Voiced postalveolar affricate
Consonantal sound
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A voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate, or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "j" sound in "jump".
IPA number104 135
Entity (decimal)
dâ͡âʒUnicode (hex)U+0064âU+0361âU+0292
X-SAMPA
dZ| Voiced postalveolar affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| dÊ | |||
| ʤ | |||
| IPA number | 104 135 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | dâ͡âʒ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0064âU+0361âU+0292 | ||
| X-SAMPA | dZ | ||
| |||
This sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with â¨dÍ¡Êâ©, â¨dÍÊâ©, â¨dÊâ©, or in some broad transcriptions â¨Éâ©. There is also a ligature â¨Ê¤â©, which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. Alternatives used in the Americanist tradition are â¨Ç°â©, â¨Ç§â©, â¨Ç¯â© and â¨džâ©.
Features
Features of a voiced postalveolar affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the tip or blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | аÑÑÑ | [adÍ¡ÊÉr] | 'steel' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | Ð´Ð¶Ð°Ð½Ñ | â | 'dress' | ||
| Albanian | xham | [dÍ¡Êam] | 'glass' | ||
| Amharic | á¥ááá« | [ɨndÍ¡ÊÉra] | 'injera' | ||
| Arabic | Modern Standard[1] | جÙÙرÙس | [dÍ¡Êaras] | 'bell' | In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [É¡] or [Ê]. See Arabic phonology |
| Hejazi | جÙÙÙب/jÄb | [dÍ¡ÊeÌËb] | 'pocket' | Pronounced [Ê] by some speakers. See Hejazi Arabic phonology | |
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | Õ»Õ¸ÖÖ | [dÍ¡Êuɾ] | 'water' | |
| Western | Õ³Õ¡Õ¶Õ³ | [dÍ¡ÊÉndÍ¡Ê] | 'musca (fly)' | ||
| Assyrian | ÜÌ°ÜÜªÜ s | [dÍ¡ÊjÉɾÉ] | 'to pee' | Used in native terminology. Used predominantly in Urmia and some Jilu dialects. [É] is used in other varieties. | |
| Azerbaijani | can | [dÍ¡ÊÉn] | 'soul' | ||
| Bengali | à¦à¦² | [dÍ¡ÊÉl] | 'water' | Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Bulgarian | джÑдже | [dÍ¡ÊÊËdÍ¡ÊÉ] | 'dwarf' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan | jutge | [ËÊu(d).dÍ¡ÊÉ] | 'judge' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chechen | джеÑво / jyerwo | [dÍ¡Êjerwo] | 'previously married woman' | ||
| Chinese | Quzhou dialect | é / zon | [dÍ¡Êõ] | 'heavy' | |
| Coptic | Ï«â²/je | [dÍ¡Êe] | 'that' | ||
| Czech | džbán | [dÍ¡ÊbaËn] | 'jug' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dhivehi | ÞÞ¦ÞÞ§ÞÞ©ÞÞª / jarásÃmu | [dÍ¡ÊaraËsiËmu] | 'germs' | See Dhivehi phonology | |
| Dutch | jeans | [dÍ¡ÊiËns] | 'jeans' | Some say [ÊiËns]. Occurs mainly in loanwords. | |
| English | jeans | [ËdÍ¡ÊiËnz] | 'jeans' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | manÄaĵo | [manËdÍ¡ÊaÊoÌ] | 'food' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Estonian | džäss | [ËdÌ¥ÊæsË] | 'jazz' | Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Estonian phonology | |
| Finnish | džonkki | [ËdÊoÌÅkËi] | 'junk (ship)' | Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology | |
| French | adjonction | [adÍ¡ÊÉÌksjÉÌ] | 'addition' | Rare. Also occurs in loanwords. See French phonology | |
| Georgian[3] | á¯ááá/jibe | [dÍ¡ÊibÉ] | 'pocket' | ||
| German | Standard[4] | Dschungel | [ËdÍ¡ÊÊÅÉl] | 'jungle' | Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[4] Some speakers may merge it with /tÍ¡Ê/. Occurs mainly in loanwords. See Standard German phonology |
| Goemai | [example needed] | [dÍ¡ÊaËn] | 'twins' | ||
| Hebrew | Standard | ×׳×ק/juk | [dÍ¡Êuk] | 'cockroach' | Only used in loanwords. See Modern Hebrew phonology |
| Temani | ×Ö¸Ö¼××Ö¹×â/jaÄol | [dÍ¡Êaðol] | 'big, great' | Yemenite Hebrew pronunciation of gimel with dageÅ¡. See Yemenite Hebrew | |
| Hindustani | Hindi | à¤à¤¾à¤¨à¤¾/jÄnÄ | [dÍ¡ÊäËnäË] | 'to go' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology |
| Urdu | جÙاÙا/jÄnÄ | ||||
| Hungarian | lándzsa | [laËndÍ¡ÊÉ] | 'spear' | Rare, mostly in loanwords. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Indonesian | jarak | [ËdÍ¡ÊaraÊ] | 'distance' | ||
| Italian[5] | gemma | [ËdÍ¡ÊÉmma] | 'gem' | [dÊ] occurs when letter 'G' is before front vowels [e], [i] and [É], while when 'G' is in front of vowels [o], [a], [u] and [É] the phoneme changes to a voiced velar plosive. | |
| Kabyle | lǧiran | [idÍ¡Êiræn] | 'the neighbors' | ||
| Kashmiri | جاÙÙÙر | [dÍ¡ÊaËnÊar] | 'animal' | ||
| Kashubian[6] | dÅudżi | [Ëdwu.dÍ¡Êi] | 'long' | ||
| Khortha[7] | à¤à¤à¤¨à¤ à¤à¤° | [dÍ¡Êonʱair] | 'maize' | ||
| Kurdish | Northern | cîger | [dÍ¡ÊiËËÉ¡Éɾ] | 'lung' | See Kurdish phonology |
| Central | جÙÙÛرگ | [dÍ¡ÊÉɾg] | 'liver' | ||
| Southern | [dÍ¡Êæɾg] | ||||
| Kyrgyz | жаман / caman | [dÍ¡Êaman] | 'bad' | See Kyrgyz phonology | |
| Ladino | djudyó/×ï¬×××× | [dÍ¡ÊudËjo] | 'Jew' | ||
| Latvian | dadži | [dadÍ¡Êi] | 'thistles' | See Latvian phonology | |
| Limburgish | Hasselt dialect[8] | djèn | [dÍ¡ÊÉËn²] | 'Eugene' | See Hasselt dialect phonology |
| Lithuanian | džiaugsmingas | [dÍ¡ÊÉÊɡʲsʲËmʲɪnÉ¡És] | 'gladsome' | See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Macedonian | ÑемпеÑ/džemper | [ËdÍ¡ÊÉmpÉr] | 'sweater' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | jahat | [dÍ¡Êahat] | 'evil' | ||
| Malayalam | à´àµà´µàµ»/jeevan | [dÍ¡ÊiËÊÉn] | 'life' | See Malayalam phonology | |
| Maltese | Ä¡abra | [dÍ¡Êab.ra] | 'collection' | ||
| Manchu | á µá¡ á ¸á¡/juwe | [dÍ¡Êuwe] | 'two' | ||
| Marathi | à¤à¤¯/jay | [dÍ¡ÊÉj] | 'victory' | Contrasts with the aspirated form. Allophone [dÊ] and [d̪z]. See Marathi phonology | |
| Occitan | Languedocien | jove | [ËdÍ¡Êuβe] | 'young' | See Occitan phonology |
| Provençal | [ËdÍ¡Êuve] | ||||
| Odia | à¬à¬®à¬¿/jami | [dÍ¡ÊÉmi] | 'land' | Contrasts with aspirated form.See Odia phonology | |
| Ojibwe | iijikiwenh | [iËdÍ¡ÊikiwẽËÊ] | 'brother' | See Ojibwe phonology | |
| Pashto | جÙÙÚ«/jeg | [dÍ¡ÊeÉ¡] | 'high' | ||
| Persian | Ú©ÙجÙا/koja | [kodÍ¡ÊÉ] | 'where' | See Persian phonology | |
| Polish | Standard | liczba | [ËlidÍ¡Ê.ba] | 'number' | |
| Gmina Istebna | dziwny | [ËdÍ¡Êivn̪É] | 'strange' | /ÉÍ¡Ê/ and /dÍ¡Ê/ merge into [dÍ¡Ê] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /dÍ¡Ê/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex affricate. | |
| Lubawa dialect[9] | |||||
| Malbork dialect[9] | |||||
| Ostróda dialect[9] | |||||
| Warmia dialect[9] | |||||
| Portuguese | Most Brazilian dialects[10] | grande | [ËɡɾÉÌdÍ¡Ê(i)] | 'big' | Allophone of /d/ before /i, Ä©/ (including when the vowel is elided) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. |
| Most dialects | jambalaya | [dÍ¡ÊÉÌbÉËlajÉ] | 'jambalaya' | In free variation with /Ê/ in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian | ger | [ËdÍ¡ÊÉÌr] | 'frost' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Sardinian | Campidanese | géneru | [ËdÍ¡ÊÉneru] | 'son-in-law' | |
| Scottish Gaelic | Dia | [dÍ¡Êia] | 'God' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | Some speakers | Ñем / džem | [dÍ¡ÊêÌm] | 'jam' | May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology |
| Bosnian | Ñаво / Äavo | [dÍ¡ÊÃ¢Ì ÊoÌË] | 'devil' | Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge /dÍ¡Ê/ and /dÍ¡Ê/, either to [dÍ¡Ê] or laminal [ÉÍ¡Ê]. | |
| Croatian | |||||
| Silesian | Gmina Istebna[11] | [example needed] | These dialects merge /ÉÍ¡Ê/ and /dÍ¡Ê/ into [dÍ¡Ê]. | ||
| Jablunkov[11] | [example needed] | ||||
| Slovene | enaÄba | [eËnáËdÍ¡Êbà ] | 'equation' | Allophone of /tÍ¡Ê/ before voiced obstruents in native words. As a phoneme present only in loanwords. See Slovene phonology | |
| Somali | joog | [dÍ¡ÊoËÉ¡] | 'stop' | See Somali phonology | |
| Spanish | conllevar | [kondÊeËβaɾ] | 'carry' | Rare, more commonly [Ê], [ÉÊ], or [Ê]. See Spanish phonology, YeÃsmo.[12] | |
| Tagalog | diyan | [dÍ¡Êän] | 'there' | Used to pronounce the multigraphs â¨dyâ© and â¨diyâ© in native words and â¨jâ© in loanwords outside Spanish. For more information, see Tagalog phonology. | |
| Tamil | à®à®à¯à®à®¿ | [inÌ Ê²dÍ¡Êi] | 'ginger' | Allophone of /tÊ/ after /ɲ/ natively; also occurs in loans, but the standard form tends to merge to /s/ or /tÊ/ elsewhere. See Tamil phonology. | |
| Tatar | Mishar Dialect[13] | can / Òан | [dÍ¡ÊÉn] | 'soul' | In standard Tatar (Kazan dialect), the sound for letter <c/Ò> is [Ê]. |
| Turkish | acı | [äËdÍ¡Êɯ] | 'pain' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Turkmen | jar | [dÍ¡Êär] | 'ravine' | ||
| Tyap | jem | [dÍ¡Êem] | 'hippopotamus' | ||
| Ubykh | amcan[citation needed] | [amdÍ¡Êan] | See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Ukrainian[14] | джеÑело/džerelo | [dÍ¡ÊÉrÉËlÉ] | 'source' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Uyghur | coza / جÙزا | [dÍ¡ÊozÉ] | 'desk' | See Uyghur phonology | |
| Uzbek | jahon / жаҳон | [dÍ¡ÊaËhÉn] | 'world' | ||
| Welsh | siop jips | [ÊÉp dÍ¡Êɪps] | 'chip shop' | Occurs as the colloquial soft mutation of /tÍ¡Ê/. See Colloquial Welsh morphology | |
| West Frisian | siedzje | [ËÊɪdÍ¡ÊÉ] | 'to sow' | See West Frisian phonology | |
| Yiddish | ××ש×××¢/juche | [dÍ¡ÊÊxÉ] | 'insect' | See Yiddish phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[15] | dxan | [dÍ¡ÊaÅ] | 'god' | |
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
Features
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Australian[16] | dream | [ËdÌ Í¡É¹Ì á·µiËm] | 'dream' | Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /dr/.[16][17] In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar [d͡ɹÌ].[17] See Australian English phonology and English phonology |
| General American[17] | [ËdÌ Í¡É¹Ì á·µÊ·im] | ||||
| Received Pronunciation[17] | [ËdÌ Í¡É¹Ì á·µÊ·Éªi̯m] | ||||