History of the Jews in Japan

The earliest known Jews to arrive in Japan appeared along with the Portuguese around 1543. These included Jewish seamen displaced to Spanish controlled Naples and Jews converted to Catholicism during the 1492 Spanish expulsion. Later some remained in the trading post on Dejima. In 1587, some of these settlers were displaced further into Japan, at least one known Jewish merchant arrived into the Yodo river in Kinki Region, where a Christian presence already existed.

Recent Jewish settlers were located in Yokohama. By 1895, this community had about fifty families, and dedicated the first synagogue in the country. Jews also settled in Nagasaki during the 1880s, which, as a significant port town, was more accessible to Jews fleeing Russian pogroms.^[1]

Although the Jewish community in Nagasaki was much larger than the one in Yokohama, the effects of the Russo-Japanese War resulted in them largely disintegrating and passing on their Torah scroll to the Jewish community in Kobe. Until 1923, the Jewish community in Yokohama became the largest, however after the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, many relocated to Kobe, resulting in the Kobe Jewish community growing significantly.^[1]

The Jewish community in Kobe in the early to mid 1900s consisted mainly of Russian, German, and Baghdadi Jews from what is currently Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Iran, and other places in Central Asia and the Middle East. Jewish people from Central and Eastern Europe came to Japan for economic reasons, and in the 1930s, the developments in the continent.^[1]

The Jewish community in Tokyo was small until after World War II, during the American occupation of Japan and afterwards.^[1] The Jewish community in Nagasaki ended in 1945.

Antisemitism in Japan rose after World War I, in part due to the reaction to the October Revolution in Russia. Despite this, the Japanese government cooperated with Jewish communities in aiding Jewish refugees of Russia after this revolution.^[1] In the 1930s, antisemitism became more prevalent, due to pacts signed with Germany in 1936 and 1940, as well as propaganda campaigns to turn the Japanese public against the "Jewish peril".^[2]

Attitudes towards Jewish people were not uniform among individual diplomats and politicians, with many attempting to combat antisemitism, and stating that Japan owed Jewish people due to their participation in the Russo-Japanese War.^[2]

Japanese diplomat Chiune Sugihara issued transit visas to Polish and Jewish refugees. While the exact number of visas issued is unknown, it is estimated that he helped five thousand to six thousand Jews escape via Japan.^[3]

During World War II, Japanese policy towards Jewish people was that those holding citizenship of a country would be afforded the same treatment as those from that country, and Jewish people designated as stateless — typically German and Polish Jews who had their citizenship revoked — were placed under surveillance due to their racial characteristics, similarly to their treatment of Russians.^[2]

While there were individual incidents of harassment and some Jews were held in detention camps in Japan occupied Malaya, throughout the duration of the war, Jewish people as a whole were treated no worse than citizens of neutral countries. One exception was the request for French Indochina to institute similar restrictions of Jews to citizens of neutral countries with anti-Axis views.^[2]

The main problem facing Jewish people in Japan and Japan occupied territories, such as Shanghai, was the shortage of supplies and money for refugees.^[2]

The immediate post-war period dramatically reshaped the Jewish community in Japan, with the demographic focus shifting from Kobe to Tokyo. While Kobe had been the main center for pre-war settlers (primarily Russian, Baghdadi, and German refugees), its Jewish population dwindled significantly as many left for Israel, the United States, or other destinations after the war. In contrast, Tokyo's Jewish presence was initially dominated by American Jewish servicemen and their chaplains stationed there during the Allied Occupation (1945–1952). This period also saw a "fourth wave" of Jewish immigration, consisting mostly of Russian Jews who fled the Chinese Civil War and the subsequent Communist takeover in China, settling in Tokyo. This new influx spurred the establishment of an organized Jewish life in the capital, which had previously been marginal.^[4][5]

The organization of the modern Jewish community in Tokyo solidified in the early 1950s. The Jewish Community Center (JCC), now known as the Jewish Community of Japan (JCJ) , was founded in 1951, initially as a social club by the Russian Jewish emigrés who had settled from China. It quickly evolved and became affiliated with the World Jewish Congress in 1953, opening a permanent community center that same year. The center provided a focus for religious, educational, and social activities. The community's establishment was notable for being welcomed by high-ranking Japanese officials, including Prince Mikasa, the brother of Emperor Hirohito, a known philosemite and scholar of Semitic languages. The JCC later became a full-service religious institution with a synagogue and mikveh (ritual bath) added in 1968.^[6]

Since its formal establishment, the Jewish Community of Japan has remained relatively small but vibrant, primarily consisting of expatriates, including Israelis and Americans, working for foreign businesses and banks. The population is characterized by a high turnover, as most members stay for only a few years. Despite this transience, the JCJ in Tokyo remains the central hub of Jewish life. Kobe also maintains a smaller, historically significant Jewish Community of Kansai, with the Ohel Shelomoh synagogue. In more recent decades, particularly since the 1990s and the strengthening of Israel-Japan relations, the community has seen an increase in Israeli residents and the establishment of Chabad centers in both Tokyo and Kobe, offering additional resources and contributing to the diversity of Jewish religious expression in the country.^[6]

• Abraham Kaufman
• Alan Terence Kawarai Lefor, MD MPH PhD DrEng FACS, Professor of Surgery, professor emeritus of Jichi Medical University
• Alan Merrill
• Albert Mosse
• Alfred Birnbaum
• Arie Selinger
• Ayako Fujitani, writer and actress
• Avi Schafer
• Barak Kushner
• Beate Sirota Gordon, former Performing Arts Director of Japan Society and Asia Society
• Ben-Ami Shillony, Israeli Japanologist
• Chaim Janowski
• Charles Louis Kades
• Dan Calichman
• David G. Goodman, Japanologist^[7]
• Emil Orlík
• Emmanuel Metter
• Fumiko Kometani, author and artist
• Heinrich Bürger
• Henryk Lipszyc
• Hoshitango Imachi, né Imachi Marcelo Salomon
• Jack Halpern, Israeli linguist, Kanji-scholar
• Janos Cegledy, pianist, composer and Holocaust lecturer
• Jay Rubin
• John Nathan
• Joseph Rosenstock, conductor of the NHK Symphony Orchestra
• Julie Dreyfus
• Karl Taro Greenfeld, journalist and author
• Klaus Pringsheim Sr.
• Kurt Singer
• Leonid Kreutzer, pianist
• Leo Sirota
• Ludwig Riess
• Manfred Gurlitt
• Martin "Marty" Adam Friedman, rock guitarist
• Max Janowski
• Michael Kogan, founder of Taito
• Ofer Feldman, University professor
• Peter Berton, Japanologist
• Péter Frankl, Hungarian mathematician
• Rachel Elior
• Raphael Schoyer
• Rena "Rusty" Kanokogi, née Glickman
• Roger Pulvers
• Setsuzo (Avraham) Kotsuji, Hebrew professor
• Shaul Eisenberg, businessman
• Shifra Horn
• Suiren Higashino, female photographer, model^[8]
• Sulamith Messerer
• Szymon Goldberg
• Yaacov Liberman
• Yakov Zinberg, Prof., Kokushikan University
• Zerach Warhaftig
• Kanji (Yitzhak) Ishizumi [ja] (Japanese: 石角完爾)^[9]
• Sally Weil [ja]^[10]
• Tsvi Sadan [eo], Israeli Esperantist
• Hideo Levy
• Peter Barakan
• Steven Seagal

• Jewish Soul Music: The Art of Giora Feidman (1980). Directed by Uri Barbash.

• Antisemitism in Japan
• Chiune Sugihara – Japanese diplomat responsible for saving around five thousand Jewish refugees in World War 2.
• Israel–Japan relations
• Japanese–Jewish common ancestry theory
• Jewish settlement in the Japanese Empire
• Racism in Japan
• Racial Equality Proposal – Japanese proposed amendment to the treaty of Versailles.
• Religion in Japan
• Timeline of Jewish history