98 | 46.9 | NA | NA | [79] |
| Europe | Norway | Norwegians | 72 | 23.6 | NA | NA | [79] |
| Europe | Denmark | Danes | 194 | 16.5 | NA | NA | [80] |
| Europe | Turkey | Kurds Zazaki speakers | 27 | NA | NA | 25.9 | [81] |
| Europe | Turkey | Kurds Kurmanji speakers | 87 | NA | NA | 12.7 | [81] |
| Middle East | Iraq | Kurds | 95 | NA | NA | 11.6 | [82] |
| Caucasus | Georgia | Kurds | 25 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [81] |
| Middle East | Jordan | Amman | 101 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [83] |
| Middle East | Jordan | Dead Sea | 45 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [83] |
| Middle East | Iraq | Baghdad, different ethnic groups | 139 | NA | NA | [84] | |
| Europe | Russia | Arkhangelsk | 28 | NA | 0.00 | 17.9 | [85] |
| North Asia | Russia | Khanty | 27 | NA | 0.00 | 14.8 | [85] |
| Europe | Russia (Komi Republic) | Izhma Komi from Izhemsky District | 54 | NA | 0.00 | 29.6 | [85] |
| Europe | Russia (Komi Republic) | Komi from Priluzsky District | 49 | NA | 0.00 | 32.7 | [85] |
| Europe | Russia | Kursk region Russian | 40 | NA | 0.00 | 52.5 | [85] |
| Europe | Russia | Tver region Russian | 38 | NA | 0.00 | 57.9 | [85] |
| Continent | Population | n | Total (%) | R-P25* | R-V88 | R-M269 | R-M73 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | Northern Africa | 691 | 5.9% | 0.0% | 5.2% | 0.7% | 0.0% |
| Africa | Central Sahel Region | 461 | 23.0% | 0.0% | 23.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Africa | Western Africa | 123 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Africa | Eastern Africa | 442 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Africa | Southern Africa | 105 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Europe | Western Europeans | 465 | 57.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 57.8% | 0.0% |
| Europe | Northwestern Europeans | 43 | 55.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 55.8% | 0.0% |
| Europe | Central Europeans | 77 | 42.9% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 42.9% | 0.0% |
| Europe | Northeastern Europeans | 74 | 1.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 1.4% | 0.0% |
| Europe | Russians | 60 | 6.7% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 6.7% | 0.0% |
| Europe | Eastern Europeans | 149 | 20.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 20.8% | 0.0% |
| Europe | Southeastern Europeans | 510 | 13.1% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 12.9% | 0.0% |
| Asia | Western Asians | 328 | 5.8% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 5.5% | 0.0% |
| Asia | Southern Asians | 288 | 4.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 1.7% | 3.1% |
| Asia | Southeastern Asians | 10 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Asia | Northeastern Asians | 30 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Asia | Eastern Asians | 156 | 0.6% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.6% | 0.0% |
| Total | 5326 | ||||||
R2
Haplogroup R2 is most common in South Asia and south Central Asia, as well as diaspora populations, such as the Romanis.
| Tibeto-Burman | Austro-Asiatic | Dravidian | Indo-European | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tribal | 5.75% | 10.94% | 5.00% | - |
| Lower Caste | - | - | 13.79% | 10.00% |
| Middle Caste | - | - | 3.53% | 18.75% |
| Upper Caste | - | - | 10.17% | 16.28% |
P2 (P-F20148)
P2a~ (P-B253)
The Aeta (or Agta) people of Luzon in the Philippines have also provided the only known samples of P2a (P-B253; previously known as P2).[6]
Notes
- SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 not tested (%)
- SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 negative (%)
- SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 positive (%)
- The first sample recruited for the study by Bowden, Balaresque, et al., followed the usual sampling strategy: Evidence of two generations of residence in a studied location were sufficient to qualify a donor to participate in the study of DNA localised to a particular geographical area. They contrasted this 'modern' group with a 'medieval' group they recruited, in whom they required additional "cultural markers" of ancestry.
- For a sample with local (either: West Lancashire; or the Wirral) ancestry likely going back to the time of the Viking influx into Northern England, Bowden, Balaresque, et al. used special inclusion criteria:
"Subjects for the second sample ('medieval') were also required to have at least two generations of residence, and to have their earliest recorded patrilineal ancestor born in the relevant area. However, in addition they were required to carry surnames that were present in the relevant region prior to 1572 as judged by documentary sources"
— Bowden, Balaresque, et al. (2008)
