Levopimaric acid

The abietane-like skeleton of levopimaric acid is formed by the cyclization of a diterpenoid precursor, geranylgeranyl diphosphate, from which C₂₀ isoprenoids are typically derived.^[5] The intermediate which is formed, (+)-copalyl diphosphate, then goes through an oxidation and rearrangement to give levopimaradiene. Then, the levopimaradiene goes through several more steps of oxidation processes via the intermediates levopimaradienol and levepimaradienal to give levopimaric acid.^[6]

Oleoresin in pines is defined as pine gum, which is the nonaqueous secretion of resin acids dissolved in a terpene hydrocarbon oil, which is produced in or exuded from the intercellular resin ducts of a living tree. The viscous oleoresin secretion is composed of a complex mixture of terpenoids, consisting of roughly equal parts of volatile turpentine and rosin (also known as diterpene resin acids). Accumulated resin is released upon tissue injury and/or produced locally at the site of infestation, with the consequence that the beetle and associated fungal pathogens are killed, encased in resin, and expelled from the bore hole point of entry. This process is called pitching out, and it results in not only killing the attackers and flushing the wound site but also moving the oleoresin to the trunk surface where the turpentine evaporates to permit the resin acids to form a formidable physical barrier that seals the wound. Diterpene resin acids (DRA) play important roles in confer defense against insects and microbial pathogens. Levopimaric acid, an abietane-type DRA, is one of the principal resin acids.^[3]