List of presidents of Peru

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of those who have served as President of the Republic of Peru (head of state and head of government of Peru) from its establishment to the present. The office was established by the 1822 Constituent Congress, after the resignation of José de San Martín to his position as Protector of Peru and his subsequent departure from the country.

The first president was José de la Riva Agüero and the current officeholder is Keiko Fujimori. In the history of the position, there has been several political crises, caudillos, barracks revolt, civil wars, death of the incumbent, coups d'état, parliamentary attempts to remove the presidency,[1] one self-coup, and vacancies dictated by the congress. The list is based on the official list of rulers by the Peruvian Congress, as well as the constitutions, laws, and decrees in each case.[2][a]

Even though they were not presidents, the list includes the Libertadores San Martín and Simón Bolívar due to their historical relevance in the independence of Peru and its consolidation. The country's name was changed from "Peruvian Republic" (República peruana) to "Republic of Peru" (República del Perú) in 1980, after the 1979 constitution came into effect.

Affiliation keys

Political parties:

Far-right:

  •   Fujimorism (Cambio 90/ Let's Go Neighbor/ Popular Force)
  •   Revolutionary Union (Unión Revolucionaria, UR)
  •   Odriist National Union (Unión Nacional Odriista, UNO)

Right wing:

Centre-right:

Centrist:

Centre-left:

Far-left:

Others:

  UR (2)   PC (9)   C90/VV/FP (2)   PC (4)   PDR (1)   MDP (2)   PPK (1)   PDSP (1)   AP (4)   PP (1)
  PM (1)   PD (2)   APRA (2)   FDN (1)   PNP (1)   PL (2)   PDSP (1)   Ind. (5)   Military (16)
Symbols

† Died in office

List of presidents

Protectorate of Peru (1821–1822)

More information Portrait, President (Birth–Death) ...
Protectorate of Peru (1821–1822)
Portrait President
(Birth–Death)		 Took office Left office Time in office Party Election Vice President
Peruvian War of Independence (1821–1826)
José de San Martín
Protector of Peru
(1778–1850)		 3 August 1821 20 September 1822 1 year, 48 days Independent —[3] —
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Presidents of the Peruvian Republic (1822–1836)

More information Portrait, President (Birth–Death) ...
Peruvian Republic (1822–1836)
Portrait President
(Birth–Death)		 Took office Left office Time in office Party Election Vice President
José de la Mar
President of the Supreme Junta
(1776–1830)		 21 September 1822[b] 27 February 1823
(deposed)		 159 days Independent —[c][5][6] —
José Bernardo de Tagle
Interim Head of Government
(1779–1825)		 27 February 1823 28 June 1823
(deposed)		 Less than 1 day Military —[c][7] —
José de la Riva Agüero
(1783–1858)		 28 February 1823 23 June 1823
(impeached)[d]		 115 days Military Coup d'etat[10] —
Francisco Valdivieso y Prada
Interim Head of Government
(1773–1829)		 23 June 1823 7 August 1823 45 days Independent —[c][8] —
José Bernardo de Tagle
(1779–1825)		 16 August 1823[e] 10 February 1824
(impeached)		 178 days Military —[c][12][13] Diego de Aliaga y Santa Cruz
Simón Bolívar
Dictator[f]
(1783–1830)		 10 February 1824 27 January 1827
(deposed)		 2 years, 351 days Independent —[c][14] Office Vacant
Andrés de Santa Cruz
President of the Council
(1792–1865)		 27 January 1827[g] 9 June 1827 133 days Independent —[c][16] Office Vacant
First Militarism (1827–1872)
José de La Mar
(1776–1830)		 9 June 1827 6 June 1829
(deposed)		 1 year, 362 days Military 1827[17] Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano
Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente
Supreme Chief
(1796–1878)		 6 June 1829 31 August 1829 87 days Military Coup d'état[18] Office Vacant
Agustín Gamarra
(1785–1841)		 31 August 1829 19 December 1833 4 years, 110 days Military —[19] Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente
1829[20]
Luis José de Orbegoso
(1795–1847)		 20 December 1833 4 January 1834
(deposed)		 15 days Military —[c][h][23] Office Vacant
Pedro Pablo Bermúdez
Supreme Chief
(1793–1852)		 4 January 1834[i] 28 January 1834
(deposed)		 24 days Military Coup d'état[25] Office Vacant
Luis José de Orbegoso
(1795–1847)
2nd term		 29 January 1834 25 February 1835
(deposed)		 1 year, 27 days Military Restored[24] Office Vacant
Felipe Salaverry
Supreme Chief
(1805–1836)		 25 February 1835[j] 7 February 1836
(deposed)		 347 days Military Coup d'état[27] Office Vacant
Luis José de Orbegoso
(1795–1847)
3rd term		 8 January 1836 3 August 1836[k]
(resigned)		 208 days Military Restored[26] Office Vacant
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Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)

More information Portrait, President (Birth–Death) ...
Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)
Portrait President
(Birth–Death)		 Took office Left office Time in office Party Election Vice President
Andrés de Santa Cruz
Supreme Protector
(1792–1865)		 28 October 1836[l] 20 February 1839
(resigned)		 2 years, 291 days Independent —[32] Office Vacant
Republic of North Peru
Luis José de Orbegoso
Provisory president of North Peru
(1795–1847)		 21 August 1837[m] 21 August 1838
(deposed)		 1 year Military —[n][33][34] Office Vacant
José de la Riva Agüero
Provisory president of North Peru
(1783–1858)		 11 August 1838 24 January 1839
(resigned)		 166 days Military —[n][35][36] Pedro Pablo Bermúdez
Republic of South Peru
Ramón Herrera y Rodado
Provisory president of South Peru
(1799–1882)		 17 September 1837 12 October 1838 1 year, 25 days Military —[n][37] Office Vacant
Pío de Tristán
Provisory president of South Peru
(1773–1859)		 12 October 1838 20 February 1839 131 days Military —[n][38] Office Vacant
Restored Peruvian Republic
Agustín Gamarra
Self-proclaimed provisory president of Peru
(1785–1841)		 24 August 1838[o] 15 August 1839 356 days Military Open cabildo[41][42] Office Vacant
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Presidents of the Peruvian Republic (1840–1980)

More information Portrait, President (Birth–Death) ...
Peruvian Republic (1840–1980)
Portrait President
(Birth–Death)		 Took office Left office Time in office Party Election 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President
Agustín Gamarra
(1785–1841)
2nd term		 15 August 1839 18 November 1841
(†)[p]		 2 years, 95 days Military —[q][43] Office Vacant
1840[44] Manuel Menéndez
President of the Council of State
— Military Anarchy —
Manuel Menéndez
Interim Head of State[r][45]
(1793–1847)		 18 November 1841 16 August 1842
(deposed)		 271 days Independent —[s] Justo Figuerola
1st Vice President of the Council of State		 Juan Francisco de Vidal
2nd Vice President of the Council of State
Juan Crisóstomo Torrico
Supreme Chief[46]
(1808–1875)		 16 August 1842 17 October 1842
(deposed)		 62 days Military Coup d'état Office Vacant
Juan Francisco de Vidal
Interim Head of State[r][47]
(1800–1863)		 17 October 1842 15 March 1843 149 days Military Coup d'état Office Vacant
Justo Figuerola
Interim Head of State[r][48]
(1771–1854)		 15 March 1843 19 March 1843
(deposed)		 4 days Independent —[s] Office Vacant
Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco
Supreme Director[49]
(1806–1873)		 20 March 1843[t] 22 July 1844
(deposed)		 1 year, 125 days Military Coup d'état Office Vacant
Domingo Nieto
President of the Provisional Junta
(1803–1844)		 3 September 1843[u] 17 February 1844
(†)[v]		 167 days Military Self-proclaimed[53] Office Vacant
Ramón Castilla
President of the Provisional Junta
(1797–1867)		 17 February 1844[w] 10 December 1844 297 days Military —[53][54] Office Vacant
Domingo Elías
Supreme Chief[55]
(1805–1867)		 17 June 1844[x] 10 August 1844 146 days Independent Coup d'état Office Vacant
Justo Figuerola
Interim Head of State[r][56]
(1771–1854)		 10 August 1844 7 October 1844 58 days Independent —[s] Office Vacant
Manuel Menéndez
Interim Head of State[r][57]
(1793–1847)		 7 October 1844 20 April 1845 195 days Independent —[s] Office Vacant
Ramón Castilla
(1797–1867)		 20 April 1845 20 April 1851 6 years Military 1845[58][59] Office Vacant
José Rufino Echenique
(1808–1887)		 20 April 1851 5 January 1855
(deposed)		 3 years, 260 days Military 1851[60] Office Vacant
Ramón Castilla
(1797–1867)
2nd term		 5 January 1855[y] 24 October 1862 7 years, 292 days Military Coup d'état Juan Manuel del Mar
(1858–1862)
—[c][62]
1858[63]
Miguel de San Román
(1802–1863)		 24 October 1862 3 April 1863
(†)[z]		 161 days Military 1862 Juan Antonio Pezet Pedro Diez Canseco
Pedro Diez Canseco
Interim Head of State[aa][64]
(1793–1847)		 3 April 1863[ab] 5 August 1863 124 days Independent —[s] Office Vacant
Juan Antonio Pezet
(1809–1879)
[ac]		 5 August 1863 8 November 1865
(resigned)		 2 years, 95 days Military —[s] Office Vacant Pedro Diez Canseco
Pedro Diez Canseco
Interim Head of State[aa][70]
(1793–1847)		 8 November 1865[ad] 28 November 1865
(deposed)		 20 days Independent —[s][72] Office Vacant
Mariano Ignacio Prado
Supreme Chief
(1825–1901)		 28 November 1865 15 February 1867 1 year, 79 days Military Coup d'état[73] Office Vacant
Mariano Ignacio Prado
(1825–1901)
[ae]		 15 February 1867 7 January 1868
(resigned)		 326 days Military 1867[74] Luis La Puerta
Pedro Diez Canseco
Interim Head of State[aa]
(1815–1893)		 7 January 1868 31 July 1868 206 days Military —[s][75][76] Office Vacant
José Balta
(1814–1872)		 1 August 1868 22 July 1872
(deposed)[af]		 3 years, 356 days Military 1868[77] Mariano Herencia Zevallos Francisco Diez-Canseco
Tomás Gutiérrez
Supreme Chief
(1817–1872)		 22 July 1872 26 July 1872
(†)[ag]		 4 days Military Coup d'état Office Vacant
Mariano Herencia Zevallos
Interim Head of State[ah][78]
(1820–1873)		 26 July 1872 2 August 1872 7 days Civilista Party —[s][79] Office Vacant Francisco Diez-Canseco
First Civilism (1872–1879)
Manuel Pardo y Lavalle
(1834–1878)		 2 August 1872 2 August 1876 4 years Civilista Party 1872[80] Manuel Costas Arce Francisco Garmendia
Mariano Ignacio Prado
(1825–1901)
2nd term		 2 August 1876 23 December 1879
(deposed)		 3 years, 143 days Civilista Party 1876[81] Luis La Puerta José Canevaro
War of the Pacific & Second Militarism (1879–1895)
Nicolás de Piérola
Supreme Chief
(1839–1913)		 23 December 1879 29 July 1881 1 year, 218 days Independent Open cabildo[82] Office Vacant
Nicolás de Piérola
President in the South[ai]
(1839–1913)		 29 July 1881 28 December 1881
(resigned)		 152 days Independent —[aj][83] Office Vacant
Francisco García Calderón
Provisory President, in Lima
(1834–1905)		 10 July 1881[ak] 6 November 1881
(prisoner of war)		 119 days Independent —[al][85] Lizardo Montero Andrés Avelino Cáceres
Lizardo Montero
Interim Head, in Ayacucho[ah][86]
(1832–1905)		 6 November 1881 28 October 1882
(resigned)		 1 year, 356 days Civilista Party —[s] Office Vacant
Miguel Iglesias
Regenerator president, in the North
(1830–1909)		 30 December 1882 1 March 1884 1 year, 62 days Military —[am][87] Office Vacant
Miguel Iglesias
(1830–1909)		 1 March 1884 3 December 1885
(resigned)		 1 year, 277 days Military —[c][88] Office Vacant
Antonio Arenas
Interim Head of State[r]
(1808–1891)		 3 December 1885 3 June 1886 182 days Independent —[s][89][90] Office Vacant
Andrés Avelino Cáceres
(1836–1923)		 3 June 1886 10 August 1890 4 years, 68 days Constitutional Party 1886[an] Remigio Morales Bermúdez Aurelio Denegri
Remigio Morales Bermúdez
(1836–1894)		 10 August 1890 1 April 1894
(†)[ao]		 3 years, 234 days Constitutional Party 1890 Pedro Alejandrino del Solar Justiniano Borgoño
Justiniano Borgoño
Interim Head of State[aa]
(1836–1921)		 1 April 1894 10 August 1894 131 days Constitutional Party —[s] Office Vacant
Andrés Avelino Cáceres
(1836–1923)
2nd term		 10 August 1894 20 March 1895
(resigned)		 222 days Constitutional Party 1894[an] César Canevaro Cesáreo Chacaltana
Manuel Candamo
President of the Provisional Junta
(1841–1904)		 20 March 1895 8 September 1895 172 days Independent —[91] Office Vacant
Second Civilism (1895–1914)
Nicolás de Piérola
(1839–1913)
2nd term		 8 September 1895 8 September 1899 4 years Democratic Party 1895[an] Guillermo Billinghurst Augusto Seminario
Eduardo López de Romaña
(1847–1912)		 8 September 1899 8 September 1903 4 years Civilista Party 1899 Isaac Alzamora Federico Bresani
Manuel Candamo
(1841–1904)		 8 September 1903 7 May 1904
(†)[ap]		 242 days Civilista Party 1903[an] Office Vacant[aq] Serapio Calderón
Serapio Calderón
Interim Head of State[aa]
(1843–1922)		 7 May 1904 24 September 1904 140 days Civilista Party —[s] Office Vacant
José Pardo y Barreda
(1864–1947)		 24 September 1904 24 September 1908 4 years Civilista Party 1904[an] José Cavero Office Vacant
Augusto Leguía
(1863–1932)		 24 September 1908 24 September 1912 4 years Civilista Party 1908[an] Eugenio Larrabure Belisario Sosa
Guillermo Billinghurst
(1851–1915)		 24 September 1912 4 February 1914
(deposed)		 1 year, 133 days Democratic Party 1912 Roberto Leguía Miguel Echenique
New Militarism (1914–1980)[ar]
Óscar Benavides
President of the Military Junta
(1876–1945)		 4 February 1914 15 May 1914 100 days Military Coup d'état[92] Office Vacant
Óscar Benavides
(1876–1945)		 15 May 1914 18 August 1915 1 year, 95 days Military —[c][93] Office Vacant
José Pardo y Barreda
(1864–1947)
2nd term		 18 August 1915 4 July 1919
(deposed)		 3 years, 320 days Civilista Party 1915 Ricardo Bentín Sánchez Melitón Carvajal
Augusto Leguía
(1863–1932)
2nd term		 4 July 1919 25 August 1930
(deposed)		 11 years, 52 days Reformist Democratic Party 1919[as] César Canevaro
(1919–1920)		 Agustín de la Torre
(1919–1920)
Coup d'état
1924[an]
1929[an]
Manuel María Ponce
President of the Military Junta
(1874–1966)		 25 August 1930 27 August 1930
(deposed)		 2 days Military Coup d'état[97][98] Office Vacant
Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
President of the Military Junta
(1889–1933)		 27 August 1930 1 March 1931 186 days Military Coup d'état[99] Office Vacant
Mariano Holguín [es]
President of the Assembly
(1874–1951)		 1 March 1931 1 March 1931 6 hours
[at]		 Independent —[au][101] Office Vacant
Ricardo Leoncio Elías Arias
President of the Military Junta
(1874–1951)		 1 March 1931 5 March 1931 4 days Independent —[au][100] Office Vacant
Gustavo Jiménez
President of the Military Junta
(1886–1933)		 5 March 1931 11 March 1931 6 days Independent —[au][102] Office Vacant
David Samanez Ocampo
President of the Military Junta
(1866–1947)		 11 March 1931 8 December 1931 272 days Democratic Party —[au][103] Office Vacant
Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
(1889–1933)		 8 December 1931 30 April 1933
(†)[av]		 1 year, 143 days Revolutionary Union 1931 Office Vacant
Óscar Benavides
(1876–1945)
2nd term		 30 April 1933 8 December 1939 6 years, 222 days Military —[c] Ernesto Montagne Markholz
(1936–1939)		 Antonio Rodríguez Ramírez
(1936–1939)
Manuel Prado Ugarteche
(1889–1967)		 8 December 1939 28 July 1945 5 years, 232 days Peruvian Democratic Movement 1939[aw] Rafael Larco Herrera Carlos Gibson
José Luis Bustamante y Rivero
(1894–1989)		 28 July 1945 29 October 1948
(deposed)		 3 years, 93 days National Democratic Front 1945 José Gálvez Barrenechea Eduardo Ganoza
Manuel Odría
President of the Military Junta
(1896–1974)		 29 October 1948 1 June 1950 1 year, 215 days Military Coup d'état Zenón Noriega Office Vacant
Zenón Noriega
President of the Military Junta
(1889–1967)
[ax]		 1 June 1950 28 July 1950 57 days Military —[au][105] Office Vacant
Manuel Odría
(1896–1974)		 28 July 1950 28 July 1956 6 years Odriist National Union 1950[an] Héctor Boza Federico Bolognesi
Manuel Prado Ugarteche
(1889–1967)
2nd term		 28 July 1956 18 July 1962
(deposed)		 5 years, 355 days Peruvian Democratic Movement 1956 Luis Gallo Porras Carlos Moreyra
Ricardo Pérez Godoy
President of the Military Junta
(1905–1982)		 18 July 1962 3 March 1963 228 days Military Coup d'état Nicolás Lindley López Office Vacant
Nicolás Lindley López
President of the Military Junta
(1908–1995)		 3 March 1963 28 July 1963 147 days Military —[au] Pedro Vargas Prada Office Vacant
Fernando Belaúnde Terry
(1912–2002)
1st term		 28 July 1963 3 October 1968
(deposed)		 5 years, 67 days Popular Action 1963 Edgardo Seoane Mario Polar Ugarteche
Juan Velasco Alvarado
(1910–1977)		 3 October 1968 29 August 1975
(deposed)		 6 years, 330 days Military Coup d'état Edgardo Mercado Jarrín Office Vacant
Francisco Morales Bermúdez
(1921–2022)		 30 August 1975 28 July 1980 4 years, 333 days Military Coup d'état Pedro Richter Prada Office Vacant
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Presidents of the Republic of Peru (1980–present)

More information Republic of Peru (1980–present), Portrait ...
Republic of Peru (1980–present)
Portrait President
(Birth–Death)		 Took office Left office Time in office Party Election 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President
Fernando Belaúnde Terry
(1912–2002)
2nd term		 28 July 1980 28 July 1985 5 years Popular Action 1980 Fernando Schwalb Javier Alva Orlandini
Alan García
(1949–2019)
1st term		 28 July 1985 28 July 1990 5 years Peruvian Aprista Party 1985 Luis Alberto Sánchez Luis Alva Castro
Alberto Fujimori
(1938–2024)
[ay][az]		 28 July 1990 21 November 2000
(impeached)[ba]		 10 years, 116 days Cambio 90
(1990–1992)
Cambio 90 – New Majority
(1992–1999)
Peru 2000
(1999–2000)		 1990 Máximo San Román
(1990–1992)
Ricardo Márquez Flores
(1995–2000)
Francisco Tudela
(Jul–Nov 2000)		 Carlos García y García
(1990–1992)
César Paredes Canto
(1995–2000)
Ricardo Márquez Flores
(Jul–Nov 2000)
Self-coup
1995
2000[bb]
Valentín Paniagua
(1936–2006)		 22 November 2000 28 July 2001 248 days Popular Action —[bc] Office Vacant
Alejandro Toledo
(born 1946)		 28 July 2001 28 July 2006 5 years Possible Peru 2001 Raúl Diez-Canseco
(2001–2004)		 David Waisman
Alan García
(1949–2019)
2nd term		 28 July 2006 28 July 2011 5 years Peruvian Aprista Party 2006 Luis Giampietri Lourdes Mendoza
Ollanta Humala
(born 1962)
Presidency		 28 July 2011 28 July 2016 5 years Peruvian Nationalist Party 2011 Marisol Espinoza Omar Chehade
(2011–2012)
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
(born 1938)
Presidency		 28 July 2016 23 March 2018
(resigned)		 1 year, 238 days Peruvians for Change 2016 Martín Vizcarra Mercedes Aráoz
Martín Vizcarra
(born 1963)
Presidency		 23 March 2018 9 November 2020
(impeached)		 2 years, 231 days Independent —[s] Office Vacant Mercedes Aráoz
Manuel Merino
(born 1961)		 10 November 2020 15 November 2020
(resigned)		 5 days Popular Action —[bc] Office Vacant
Francisco Sagasti
(born 1944)
Presidency		 17 November 2020 28 July 2021 253 days Purple Party —[bc] Office Vacant
Pedro Castillo
(born 1969)
Presidency		 28 July 2021 7 December 2022
(impeached)		 1 year, 132 days Free Peru 2021 Dina Boluarte Office Vacant[bd]
Dina Boluarte
(born 1962)
Presidency		 7 December 2022 10 October 2025
(impeached)		 2 years, 307 days Independent —[s] Office Vacant
José Jerí
(born 1986)
Presidency		 10 October 2025 17 February 2026
(censured[be])		 130 days We Are Peru —[bc] Office Vacant
José María Balcázar
(born 1943)
Presidency		 18 February 2026 28 July 2026 160 days Independent —[bc] Office Vacant
Keiko Fujimori
(born 1975)
Presidency		 28 July 2026 Incumbent 6 days Popular Force 2026 Luis Galarreta Miki Torres
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Timeline

Keiko FujimoriJosé María BalcázarJosé JeríDina BoluartePedro CastilloFrancisco SagastiManuel MerinoMartín VizcarraPedro Pablo KuczynskiOllanta HumalaAlejandro ToledoValentín PaniaguaAlberto FujimoriAlan GarcíaFrancisco Morales BermúdezJuan Velasco AlvaradoFernando Belaúnde TerryNicolás Lindley LópezRicardo Pérez GodoyManuel OdríaJosé Luis Bustamante y RiveroManuel Prado UgartecheDavid Samanez OcampoLuis Miguel Sánchez CerroÓscar BenavidesGuillermo BillinghurstAugusto LeguíaJosé Pardo y BarredaSerapio CalderónManuel CandamoEduardo López de RomañaJustiniano BorgoñoRemigio Morales BermúdezAndrés Avelino CáceresMiguel IglesiasLizardo MonteroFrancisco García CalderónNicolás de PiérolaLuis La PuertaManuel Pardo y LavalleMariano Herencia ZevallosTomás GutiérrezJosé BaltaPedro Diez CansecoMariano Ignacio PradoJuan Antonio PezetMiguel de San RománJosé Rufino EcheniqueRamón CastillaManuel Ignacio de VivancoJuan Francisco de VidalManuel MenéndezFelipe SalaverryLuis José de OrbegosoAgustín GamarraJosé de La MarSimón BolívarJosé Bernardo de TagleJosé de la Riva AgüeroJosé de San Martín

Addendum

Those who are mentioned in the following list were sworn in as interim presidents of Peru, because of a political crisis. However, they never came to govern.[112]

More information President (Birth–Death), Took office ...
President
(Birth–Death)		 Took office Left office Time in
office		 Form of entry Vice President
— Carlos García y García
(1927–2016)
Interim President		 5 April 1992[113] 20 April 1992 15 days Constitutional succession
(Second Vice President)		 Office Vacant
Máximo San Román
(born 1946)
Interim President		 21 April 1992[114] 5 January 1993[bf] 259 days Constitutional succession
(First Vice President)		 Carlos García y García
Mercedes Aráoz
(born 1961)
Interim President		 30 September 2019[116] 1 October 2019[117] 1 day Constitutional succession
(Second Vice President)		 Office Vacant
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See also

Notes

  1. [a]
    The official website of Congress includes a list of "presidents and rulers of the Republic" from 1821 until 2021.[2] It lists a total of 130 governments from José de San Martín until Pedro Castillo, but does not separate constitutional presidencies from dictatorships nor interim governments. This Wikipedia list includes a total of 40 presidents and 53 presidencies from 1821 until 2021.
  2. [b]
    Some authors regard Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro, president of Congress, as de facto interim ruler for a signle day, between San Martin's resignation and the appointment of the Supreme Junta.[2] By this logic, Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza should also be considered interim president, as he was chosen as temporary head of Congress during the election of their official members.[4]
  3. [c]
    Appointed by Congress
  4. [d]
    Congress claimed that he was "willing to resign",[8] but in fact he was forcibly removed. He continued to claim the presidency, declared the dissolution of Congress, and even allied himself with the Spanish forces to overthrow the government of Lima.[9]
  5. [e]
    José Bernardo de Tagle was already appointed "Supreme chief" by Antonio José de Sucre on 17 July 1823. This was then made official on 7 August.[11]
  6. [f]
    Supreme Political and Military Authority of the Peruvian Republic, holder of the Dictatorial Power.
  7. [g]
    Bolivar was declared deposed in an Open cabildo on 27 January 1843, after a popular uprising against his rule. Andrés de Santa Cruz had been the de facto governor of Peru in the name of Bolivar.[15]
  8. [h]
    The Electoral colleges were convened for the elections of Congress and Gamarra's successor as president. However, these Colleges only met partially, and thus the elections were thwarted.[21] Electoral Colleges were abolished in 1895.[22]
  9. [i]
    Recognized in the Southern provinces; captured Orbegoso and briefly took over Lima in January 1834, but was expelled by the citizens. Continued to claim power until being betrayed by his own men, who reconciled with Orbegoso on 24 April.[24]
  10. [j]
    Controlled Lima until 30 December 1835, when Orbegoso's troops entered the city, although infighting continued until 6 January 1836. Was defeated in the Battle of Socabaya on 7 February and executed a few days later, on 18 February.[26]
  11. [k]
    Orbegoso resigned the Peruvian presidency on 3 August 1836, after promoting the creation of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation of Andrés de Santa Cruz.[28] He had already been given the "supreme power" on 8 July 1835, dring the war against Salaverry.[29]
  12. [l]
    Already proclaimed Supreme Protector of South Peru (17 March) and North Peru (6 August).[30][28] Ratified by the Congress of Tacna on 1 May 1837.[31]
  13. [m]
    Orbegoso declared himself independent on 30 July 1838, but was defeated three weeks later by Gamarra's restoration forces at the Battle of Portada de Guías, near Lima. Santa Cruz appointed Riva Agüero as his replacement, at Tarma.
  14. [n]
    Appointed by Andrés de Santa Cruz.
  15. [o]
    Agustín Gamarra's forces recaptured Lima on 21 August 1838, after the Battle of Portada de Guías, but lost it a few weeks later, on 10 November. Santa Cruz was decisively defeated on 20 January 1839, at the Battle of Yungay. Lima was then occupied by the restoration forces, and the Confederation was dissolved on 20 February.[39][40]
  16. [p]
    Killed during the Battle of Ingavi.
  17. [q]
    Appointed as provisory president by the Congress of Huancayo while the South and North republics were reunited.
  18. [r]
    As President of the Council of State of Peru in charge of the Executive.
  19. [s]
    Constitutional succession
  20. [t]
    Proclaimed "Supreme Director" on 28 January 1843, in the South.[50] Vivanco's supporters deposed Figuerola in Lima, recognized Vivanco as Head of state, and installed a provisional government led by very short-lived directors: Eleuterio Aramburú (19–21 March), José Rufino Echenique (21–27 March), and Juan Antonio Pezet (27 March–7 April).[51][52]
  21. [u]
    Revolted in Tacna in opposition to Vivanco.
  22. [v]
    Natural causes.
  23. [w]
    De facto ruler after defeating Vivanco at the Battle of Carmen Alto.
  24. [x]
    Proclaimed himself "Supreme Chief" in Lima to restore the constitutional order, while Vivanco was outside the capital.
  25. [y]
    Already proclaimed provisory president on 1 May 1854, in Cuzco.[61]
  26. [z]
    Natural causes.
  27. [aa]
    As 2º Vice President in charge of the Executive.
  28. [ab]
    Ramón Castilla ruled as de facto interim president until Diez Canseco's arrival on 9 April.[65]
  29. [ac]
    He is not listed in the official list of Peruvian heads of State,[66] but he does appear as president in the list of presidential messages.[67] Contemporary records clearly show that he was sworn as President of the Republic.[68][69]
  30. [ad]
    Already proclaimed Supreme Leader on 25 June.[71]
  31. [ae]
    As Provisional Supreme Chief from 1865 to 1867, as Provisional President in 1867, and as constitutional President of Peru from 1867 to 1868. His first presidency is not included in the official list of Peruvian rulers. He only appears as Supreme Chief in 1865–1867,[66] but the official list of presidential messages recognizes him as president in 1867.[67]
  32. [af]
    Was killed on 26 July 1872 during the rebellion.
  33. [ag]
    Killed by a mob.
  34. [ah]
    As 1º Vice president in charge of the Executive.
  35. [ai]
    His presidency in 1881 is not included in the official list of Peruvian rulers. He only appears as Supreme Chief in 1879–1881.[66]
  36. [aj]
    Appointed by Congress of Ayacucho
  37. [ak]
    Elected provisory president in Open cabildo on 22 February 1881, de facto since 12 March.[84]
  38. [al]
    Appointed by Congress of Chorrillos
  39. [am]
    Appointed by the North Assembly
  40. [an]
    His party was the only candidate.
  41. [ao]
    Natural causes.
  42. [ap]
    Natural causes.
  43. [aq]
    Lino Alarco Brediñana was elected to the office, but died before the inauguration.
  44. [ar]
    Between 1915 and 1980, all constitutional governments were overthrown by coups before completing their terms, with the sole exception of Manuel Prado Ugarteche's first term, which came to power with support of Óscar Benavides military junta.
  45. [as]
    The 1919 elections, held on May 18, resulted in a clear victory for Leguía, but the Supreme Tribunal denounced several irregularities by almost all parties.[94] Leguía secured his victory through a coup two months later, on July 4.[95] The election results, and Leguía's position, were ratified by Congress on October 12.[96]
  46. [at]
    Between 3 p.m. and 9 p.m.[100][101]
  47. [au]
    Appointed by Military Junta
  48. [av]
    Assasinated.
  49. [aw]
    Electoral fraud.[104]
  50. [ax]
    De jure figurehead, de facto leadership by Manuel Odría, who resigned in order to participate in the 1950 elections, in which he was the only candidate.
  51. [ay]
    De jure figurehead, de facto leadership by Vladimiro Montesinos.[106][107]
  52. [az]
    As President of the Government of Emergency and National Reconstruction of Peru between 5 April 1992 and 9 January 1993.[108][109]
  53. [ba]
    On 13 November 2000, Fujimori left the country amid controversy over the results of the previous election. On 17 November, he submitted his resignation via fax, which the Congress rejected in favor of impeachment on the grounds that he was "permanently morally disabled".
  54. [bb]
    Electoral fraud.[110] The results were annulled and new elections were called for April 2001.
  55. [bc]
    Succeeded to the presidency as President of Congress.
  56. [bd]
    Vladimir Cerrón ran on the Castillo ticket, but the National Jury of Elections disqualified him from the office due to previous corruption charges.[111]
  57. [be]
    Jerí served as President of the Republic in virtue of his position as President of Congress. The legislature successfully voted to remove him from the latter, thus also ending his presidency
  58. [bf]
    Date of the inauguration of the Democratic Constituent Congress that ratified Fujimori as president.[115]

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