Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic

The past/perfect and the present/imperfect in Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic are not preserved. Imperfect aspect is interchangeably used for the past and the present tense. This lack of inflection for tense can be compensated either by context or by the existence of some adverbs, such as ʕawwal, gabul and badēn. Moreover, the tense/aspect might expressed by the use of the JBPA copula fī.

JBPA underwent several phoneme shifts from Jordanian Arabic.^[4]

• The glottal stop /ʔ/ was, in most of the contexts, realized as a long vowel or was lost

• Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic speakers sometimes replaced the unvoiced labiodental fricative /f/ with the unvoiced stop /p/

• The interdental fricatives /θ/ and /ð/ have been replaced bytheir dental plosive counterparts /t/ and /d/

• The voiced fricative /z/, it sometimes shifts into its voiceless counterpart /s/

• The velar fricatives /ɣ/ and /x/ shifted to /k/ and /g/

• The pharyngeal /ħ/ is pronounced either as a slight /h/ or as a long vowel

• The Palatal Affricate /dʒ/ is substituted with the fricative /z/

• Arabic-based creole languages

• Al-Salman, Ibrahim Abdul Kareem (2013). Jordanian Pidgin Arabic (Thesis). Yarmouk University.
• Al-Haq, Fawwaz Al-Abed; Al-Salman, Ibrahim Abdul Kareem (2014). Jordanian Pidgin Arabic (Thesis).