Latrogastropoda
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Latrogastropoda is a clade of gastropods, considered a superorder,[1] in the subclass Caenogastropoda. It was originally proposed in 2000 by Frank Riedel to unite the predominantly predatory "higher" caenogastropod groups.[2] Latrogastropoda includes both the order Neogastropoda and some taxa classified in the paraphyletic order Littorinimorpha.[3] Latrogastropoda is equivalent to the "siphonate group" of caenogastropods recognized by Ponder and colleagues in 2008.[4][3][5] The non-neogastropod latrogastropods are broadly equivalent to the Neomesogastropoda.[1] The name Strombogastropoda was proposed by Simone in 2011 for a clade uniting stromboids with neogastropods and their close relatives,[6] and is equivalent to Ponder and colleagues' concept of Latrogastropoda.[7]
| Latrogastropoda | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Clade: | Hypsogastropoda |
| Superorder: | Latrogastropoda |
| Included groups | |
Included taxa
- Capuloidea: The families Capulidae and Haloceratidae were included in Latrogastropoda by Riedel in 2000 as members of Calyptraeoidea.[2] Capuloidea was regarded as a separate superfamily by Bouchet and colleagues in 2017 and excluded from Latrogastropoda,[1] but phylogenetic analysis has supported their membership in a well-supported clade with Calyptraeoidea, Velutinoidea, Tonnoidea, and Neogastropoda,[8] and they were returned to Latrogastropoda by Donald Colgan and Winston Ponder in 2025.[3]
- Calyptraeoidea[2][1]
- Cypraeoidea[2][1]
- Ficoidea[2][1]
- Stromboidea: Stromboidea was not part of Riedel's original concept of Latrogastropoda,[2] but was included in Latrogastropoda by Bouchet and colleagues in 2017.[1] Stromboidea has been recovered as the sister taxon of a clade uniting Cypraeoidea with other latrogastropods by some phylogenetic analyses.[4][3]
- Tonnoidea: Riedel included the superfamilies Laubierinoidea and Cassoidea in Latrogastropoda; both are now regarded as belonging to Tonnoidea.
- Velutinoidea: Riedel included the superfamily Lamellarioidea (now considered a synonym of Velutinoidea), consisting of Lamellariidae and Triviidae, as members of Latrogastropoda.[2] The velutinoid families Eratoidae, Triviidae, and Velutinidae were included in Latrogastropoda as members of Cypraeoidea by Bouchet and colleagues in 2017,[1] and were subsequently recognized as the separate superfamily Velutinoidea following the recognition that they form a well-supported clade with Calyptraeoidea, Capuloidea, Tonnoidea, and Neogastropoda to the exclusion of Cypraeoidea.[8]
- Neogastropoda[2][1]
Formerly included groups
- Naticoidea: Though Naticoidea was originally included in Latrogastropoda by Riedel,[2] it was excluded from Latrogastropoda by Bouchet and colleagues in 2017[1] and phylogenetic analyses have shown Naticoidea to be closely related to Littorinidae.[9][4]
- Hipponicidae: Hipponicidae was included in Calyptraeoidea by Riedel in 2000,[2] but is now regarded as belonging to a separate superfamily, Hipponicoidea, and excluded from Latrogastropoda.[1]
Evolutionary history
Fossils recognizable as latrogastropods due to their protoconch are known as far back as the Aptian stage of the Cretaceous.[10] Tonnoidea and Neogastropoda are potentially descendants of the Purpurinidae, which date to the Triassic.[11] The earliest known cypraeids date to the Tithonian stage of the Jurassic.[12]