Carapana language

Carapana has 11 consonants.^[2]

• /p, t, k/ alternate with /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/.^[3]
• /b, d, g/ become [m, n, ŋ] before nasal vowels.^[3] They become [ᵐb, ⁿd, ᵑg] after nasal vowels.^[3]
• /b, d/ alternate with [ᵐb, ⁿd] at the beginning of a word, e.g., báì /báì/ [báì]~[ᵐbáì] 'younger brother'.^[3]
• /s/ alternates with /t͡s/.^[4]
• /ɾ/ has three variants
  • /n̆/ next to nasal vowels
  • /ɺ/ before oral vowels, at the beginning of a word, and
  • /ɾ/ elsewhere.^[4]
• /w, h/ are often [β, x] before front vowels.^[4]
• /j/ alternates with pre-stopped [ᵈj].^[4]
• /w, j, h/ become [w̃, j̃, h̃] before nasal vowels.^[4]

It also has 6 vowels and their nasalized forms, plus high and low tones.^[2]

• The mid vowels /e, ẽ, o, õ/ are phonetically [ɛ, ɛ̃, ɔ, ɔ̃].^[5]
• Mid tone is an allotone of the low tone.^[6]

Metzger and Metzger use the following orthography.^[7]