Presidency of Dina Boluarte

First rumors about the chairman of the Council

If the government will therefore not be political, Dina Boluarte must therefore find independent politicians, withdrawn from political life and above all experienced. The first media rumors refer to the appointment of Jorge Nieto as President of the Council of Ministers, an experienced minister from the time of the presidency of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski.^[9]

While the Minister is experienced, he is nevertheless not independent, but with a brand new centrally located party called the Party of Good Government (PBG) which does not yet have representation in Congress, which could only slightly annoy the groups in parliament.^[9]

The other two rumors mentioned would be the appointment of Alberto Otárola, former Minister of Defense during the era of the presidency of Ollanta Humala, or the current mediator of Peru Walter Gutiérrez.^[10]

Announcement and composition

On 9 December, President Dina Boluarte announces that the composition of her government will be finalized in the evening, and announced on Saturday morning, 10 December, before noon.^[11]

Finally, the government investiture ceremony takes place at 1 p.m., and the president decides to appoint the lawyer Pedro Angulo. In the government, eight women are appointed, which is more than in all of Pedro Castillo's five governments, and the ministers belong or have belonged to a political party, but who have no parliamentary representation. The cabinet is therefore a technical government.^[12]

In addition, President Dina Boluarte has not yet decided on the Ministers of Labour and Transport, the portfolios that were most criticized and used for corruption in Castillo's government.^[12]

Changes in December 2022

On 13 December, three days after the formation of the government, President Dina Boluarte announces the appointment of the Ministers of Labour and Transport, Eduardo García and Paola Lazarte.^[13]

On 16 December, the sixth day of government, the two Ministers of Education and Culture Patricia Correa and Jair Pérez announced their resignation, in opposition to the outbreak of the state of emergency in the country and the numerous deaths during the demonstrations in favor of Pedro Castillo,^[14] whose death toll worsened the same day, with 18 dead, confirmed by the Minister of Health Rosa Gutiérrez.^[15]

List of Angulo's ministers

Reshuffle of January 2023

On 12 January 2023, Eduardo García (Minister of Labour) submitted his resignation due to the deaths in the protests that resumed on 4 January 2023.^[17] Along the same lines, Grecia Rojas Ortiz (Minister of Women and Vulnerable Populations) would take the same position on 13 January 2023.

On that day, Boluarte swore in Luis Adrianzén and Nancy Tolentino as ministers of Labour and Women, respectively. Vicente Romero Fernández has been added to the Interior portfolio.^[18]

Resignation of the Minister of Education

In September 2023, Magnet Márquez resigned from the position after opposing the approval of a bill to 14 thousand interim teachers, not counting pedagogical qualifications, in the appointment of the country's education system.^[19] Otárola denied that he was involved in the resignation.^[20]

Censure of the Minister of the Interior

On 15 November 2023, the Minister of the Interior, Vicente Romero, was censured by Congress following the failure of the state of emergency and the so-called "Boluarte Plan."

Resignation of Alberto Otárola

On 5 March 2024, Otarola resigned as prime minister after the television program Panorama released recordings of his alleged conversations with a 25-year old woman named Yazire Pinedo, who had landed two contracts with a total worth of $14,000 to do archive and administrative work for the government. One of the recordings was said to have shown Otarola referring to Pinedo as "my love". However, in his resignation statement, he denied allegations of wrongdoing. Pinedo said the leaked conversations dated back from before Otarola's premiership in 2021, but acknowledged that she had a brief "perhaps sentimental relationship" with him.^[21]

List of Otárola's ministers

Resignation of Ministers

On 1 April 2024, Interior Minister Víctor Torres submitted his resignation to President Dina Boluarte, followed by the Ministers of Women and Education. That day, the president swore in six new ministers, including those in charge of the portfolios of Agrarian Development, Production, and Foreign Trade.^[22]

On 16 May 2024, Interior Minister Walter Ortiz Acosta resigned and was replaced that day by Juan José Santiváñez.

Reshuffle of September 2024

On 3 September 2024, President Dina Boluarte conducted a ministerial reshuffle and appointed new ministers of Foreign Affairs, Housing, Culture, and Foreign Trade, after criticism and questions arose regarding the ministers of various portfolios.^[23] The cabinet only has two women, the lowest number in the government.^[24]

Censure of the Minister of Energy and Mines

On 26 November 2024, the Congress of the Republic of Peru decided to censure the Minister of Energy and Mines, Rómulo Mucho, following a series of protests by miners demanding his registration with the Comprehensive Registry of Mining Training (Reinfo).

Reshuffle of January 2025

On 31 January 2025, President Dina Boluarte announced the replacement of three ministers, who had been facing media questioning. The questioned José Arista (Economy and Finance) and Julio Demartini (Development and Social Inclusion) were replaced by José Salardi and Leslie Urteaga, respectively. Additionally, Fanny Montellanos took office as head of the Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations.^[25]

Censure of the Minister of the Interior

On 21 March 2025, the Congress of the Republic censured the Minister of the Interior, Juan José Santiváñez, for his inability to combat the rising crime rate in the country.

End of the Cabinet

On 13 May 2025, the head of state swore in new ministers for the Economy, Interior, and Transportation portfolios. Hours later, Prime Minister Gustavo Adrianzén resigned in anticipation of impending Congressional censure.^[26]

List of Adrianzén's ministers

Change of Ministers

On 23 August 2025, the president swore in the new Ministers of Justice, Women, and Social Inclusion. Montellanos took over MIDIS, while Santiváñez returned to the cabinet, this time leading the MINJUSDH.^[28]

End of the cabinet and government

In early September 2025, mass protests broke out against the presidency of Dina Boluarte and the premiership of Eduardo Arana Ysa. At least 19 protestors were injured in marches held in Lima on 27 and 28 September according to the National Human Rights Coordinator (CNDDHH).^[29][30]

On 1 October 2025, Minister Santiváñez submitted his resignation from the Justice portfolio. The next day, he was replaced by Juan Manuel Cavero.

On 6 October 2025, the Cajamarca regional strike began with the aim of shutting down the department of Cajamarca to secure the impeachment or resignation of President Dina Boluarte.

On 10 October 2025, against the backdrop of government ineffectiveness in fighting back violence and crime in Peru, the Congress of the Republic of Peru launched impeachment proceedings against President Dina Boluarte. The trigger for the impeachment was a shooting against members of the Agua Marina orchestra, which acted as a symbolic display of the breakdown of public order.

Boluarte's presidency was marked by historic unpopularity; she was frequently described as the "world's least popular leader," with an approval rating as low as 2% in early 2025 amid allegations of corruption, mismanagement, and repeated impeachment attempts. While previous efforts to oust her—spearheaded by left-wing parties—had failed, a broad coalition eventually formed. Right-wing parties joined the calls for her removal following a surge in violent crime, including the Círculo Militar de Chorrillos shooting. Boluarte declined to appear before Congress, with her lawyer citing alleged violations of due process. Shortly after midnight, Congress declared the presidency vacant, and José Jerí, the incumbent president of Congress, was sworn in as her successor.

Under the presidency of José Jerí, prime minister Eduardo Arana Ysa briefly remained as prime minister for three days, before leaving office on 13 October 2025 in favour of Ernesto Álvarez Miranda.

List of Arana's ministers

FARMAMINSA public pharmacy network

In November 2023, the first FARMAMINSA pharmacy, located in the district of Jesús María, was inaugurated.^[31] At the beginning of 2024, a directive was approved for the implementation of a public pharmacy network known as FARMAMINSA to guarantee access to medicines at an affordable cost. In her message to the nation that year, Boluarte announced a Revolving Fund for Health Improvement to ensure the operations of FARMAMINSA.^[32][33][34] In August 2024, the government introduced the bill to implement FARMAMINSA nationwide.^[35] In November, Congress approved the implementation of FARMAMINSA pharmacies.^[36] By December, the law to implement FARMAMINSA nationwide was enacted, and an outreach campaign about FARMAMINSA was carried out.^[37][38][39] FARMAMINSA pharmacies were inaugurated in Villa El Salvador,^[40][41] Los Olivos,^[42] Pucusana,^[43] Mi Perú,^[44][45] Pamplona Alta,^[46] Jesús María, La Victoria, San Borja, Magdalena del Mar,^[47] and at the National University of San Marcos,^[48] among others.^[49]

MINSA Móvil

In December 2023, Boluarte, from San Juan de Miraflores, launched MINSA Móvil together with health minister César Vásquez with the aim of providing a mobile medical service. At that event, a field hospital was presented that would be moved nationwide, offering services in general medicine, ophthalmology, dentistry, pediatrics, gynecology and obstetrics, radiology, among others, in addition to laboratory, ultrasound and X-ray services.^[50] By 2025, it was reported that MINSA Móvil had carried out 512,967 consultations that year through 193 medical campaigns nationwide; it was also reported that 1,988 surgical procedures had been performed that year.^[51]

Centenary Hospitals Plan

In April 2024, Boluarte launched the Centenary Hospitals Plan together with Minister Vásquez from the Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza. It was established that, through this plan, the infrastructure and equipment of the hospitals Arzobispo Loayza, Dos de Mayo, San Bartolomé, Cayetano Heredia, Sergio Bernales, Larco Herrera, the National Children's Institute of Breña, the National Institute of Neurological Sciences, Goyeneche in Arequipa, Las Mercedes in Lambayeque, and Belén in La Libertad would be improved.^{[52][53][54][55]} In addition, as part of the plan, the construction of a hospital in northern Lima was approved.^[56]

Plan Mil

The so-called Plan Mil was implemented under Boluarte's impetus, with the aim of improving the equipment, infrastructure and resources of one thousand health establishments nationwide.^[57][58] In February 2024, the Bernal I-4 Health Center in Sechura was included in the plan.^[59] In April, the inclusion of 29 health establishments in the department of San Martín in the plan was managed, and Minister Vásquez announced the prioritization of 32 health centers in the department of Huancavelica during the laying of the foundation stone of the Pampas hospital.^[60][61] That month, the Plan Mil Command was created.^[62] By May 2024, it was reported that 22 departments had submitted technical documents covering a total of 279 health establishments.^[57] That month, in Callao, 16 establishments were identified to form part of the plan.^[63] In June, Minister Vásquez laid the foundation stone of the Villa Los Ángeles Health Center, in the Rímac, as part of the plan.^[64] In July, intervention in 25 health centers belonging to DIRIS Lima Centro was announced, in addition to the construction, after demolition, of a new Todos los Santos Health Center.^[65][66] During her message to the nation, Boluarte declared her support for the plan.^[67] In September 2024, the construction of 32 establishments in the departments of Amazonas, Arequipa, Cajamarca, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huánuco, Junín, Lima, and San Martín was announced.^[57][68] In January 2025, the delivery of financing agreements for 17 health establishments in Cusco was announced, and work later began on the establishments in Quiñota, Colquepata, Pillpinto, Piscohuatta, and Huanoquite.^{[69][70][71][72][73][74]} In October 2025, Boluarte announced that meetings had been held with multilateral organizations to guarantee financing for the plan.^[75]

Teacher salary increase

In March 2025, Boluarte announced a salary increase for teachers, consisting of an additional 200 soles in March and another 200 in November.^[76]

Bicentennial Schools

On 29 February 2024, the first two Bicentennial Schools were delivered after 10 months of construction and were inaugurated by Dina Boluarte. These schools were No. 0085 José de la Torre Ugarte in El Agustino and No. 0035 Nuestra Señora de la Visitación in the Cercado de Lima.^[77]

On 3 September 2024, Boluarte inaugurated Bicentennial School No. 7207 Ramón Castilla in San Juan de Miraflores.^[78] On 17 September, Boluarte inaugurated Bicentennial School No. 3080 Perú–Canadá in Los Olivos District.^[79] On 20 September, Bicentennial School No. 1209 Mariscal Toribio de Luzuriaga was inaugurated.^[80] On 3 October, Bicentennial School No. 2099 Rosa Merino was inaugurated.^[81] On 25 November, Boluarte inaugurated the Bicentennial School Javier Heraud.^[82]

On 28 January 2025, Boluarte inaugurated the Bicentennial School Manuel González Prada in Ate District.^[83] On 3 March, Bicentennial School No. 2096 Perú–Japón was inaugurated.^[84][85] On 10 March, Bicentennial School No. 2100 Juan Velasco Alvarado was inaugurated in Comas District.^[86][87] On 13 March, Bicentennial School No. 1190 Felipe Huamán Poma de Ayala was inaugurated in Lurigancho-Chosica District.^[88] On 27 March, Bicentennial School No. 3088 Vista Alegre was inaugurated in Puente Piedra District.^[89]

On 23 May, Bicentennial School No. 3058 Virgen de Fátima was inaugurated in Carabayllo District.^[90] On 29 May, Bicentennial School No. 2051, also located in the district, was inaugurated.^[91] On 8 July, in the department of Junín, Boluarte inaugurated the Bicentennial School 9 de Julio.^[92] On 25 July, Bicentennial School Fernando Carbajal was inaugurated in the department of Ucayali.^[93]

Student mental health

In July 2025, the Mental Health Law was amended to promote mental health in schools across the country and to implement coordination between the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health to identify students at risk of developing mental illnesses and refer them to appropriate institutions. In addition, mental health content was incorporated into the national curriculum, including modules on mental health care and actions to prevent suicide.^[94] Media outlets were also required to broadcast messages aimed at preventing suicide in Spanish and Indigenous languages.^[95] The national plan Salud Mental en tu Cole 2025–2026 was implemented.^[96]

Security crisis and failed fight against crime

On 29 August 2023, amid calls to implement the so-called Plan Bukele in Peru, the implementation of its own plan was announced (whose popular name refers to President Dina Boluarte). The announcement was made by the president of the Council of Ministers, Alberto Otárola.^[97]

After the attack on the Xanders nightclub on 15 September, Dina Boluarte announced on 18 September the declaration of a state of emergency in the Lima districts of San Juan de Lurigancho and San Martín de Porres, as well as in Sullana Province, in Piura.^[98] It was ordered that criminals caught in flagrante delicto be presented in red uniforms, shackles, and with a sign stating the crime committed.^[99] Because of the state of emergency in San Juan de Lurigancho and San Martín de Porres, it was detected that criminals migrated toward the district of Rímac.^[100]

In her speech on 2 November 2023, already during the stage of citizen emergency, Boluarte declared during the session at the Responsible Investment Forum of the Americas Alliance that her country "is calm and at peace".^[101] Despite criticism regarding that phrase, she said days later, "we have crime, yes; but [not] a war".^[102]

The citizen security plan was one of only two interventions she made between June and October 2023, according to minutes of the Council of Ministers.^[103] The lack of interventions was due to remote work arrangements.^[104]

Over time, new states of emergency were declared. However, part of the population showed discontent with police work, an attitude that Dina Boluarte criticized.^[105] In fact, Boluarte lashed out at specialists who question the official approach and called them opinólogos.^[106] Police officer Harvey Colchado, known for participating in the raid on Dina Boluarte's house, criticized minister Juan José Santiváñez for preventing the restoration of preliminary detention, which congress members had removed from legislation in 2024.^[107] Juan José Santiváñez was censured by the Congress of the Republic, and Boluarte justified that his departure had not resolved citizen security problems.^[108]

In 2025, the government decreed the suspension of mining activity in Pataz for thirty days after the kidnapping and murder of thirteen miners at one of its facilities became known.^[109] A representative of the National Society of Mining, Petroleum and Energy requested that other entities, such as the Ministry of Energy and Mines, Osinergmin, and the OEFA, supervise mining conditions during the suspension.^[110]

Artemis Accords

During Boluarte's government, in May 2024, Foreign Minister Javier González-Olaechea signed with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) the Artemis Accords, a set of non-binding agreements with the United States detailing rules for space exploration.^{[129][130][131]}

Memorandum of understanding between CONIDA and NASA

In November 2024, a memorandum of understanding was signed between the National Commission for Aerospace Research and Development (CONIDA) and NASA, under which NASA agreed to support Peru in staff training, joint feasibility studies, technical assistance, and the development of space launches, as well as to begin a sounding rocket launch program.^[132][133] After the signing, and in the midst of the 2024 APEC summit, Boluarte met with Joe Biden, president of the United States, where they discussed the signed memorandum and Peru's accession to the Artemis Accords.^[134][135]

Talara spaceport

In 2023, during the government of Dina Boluarte, the State officially proposed the future construction of a spaceport, with Talara or Arequipa being considered as the site of the facility.^[136] The project was named "Spaceport", with the goal of inserting Peru into a "new space era".^{[137][138][139][140][141]} In April 2023, an agreement was signed between the Peruvian Air Force (FAP), the United States Space Command, and the Peruvian Space Agency (CONIDA), agreeing on the non-military use of outer space and on carrying out projects such as the construction of a spaceport, this being considered the first step toward later bilateral space agreements between the two countries.^[142][143] According to the commander general of the FAP, Carlos Chávez Cateriano, since July of that year Peru had been advancing with planning for the spaceport project in coordination with the U.S. Space Force.^[144] Subsequently, through the Multiannual Investment Report on Public-Private Partnerships of the Ministry of Defense (MINDEF) for the 2023-2026 period, approved by Ministerial Resolution No. 01558-2023-DE on 21 December of that year, the project was included and Talara Province was selected as the location for the construction of the spaceport.^{[145][146][147]} The site was chosen because of its proximity to the Equator, with the construction to take place within property of El Pato Air Base, which is administered by the FAP.^[148][149]

In February 2024, MINDEF entrusted ProInversión with the promotion and awarding of the project.^{[146][149][150]} On 30 May, Peru, represented by then foreign minister Javier González-Olaechea, signed the Artemis Accords with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), through which the spaceport project could be advanced. Participating in the signing were Alfredo Ferrero Diez-Canseco, Peru's ambassador to the United States, and Jennifer R. Littlejohn, acting assistant secretary of the Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs of the United States Department of State.^{[139][151][152]} By June, Lieutenant General José Antonio Martinelli, of the FAP's Space and Cyberspace Command, announced that the spaceport could be used for suborbital flights, mentioning that "we could travel from Peru to Beijing in 2.5 or 3 hours".^[137][153]

Within the framework of APEC 2024, Peru announced an agreement with NASA.^[144][154] On 18 November, the Memorandum of Understanding between CONIDA and NASA was signed, under which NASA would support Peru in staff training, joint feasibility studies, technical assistance, and the development of space launches. The signing took place at CONIDA's facilities in San Isidro district, with the participation of Bill Nelson, NASA administrator, and Major Roberto Melgar Sheen, head of CONIDA.^{[140][155][156][157][158]} For its part, the National Center for Strategic Planning (CEPLAN) announced the start of drafting a National Space Policy, which would be managed by CONIDA.^[159]

On 29 September 2025, the executive branch, represented by President Dina Boluarte and Prime Minister Eduardo Arana, submitted to the Congress a bill to declare of national interest the creation of a spaceport in national territory.^{[145][160][161][162]} In March 2026, the National Defense Commission of Congress approved the report on the bill.^[163] In that month, with 78 votes in favor, Congress approved on second vote the project submitted by Boluarte, with 3 votes against and 3 abstentions.^[164] On 27 March, under Law 32571, it was officially published in El Peruano.^{[165][166][167]}

Support for the Peruvian bid for the 2027 Pan American Games

On 18 January 2024, in commemoration of the 489th anniversary of Lima, the president of Peru, Dina Boluarte, announced that the national government would support Lima's bid for the 2027 Pan American Games and that this backing had been communicated to Panam Sports.^[168] In March of that year, Lima was chosen as the new host city of the 2027 Pan American Games. At the end of the year, the 2024 Bolivarian Games were held, although the president did not attend the उद्घाटन.^[169]

Olympic Cycle Program

In December 2024, the Olympic Cycle Program was launched to provide continuous funding for athletes and para-athletes in preparation for the 2028 Olympic Games. The program includes coverage for training, the hiring of coaches, and technical monitoring, in addition to funding athletes who obtained medals or diplomas at the Olympic Games of that year.^[170][171]

Dissolution of Proyecto Legado

In 2025, the government announced that it would dissolve the Proyecto Especial Legado, which was responsible for administering the sports venues built for the 2019 Pan American Games. The minister of education justified this decision on efficiency grounds and to avoid duplication.^[172][173] Carlos Neuhaus, who directed the project, warned that its elimination could seriously affect the development of sport in the country.^[174] Olympic medalist Stefano Peschiera criticized the measure because athletes would be affected in the development of their training.^[175] Neither the prime minister nor the Ministry of Education made statements about the decision before the Congress of the Republic.^[176] After Proyecto Especial Legado was dissolved, the infrastructure remained under the responsibility of the Peruvian Sport Institute (IPD), keeping it operational.^[177]

2025 Copa Libertadores final

In April 2025, Boluarte met with Alejandro Domínguez, president of the South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL), to guarantee the holding of the final of the 2025 Copa Libertadores, announcing in a ceremony at the Government Palace that the city of Lima would be the host of that sporting event.^{[178][179][180]}

Lima 2027 Program

In August 2024, Boluarte announced a program for athletes called the Lima 2027 - Los Angeles 2028 Program, referring to athlete Stefano Peschiera as its first member.^[181][182] In her 2025 message to the nation, Boluarte announced the launch of the Lima 2027 Program aimed at athletes who would participate in the 2027 Pan American and Parapan American Games.^[183] By September 2025, the Special Commission on the Lima 2027 Pan American and Parapan American Games of Congress met with Federico Tong, president of the IPD, so that he could explain the scope of the program.^[184] In that month, tennis player Ignacio Buse was reported as a member of the program.^[185]

Americas

Brazil

Main article: Brazil-Peru relations

Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva supported Dina Boluarte's government after her inauguration.^[219]

In August 2023, Boluarte made her first official trip abroad, attending the 4th Meeting of Presidents of the States Parties to the Amazon Cooperation Treaty (ACTO) in Brazil, where she met with the president.^[220]

Colombia

Main articles: Colombia-Peru relations and 2024-2025 Colombia-Peru territorial conflict

Colombian president Gustavo Petro refused to recognize Dina Boluarte as president of Peru after the third vacancy process against Pedro Castillo and the 2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt.^[225]

On December 12, 2022, Colombia published a joint statement with Argentina, Bolivia and Mexico, expressing concern about the situation in Peru, criticizing that Pedro Castillo was the "victim of anti-democratic harassment",^[211] calling for his human rights and urging "those who make up the institutions to refrain from reversing the popular will expressed through free suffrage".^[212]

Boluarte responded by declaring: "I very much regret that these presidents have to accompany in his defense a former president who carried out a coup d'état, which turns him into a dictator and, on top of that, under investigation for corruption-related issues".^[213]

Foreign Minister Gervasi criticized this, responding that it did not follow "the principles and values that govern democratic coexistence in the region".^[226] In September 2023, Boluarte stated in an interview that "we will keep moving forward with regard to Colombia, so nothing is lost".^[225]

In May 2025, Boluarte and Petro met during the ceremony of the second inauguration of Daniel Noboa. In that context, the president refused to greet her Colombian counterpart, which evidenced the persistent tension in diplomatic relations between the two countries.^[227]

In August, Petro accused Peru, via X, of "taking over" Santa Rosa Island (Chinería) and violating the Protocol of Rio de Janeiro by creating the district of Santa Rosa de Loreto. In Leticia, he reiterated that Colombia does not recognize Peruvian sovereignty over the island. The Peruvian government rejected these statements through an official pronouncement, recalling that the territory is under Peru's full jurisdiction according to the Salomón-Lozano Treaty and subsequent agreements.^[228] From Japan, President Boluarte reaffirmed that the island belongs to Peru and denied the existence of a territorial dispute.^[229]

Ecuador

Main article: Ecuador-Peru relations

Dina Boluarte received President Guillermo Lasso in Lima, awarding him the Order of the Sun of Peru in October 2023, and they decided to extend the validity of the Binational Development Plan for the Peru-Ecuador Border Region.^[231]

Boluarte congratulated President Daniel Noboa after his victory in the 2023 election.^[232] After the outbreak of the internal armed conflict in Ecuador, Boluarte's government declared that it "strongly condemns the acts of violence that occurred" and that "Peru expresses its solidarity with the victims".^[233]

At the beginning of July 2024, the 15th Peru-Ecuador Binational Cabinet was held in Lima, with President Noboa in attendance. During this meeting, the Presidential Declaration of Lima was signed.^[234]

In May 2025, the president visited Quito for Noboa's second presidential inauguration. During her stay, she held a meeting with her Ecuadorian counterpart, in which both presidents signed a roadmap for the protection of the Puyango-Tumbes basin.^[235]

United States

Main article: Peru-United States relations

After Castillo's failed self-coup attempt and after Boluarte assumed office, the United States recognized her as president of Peru.^[238] Subsequently, Secretary of State Antony Blinken reiterated the United States' support for Peru's "democratic institutional process".^[239] However, after the deaths during the social upheaval, then-ambassador Lisa Kenna stated that "it is urgent that measures be taken to stop this painful situation of violence and avoid the loss of more human lives".^[240] By July 2023, a group of 15 Democratic members of Congress sent a letter to Blinken expressing "serious concerns about threats to human rights, democracy and the rule of law".^[241] Subsequently, by April 2024, the State Department, led by Blinken, presented a report on human rights in 2023 in which it accused, based on "credible reports", Boluarte's government of extrajudicial executions, censorship and corruption.^[242][243]

In May 2023, as Castillo had done during his term,^[244] the Peruvian government authorized the entry of U.S. military personnel into Peru for training activities between American and Peruvian forces.^[245]

The Congress authorized President Dina Boluarte's trip to the United States in October 2023,^[246] where she participated in the first Summit of Leaders of the Americas Partnership for Economic Prosperity (APEP), after the announcement that she would have a meeting with U.S. president Joe Biden that had not actually been scheduled. After that meeting did not take place, a scandal ensued that ended with the resignation of Foreign Minister Ana Gervasi and the ambassador to the United States, Gustavo Meza-Cuadra.^[247] Subsequently, as part of the APEC 2024 summit, Biden and Boluarte would hold a meeting in which they discussed the fight against drug trafficking, the donation of Caltrain trains from California to the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima, cooperation with NASA on space issues, and the process of restoring democracy in Venezuela.^[248][249] Despite this, Peru's distancing from the United States was noted due to Biden's discreet reception compared with Xi Jinping's, as the American president was received by Prime Minister Gustavo Adrianzén without red carpet or protocol honors.^[189]

In 2025, Minister Elmer Schialer confirmed that the presidency of Donald Trump suspended financial aid to the country supplied through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) for 90 days, within the framework of changes made to that U.S. agency.^[250] Donald Trump also intended to apply tariffs to exported Peruvian products, which ADEX warned would affect eight out of every ten empty containers.^[251] Subsequently, on May 13, 2025, the United States officially called on Peru to limit its relationship with China, after a meeting at The Pentagon between Pete Hegseth, U.S. secretary of defense; Walter Astudillo, Peruvian defense minister; and Foreign Minister Schialer.^[252] On June 26 of the same year, The New York Times revealed that the U.S. government had repeatedly pressured Peru to receive foreign criminals in its prisons. Those proposals, despite Schialer mentioning on one occasion that the viability of that option could be considered, were rejected in their entirety by the Peruvian government.^[253] In September, at a meeting of the United Nations General Assembly in New York, Boluarte declared, with a mocking smile, that "I know that many, and especially President Trump, have not liked that we inaugurated the Port of Chancay", declaring that she had asked President Joe Biden during APEC 2023 to meet with Trump, but it did not happen, although she later said she wished to meet with Trump to discuss investment options and for the U.S. to have more presence in Latin America and Peru. Boluarte's comments were seen as an attempt to seek to strengthen relations with the U.S. as well as with other powers, although also as mischievous mockery.^{[254][255][256][257][258][259][260][261]} Subsequently, Gustavo Adrianzén, Peru's permanent representative to the United Nations, reported that, after her statements, Boluarte would have had a private meeting with Trump.^[262][263] For his part, Rafael López Aliaga, mayor of Lima, reported that the State Department would present a formal complaint to the Peruvian government for not putting into operation the donated Lima-Chosica commuter rail since they considered such action a "very serious insult" on the part of Boluarte's government.^{[264][265][266]}

Asia

Brunei

In November 2024, within the framework of APEC, the sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, paid a state visit to Peru, where he met with President Dina Boluarte. During the meeting, they addressed issues such as economic cooperation, collaboration in the energy sector and joint efforts to mitigate climate change. The president decorated the Asian monarch with the Order of the Sun.^[283]

Europe

Russian-Ukrainian conflict

On February 23, 2023, Peru co-sponsored and voted in favor of the "Principles of the Charter of the United Nations underlying a comprehensive, just and lasting peace in Ukraine".^[321] On February 24, 2024, through a statement, the Peruvian government called for "a cessation of hostilities to open the way to dialogues leading to a diplomatic, peaceful, negotiated and lasting solution".^[322] On June 16, 2024, Foreign Minister Gonzalez-Olaechea proposed the formation of a group of facilitating countries, accepted by both Russia and Ukraine, to identify areas of consensus and work for vulnerable populations in the conflict.^[323] On February 7, 2025, Foreign Minister Schialler held a meeting with Andrii Sybiha, Ukraine's foreign minister, where they discussed strengthening relations between the two countries.^[324] After the death of José Ávila, a Peruvian citizen enlisted in the Ukrainian army, the Peruvian Foreign Ministry contacted the Ukrainian embassy in Peru to begin procedures to facilitate the transfer of the deceased's body.^[325]

Israel-Gaza conflict

On May 8, 2024, through a statement, the Peruvian government expressed "its deep concern over the beginning of Israel's military operations in the city of Rafah, Gaza Strip" and reiterated its call for the release of Israeli hostages held by Hamas and for a ceasefire as well as calling to "ensure unrestricted access to humanitarian aid to Gaza". Peru reaffirmed its adherence to the two-state solution, Israel and Palestine "coexisting peacefully within recognized and secure borders, in accordance with international law and resolutions issued by the United Nations".^[326] On February 3, 2025, Walid Muaqqat, Palestine's ambassador to Peru, was decorated with the Order of the Sun.^[327] On February 6, Peru spoke in favor of "the search for lasting peace in the Middle East on the basis of the two-state solution, and therefore hopes that negotiations will resume to achieve a political and final solution between Israel and Palestine in accordance with international law and resolutions issued by the United Nations". It also opposed forced displacement of the Palestinian population by Israel in the Gaza Strip.^[328] On July 23, 2025, Peru spoke in favor of "a ceasefire [in Gaza], the urgent provision of humanitarian assistance [to Gaza] and the release of [Israeli] hostages", joining the calls of the Secretary of the United Nations; it also rejected the construction of new Israeli settlements in West Bank and its adherence to Pope Leo XIV's call for dialogue and reconciliation in the region.^[329] After the Israeli bombing of Nasser Hospital in the city of Khan Yunis, a statement was issued condemning the events and rejecting announcements of expanded Israeli settlements in the West Bank and the occupation of Gaza City.^[330][331]

Iran-Israel conflict

On June 13, 2025, through a statement, the Peruvian government condemned the Israeli attack on Iran and called for de-escalation of the conflict without mentioning accusations against Iran of possessing nuclear material.^[332] In addition, it urged Peruvian citizens to postpone travel to the Middle East.^[333][334] Subsequently, after the Iranian attack on Israel, the Peruvian government condemned that act and urgently called for a ceasefire.^[335][336]

2023

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Date	Country	Details	Image
7–9 August	Brazil	Protected by the law that authorizes her to govern remotely, Boluarte made her first international trip to the city of Belem do Para, Brazil, to participate in the Fourth Meeting of Presidents of the States Parties to the Amazon Cooperation Treaty.[337] During the course of the activities, Boluarte met with Lula da Silva, the Brazilian president, with whom she spoke about bilateral trade, climate change, indigenous communities, and environmental protection.[337][338] She later gave a speech at the Meeting and invited Da Silva to visit Peru;[339] met with Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber, president of the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 28) and minister of industry and advanced technology of the United Arab Emirates;[340] and Luhut Pandjaitan, coordinating minister for maritime affairs and investment of Indonesia, with whom she coordinated Zoom meetings between technical officials of that country and Peru to discuss promoting industrialization in Peru.[341] In addition, Boluarte participated in meetings to analyze the Belem Declaration,[340] which ended up being signed.[342]
17–21 September	United States	On 17 September, Boluarte arrived in New York to participate in the 78th UN General Assembly,[343] after her trip was approved by Congress.[344] During the activities, Boluarte participated in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Summit, assuring Peru's commitment in that regard;[345][346] met with Rodrigo Chaves, president of Costa Rica; participated in the dialogue of presidents to accelerate the implementation of the SDGs and in the United Nations plenary, where she gave a speech in which she called, among other things, for an international cooperation pact for immediate attention to meteorological phenomena.[347][348][349]
11–15 October	Germany, Italy and Vatican City	With authorization from Congress, Boluarte traveled to Germany, Italy and the Vatican.[350] In Germany, as a guest for "Latin America Day", she met with Frank Nopper, mayor of Stuttgart, with whom she discussed technological innovation, coordination of SMEs, transport, and the environment.[351] She then met with executives of Lateinamerika Verein and attended the meeting for that day organized by the business association for Latin America under the patronage of Winfried Kretschmann, minister-president of the federated state of Baden-Wurttemberg.[352][353] From Stuttgart, Boluarte traveled to Berlin, where she met with Frank-Walter Steinmeier, president of Germany, and German businesspeople interested in mining, transport, and environmental infrastructure projects, whom she invited to invest in Peru.[354][355][356][357] From Germany, Boluarte traveled to Italy and the Vatican. In the Vatican, Boluarte met with Pope Francis and Pietro Parolin, and they discussed relations between the Catholic Church and Peru, the sociopolitical situation in the region, migration, and climate change.[358] In Rome, Boluarte met with Qu Dongyu, director-general of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), whom Boluarte thanked for the technical assistance provided to her government and to farmers, and they discussed ways to improve farmers' productivity and incomes, with Dongyu mentioning the possibility of helping Peru through the FAO Hand-in-Hand Initiative.[359]
1–4 November	United States	With congressional approval, Boluarte was authorized to travel to Washington, D.C. and the state of Maryland to participate in the Inaugural Leaders' Summit of the Americas Partnership for Economic Prosperity (APEP).[360] During it, Boluarte participated in a forum together with Gabriel Boric, president of Chile, and Guillermo Lasso, president of Ecuador.[361] In addition, she met with Rodrigo Chaves, Luis Lacalle, president of Uruguay, and Ilan Goldfajn, president of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)[362][363] and held a dialogue with senators and representatives of the United States Congress.[364] Despite a bilateral meeting between Boluarte and Joe Biden, president of the United States, being announced, that meeting did not take place.[365] Because of this, the minister of foreign affairs, Ana Gervasi, resigned from office.[366][367]
14–18 November	United States	Boluarte traveled, with congressional approval, to San Francisco to participate in the 30th Economic Leaders' Meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum.[368] During the activities, Boluarte met with the executives of Google, Visa, and Global Infrastructure Partners;[369] participated in various APEC sessions;[370] met with Kristalina Georgieva, director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Bongbong Marcos, president of the Philippines, and Vo Van Thuong, president of Vietnam;[371][372] received the APEC pro tempore presidency from Joe Biden without having a bilateral meeting, although they spoke, at the time of the APEC transfer, about anti-narcotics efforts, the donation of Caltrain trains to the city of Lima, and cooperation with NASA;[373][374][375][376] and invited business leaders to participate in the APEC 2024, to be held in Peru.[377]

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2024

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Date	Country	Details
23–30 June	China	Invited by the president of China, Xi Jinping, Boluarte traveled to the Asian country where she held a bilateral meeting in Beijing with Xi and signed cooperation agreements (see: state visit of Dina Boluarte to the People's Republic of China)[378][379]

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2025

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Date	Country	Details	Image
20–24 January	Switzerland	After approval by Congress,[380] Boluarte traveled to Davos to participate in the World Economic Forum 2025, where she gave a speech.[381][382]
16–19 May	Vatican City	With approval from Congress,[383] Boluarte traveled to the Vatican to participate in the enthronement ceremony of Pope Leo XIV, who holds Peruvian nationality. During the activities, Boluarte participated in the Mass of honors in memory of Pope Francis and the enthronement Mass of Leo XIV[384]
24 May	Ecuador	Boluarte traveled to Quito for the inauguration ceremony of Daniel Noboa as president of that nation.[385]
7–11 June	France	Boluarte traveled to Nice to participate in the Third United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC3), with approval from Congress.[386] During those activities, Boluarte met with Mathias Cormann, secretary-general of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), with whom Boluarte reaffirmed Peru's commitment to work toward integrating into that organization;[387] met with Rodrigo Chaves and Pham Minh Chinh, prime minister of Vietnam, who officially invited Boluarte to visit the Asian country,[388][389] in addition to Emmanuel Macron, president of France,[390] Rebeca Grynspan, secretary-general of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)[391] and Inger Andersen, executive director of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).[392] In addition, the Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement), also known as the "High Seas Treaty", was signed.[393][394]
5–12 August	Japan and Indonesia	After authorization from Congress, Boluarte traveled to Indonesia and Japan.[395] In Japan, Boluarte met with more than 60 businesspeople, inaugurating the 16th Meeting of the Peru-Japanese Business Council (CEPEJA) and presenting various proposals to promote trade exchange and investment flows between both countries.[396][397] In addition, the Firefighters Association of Japan donated 10 fire trucks that were handed over to Boluarte.[398] While Boluarte was in Japan, the border conflict with Colombia took place, which gave rise to various criticisms.[399] After statements by Gustavo Petro, president of Colombia, denying Peru's sovereignty over Santa Rosa Island (part of Isla Chineria), Boluarte authorized Prime Minister Eduardo Arana to issue a statement rejecting Petro's declarations and reaffirming Peruvian sovereignty over the island.[400] She later gave a message to the nation from the eastern country, stating that "there is nothing pending with Colombia".[401] In Japan, Boluarte met with Emperor Naruhito, with both speaking in Spanish. Naruhito thanked her for the welcome Boluarte gave Princess Kako in Peru in 2023. In addition, Boluarte met with Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba, to whom she spoke about implementing a science and technology plan focused on robotics and artificial intelligence.[402][403] On 10 August, Boluarte arrived in Indonesia, where she was received by Budi Santoso, Indonesian minister of trade, and Andra Soni, governor of Banten.[404] In Indonesia, Boluarte met with Prabowo Subianto, president of the Asian country,[405] with Kao Kim Hourn, secretary-general of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (AESAN) and Puan Maharani, president of the People's Representative Council .[406] With Subianto, Boluarte signed the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) between Peru and Indonesia, through which tariffs were eliminated on 56% of Peruvian exports in various products, in addition to a memorandum of understanding being signed for cooperation in the fight against illicit drug trafficking. Previously, a phytosanitary protocol was signed for the export of Peruvian blueberries to Indonesia.[407][408][409][410]
21–25 September	United States	With authorization from Congress, Boluarte traveled to the United States to participate in the 80th session of the United Nations General Assembly.[411] At the assembly, Boluarte spoke of reforming the UN, organized crime, climate change, and peace, in addition to speaking in Quechua. However, her speech, which was not translated into other languages, was interrupted because she exceeded the time limit while the microphone was off. Despite this, Boluarte continued speaking while Annalena Baerbock, president of the General Assembly, tried to conclude her intervention. Journalists, in order to capture what Boluarte was saying, had to rely on ambient audio. Finally, after the speech ended, Baerbock gave the floor to the representative of Slovenia.[412][413] In addition, she met with the crown prince of Kuwait, Sabah Khaled Al-Hamad Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah;[414] Antonio Guterres, secretary-general of the United Nations, to whom she expressed her annoyance at the statements of Volker Türk, high commissioner of the United Nations for human rights, regarding the Amnesty Law;[415][416][417] Bart De Weber, prime minister of Belgium;[418] Lula da Silva;[419] and participated in a meeting with the America Society / Council of the Americas (AS/COA), the Adam Smith Center for Economic Freedom, and the Business Council Alliance for Ibero-America, whom she invited to invest in Peru.[420][421]

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Rejected trips

• On 17 September 2024, Congress rejected Boluarte's request to travel to the United States to participate in the High-level Week of the Seventy-ninth Session of the United Nations General Assembly.^[422][423]
• After the death of Pope Francis, Boluarte requested authorization from Congress to travel to the Pope's funeral rites, a request that was rejected on 24 April 2025.^[424][425]

Particular cases

The newspaper El Comercio, based on surveys obtained up to December 2023, indicated that Boluarte's first year had the lowest approval rating in the last 20 years.^[540]

In 2023, Ipsos conducted the XIX Survey of Chief Executive Officers, in which Boluarte received 71% approval from the leading representatives of the national business sector.^[541] In the Latinobarómetro of that year, she had an 83% disapproval rating, the second highest in Latin America.^[508]

In 2024, in the XX Survey of Chief Executive Officers, Boluarte lost support from the business sector, receiving 12%.^[542] Meanwhile, the consulting firm CID Gallup reported that the political figure had 6% approval, the lowest among 12 presidents in Latin America.^[543]

In 2025, unofficial information from an Ipsos survey was leaked in which Dina Boluarte's popularity had reached 0% compared with other presidential candidates who were not revealed at the request of electoral authorities.^[544]

According to surveys conducted at the end of 2025, Boluarte's removal from office was evaluated as the most positive event of that year by a majority of Peruvians. In the survey conducted by Datum for El Comercio, 29% of respondents considered the removal of Boluarte to be the most positive event of 2025;^[545][546] while, in the survey conducted by Ipsos Peru for Perú21, 47% of respondents considered it among the three most positive events of the year, obtaining the highest percentage among the events considered.^[547] In addition, in both surveys, Boluarte received the highest preferences as the most negative figure of 2025.^{[548][546][545][547]}