Wikiwand AI

List of countries by suicide rate

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The following are lists of countries by estimated suicide rates as published by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other sources.[note 1]

A map of global suicide rates, age-standardized per 100,000 population, 2021.

Please note that in some countries and territories, suicide rates appear high because they have populations of fewer than 100,000 people, which causes distortions in the rates.

  •   >30
  •   20–30
  •   15–20
  •   10–15
  •   5–10
  •   0–5
  •   Data unavailable

In many countries, suicide rates are underreported due to social stigma, cultural or legal concerns.[3] Thus, these figures may not reflect actual suicide rates, which are unknown in many countries.

The global total of suicide deaths decreased from an estimated 762,000 in 2000 to 717,000 in 2021, which is 9.1 deaths per 100,000 population.[4] In high-income countries, male and female rates of suicidal behaviors differ compared to the rest of the world: while women are reportedly more prone to suicidal thoughts, rates of suicide are higher among men, which has been described as a "silent epidemic".[5][6][7][8][9]

In 2021, the global rate of suicide deaths for men was 12.3 per 100,000, more than double the rate for women, which stood at 5.9 per 100,000 population. However, the sex disparity was uneven across regions, with a male-to-female ratio ranging from as low as 1.4 in the Southeast Asia Region to nearly 4.0 in the Region of the Americas.[10]

In much of the world, suicide is stigmatized and condemned for religious or cultural reasons. In some countries, suicidal behavior is a criminal offense punishable by law. Suicide is therefore often a secretive act surrounded by taboo, and may be unrecognized, misclassified, or deliberately hidden in official records of death.[5]

— World Health Organization (2002)

As such, suicide rates may be higher than measured, with men more at risk of dying by suicide than women across nearly all cultures and backgrounds.[11] Suicide prevention and intervention is an important topic for all peoples, according to the WHO.[12]

Countries and territories by suicide rate

Background

Suicide rates vary by country but occurs in all regions of the world. In a 2024 WHO report, 73% of reported suicides were in low and middle-income countries. Mental illness and suicide are linked, though many suicides are impulsive and occur due to crisis. Groups subject to discrimination, including refugees, indigenous populations, and LGBTQ people, experience high suicide rates. Societal and cultural taboos around the discussion of topics of suicide and lack of quality suicide data are impeding factors in suicide prevention. Suicide prevention includes such measures as restricting access to methods, responsible media reporting, and treatment and assessment of suicidal people.[13]

More information Country, Region ...
Estimated suicide mortality rates by gender and country, age-standardized, per 100K population, World Health Organization[14] Reflects most recent data, 2021
Country Region All Male Female Ratio

M/F

 World 9.2 12.4 5.9 2.1
 Lesotho Africa 28.7 41.4 16.6 2.5
 Eswatini Africa 27.2 45 10.1 4.5
 Guyana Americas 24.8 39.9 10.4 3.8
 Uruguay Americas 24.8 39.9 10.5 3.8
 Suriname Americas 22.3 30.5 14 2.2
 South Africa Africa 22.3 35.4 9.9 3.6
 Lithuania Europe 22.1 36.7 9.2 4.0
 Russia Europe 21.4 36.7 8.1 4.5
 Ukraine Europe 21.2 37.7 6.9 5.4
 South Korea Asia 20.6 28.2 13.6 2.3
 Federated States of Micronesia Oceania 19.8 31.1 8.6 3.6
 Solomon Islands Oceania 19.6 29.2 9.6 3.0
 Slovenia Europe 18.9 29.9 7.7 3.9
 Mongolia Asia 18.5 32.2 4.8 6.7
 Belgium Europe 18.4 26.2 10.7 2.4
 Kiribati Oceania 17.5 31 4.8 6.5
 Zimbabwe Africa 17.3 23.6 11.7 2.0
 France Europe 16.6 24.1 9.5 2.5
 Thailand Asia 16.6 28.2 5.5 5.1
 Hungary Europe 16.5 26.2 7.5 3.5
 Vanuatu Oceania 15.7 24.7 6.6 3.7
 Croatia Europe 15.7 25.1 6.9 3.6
 Belarus Europe 15.6 27.7 5.1 5.4
 United States Americas 15.6 24.7 6.5 3.8
 Latvia Europe 15.2 27.5 4.6 6.0
 Serbia Europe 15.1 23 8 2.9
 Cape Verde Africa 14.9 25.3 4.2 6.0
 Estonia Europe 14.9 25.1 5.8 4.3
 Sri Lanka Asia 14.7 24.2 5.9 4.1
 Japan Asia 14.7 19.6 9.8 2
 Kazakhstan Asia 14.6 24.4 5.3 4.6
 Finland Europe 14.6 20.5 8.8 2.3
 Austria Europe 14.5 23.6 5.7 4.1
 Moldova Europe 14.1 24.8 5 5.0
 Sweden Europe 13.8 18.9 8.7 2.2
 Cuba Americas 13.8 23.5 4.3 5.5
 Poland Europe 13.7 24.1 3.8 6.3
 Czech Republic Europe 13.3 21.2 5.7 3.7
 Trinidad and Tobago Americas 13.3 22.2 4.6 4.8
 Eritrea Africa 13.2 19.4 7.2 2.7
 Norway Europe 13.2 18.9 7.4 2.6
 Australia Oceania 13.1 19.5 6.7 2.9
 Germany Europe 12.9 18.4 7.6 2.4
 India Asia 12.6 13.8 11.2 1.2
 Samoa Oceania 12 17 7 2.4
 Iceland Europe 11.9 14.4 9.3 1.5
 New Zealand Oceania 11.9 17.9 6.1 2.9
 Netherlands Europe 11.5 15.4 7.6 2.0
 Portugal Europe 11.5 17.7 5.9 3.0
 Montenegro Europe 11.3 17.1 6 2.9
 Mozambique Africa 10.6 15.6 6 2.6
 Mauritius Africa 10.5 18 3 6.0
 Denmark Europe 10.5 14.7 6.3 2.3
 Nepal Asia 10.1 13.3 7.2 1.8
 Switzerland Europe 9.9 13.9 6.0 2.1
 Slovakia Europe 9.9 17.1 3 5.7
 Romania Europe 9.6 16.4 3.3 5.0
 United Kingdom Europe 9.5 14.7 4.6 3.2
 Bulgaria Europe 9.5 15.2 4.2 3.6
 Canada Americas 9.4 14.2 4.7 3.0
 Togo Africa 9.3 14.6 4 3.7
 North Korea Asia 9.3 10.5 8.1 1.3
 Central African Republic Africa 9.2 14.7 4 3.7
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 9 13.7 4.7 2.9
 China Asia 8.9 10.3 7.5 1.4
 DR Congo Africa 8.8 13.7 3.9 3.5
 Rwanda Africa 8.7 12.8 4.8 2.7
 Spain Europe 8.7 13.1 4.5 2.9
 Namibia Africa 8.6 13.9 3.6 3.9
 Venezuela Americas 8.6 15.4 2 7.7
 Cameroon Africa 8.5 13.5 3.5 3.9
 Burkina Faso Africa 8.5 13 4 3.3
 Ireland Europe 8.5 12.6 4.6 2.7
 Botswana Africa 8.4 11.2 5.5 2.0
 Fiji Oceania 8.3 11.2 5.3 2.1
 Uzbekistan Asia 8.3 10.6 6.1 1.7
 Luxembourg Europe 8.2 12.1 4.3 2.8
 Angola Africa 8.1 12.5 3.9 3.2
 Singapore Asia 8.1 11.1 4.9 2.3
 Costa Rica Americas 8.1 13.5 2.8 4.8
 Somalia Africa 8 9.8 6.1 1.6
 Djibouti Africa 8 9.6 6.4 1.5
 Argentina Americas 7.9 12.6 3.4 3.7
 South Sudan Africa 7.9 12.1 3.9 3.1
 Haiti Americas 7.8 10.6 5.1 2.1
 Guinea-Bissau Africa 7.7 11.6 3.9 3.0
 Burundi Africa 7.7 11.5 3.9 2.9
 Chile Americas 7.7 12.3 3.1 4.0
 Malawi Africa 7.6 12.5 2.9 4.3
 Brazil Americas 7.6 11.4 3.9 2.9
 Ecuador Americas 7.6 12.5 2.6 4.8
 El Salvador Americas 7.6 12.6 3.2 3.9
 Ivory Coast Africa 7.4 12 2.6 4.6
 Gabon Africa 7.3 12 2.4 5.0
 Vietnam Asia 7.3 10.4 4.3 2.4
 Zambia Africa 7.1 11.2 3.1 3.6
 Benin Africa 7.1 11.1 3.1 3.6
 Equatorial Guinea Africa 7 10.2 3.5 2.9
 Mexico Americas 7 11.6 2.6 4.5
 Italy Europe 7 10.5 3.6 2.9
 Senegal Africa 6.8 10.4 3 3.5
 Kyrgyzstan Asia 6.8 10.5 3.1 3.4
 Turkmenistan Asia 6.8 10.3 3.5 2.9
 Congo Africa 6.7 10.1 3.3 3.1
 Malta Europe 6.5 8.4 4.4 1.9
 Paraguay Americas 6.4 8 4.7 1.7
 Sierra Leone Africa 6.1 7.8 4.5 1.7
 Ethiopia Africa 6.1 9.1 3.1 2.9
 Madagascar Africa 6.1 8.7 3.5 2.5
 Comoros Africa 6 7.5 4.5 1.7
 Liberia Africa 6 8 3.9 2.1
 North Macedonia Europe 5.8 7.9 3.8 2.1
 Malaysia Asia 5.7 8.8 2.2 4.0
 Pakistan Asia 5.6 8 3.2 2.5
 Uganda Africa 5.5 8.8 2.3 3.8
 Chad Africa 5.3 7.4 3 2.5
 Ghana Africa 5.3 8.3 2.3 3.6
 Saint Lucia Americas 5.3 9.3 1.3 7.2
 Tanzania Africa 5.1 7.5 2.7 2.8
 Georgia Europe 5.1 9.5 1.3 7.3
 Nigeria Africa 5 8.4 1.5 5.6
 Libya Africa 5 7.2 2.7 2.7
 Colombia Americas 5 7.9 2.1 3.8
 Guatemala Americas 4.9 7.1 2.8 2.5
 Bhutan Asia 4.9 6.2 2.4 2.6
 Guinea Africa 4.8 18.9 3.5 5.4
 Gambia Africa 4.8 6.5 3.1 2.1
 Bahrain Asia 4.7 6.6 1.5 4.4
 Qatar Asia 4.7 6.2 0.8 7.8
 Tonga Oceania 4.7 6 3.5 1.7
 Greece Europe 4.7 7.9 1.6 4.9
 Kenya Africa 4.6 6.7 2.5 2.7
 Laos Asia 4.6 6.5 2.6 2.5
 Niger Africa 4.5 5.9 3 2.0
 Cambodia Asia 4.5 6.3 2.7 2.3
 Israel Asia 4.4 6.3 2.4 2.6
 Seychelles Africa 4.3 6.3 1.7 3.7
 Mali Africa 4.2 5.5 2.8 2.0
 Belize Americas 4.2 6.8 1.5 4.5
 Yemen Asia 4.2 5.6 2.8 2.0
 Bolivia Americas 4.2 6 2.4 2.5
 Dominican Republic Americas 4.2 6.9 1.5 4.6
 Nicaragua Americas 4.2 6.9 1.7 4.1
 Iran Asia 4.1 5.8 2.3 2.5
 Afghanistan Asia 3.6 4.8 2.4 2.0
 Timor-Leste Asia 3.6 4.8 2.3 2.1
 Philippines Asia 3.5 5.2 1.8 2.9
 Barbados Americas 3.5 6.3 1 6.3
 Bahamas Americas 3.3 5.9 0.8 7.4
 Panama Americas 3.3 5.6 1 5.6
 Sudan Africa 3.2 3.9 2.4 1.6
 Iraq Asia 3 4.4 1.5 2.9
 Cyprus Europe 3 3.8 2.2 1.7
 Honduras Americas 3 5 0.9 5.6
 Brunei Asia 3 5.2 0.6 8.7
 Morocco Africa 2.9 3.4 2.4 1.4
 Myanmar Asia 2.9 4.8 1 4.8
 Bangladesh Asia 2.8 3.6 2 1.8
 Albania Europe 2.8 3.2 2.3 1.4
 Mauritania Africa 2.7 3.7 1.7 2.2
 Turkey Europe 2.7 4.3 1.1 3.9
 Armenia Asia 2.5 4.2 1 4.2
 Tajikistan Asia 2.4 3.6 1.3 2.8
 Kuwait Asia 2.3 3.6 0.3 12.0
 Algeria Africa 2.2 3 1.3 2.3
 Papua New Guinea Oceania 1.8 2.2 1.4 1.6
 Tunisia Africa 1.8 2.5 1.2 2.1
 United Arab Emirates Asia 1.7 2.5 0.4 6.3
 Jamaica Americas 1.7 3 0.4 7.5
 Azerbaijan Asia 1.6 2.3 0.8 2.9
 Maldives Asia 1.5 2.2 0.3 7.3
 Peru Americas 1.5 2.3 0.8 2.9
 Antigua and Barbuda Americas 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.2
 Grenada Americas 1.3 1.9 0.7 2.7
 Indonesia Asia 1.2 1.5 0.9 1.7
 Saudi Arabia Asia 0.9 1.1 0.7 1.6
 Oman Asia 0.9 1.4 0.2 7.0
 São Tomé and Príncipe Africa 0.9 1.3 0.4 3.3
 Lebanon Asia 0.7 0.9 0.6 1.5
 Egypt Africa 0.6 0.9 0.3 3.0
 Syria Asia 0.6 0.9 0.3 3.3
 Jordan Asia 0.6 0.9 0.3 3.0
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Americas 0.4 0.8 0 -
Close

Analysis

Deaths per million persons from self-inflicted injuries in 2012. Countries by income group.
Age-standardized male (top) and female (bottom) suicide mortality rates per 100,000 (2015, WHO)
More information Income group (% of global pop), Suicides, 2012 (in thousands) ...
Suicide rates by income group in 2012 (per 100,000 people)[15]
Income group (% of global pop)Suicides, 2012
(in thousands)
Global %Rate
(2012)
Male:Female
(2012)
High-income countries (18.3%)19724.5%12.73.5 : 1
Upper-middle-income countries (34.3%)19223.8%7.51.3 : 1
Lower-middle-income countries (35.4%)33341.4%14.11.7 : 1
Low-income countries (12.0%)8210.2%13.41.7 : 1
Global (100.0%)804100.0%11.41.9 : 1
Close

Male and female suicide rates are out of the total male population and total female population, respectively, i.e. total number of male suicides divided by the total male population. Age-standardized rates account for the influence that different population age distributions might have on the analysis of crude death rates, statistically addressing the prevailing trends by age-groups and populations' structures, to enhance long term cross-national comparability.

Based on age-groups' deviation from standardized population structures, rates are rounded up or down (age-adjustment). Basically, the presence of younger individuals in any given age structure carries more weight. If the rate is rounded up, that means the median age is lower than average for that region or country, and vice versa when rounded down.

Most countries listed above report a higher male suicide rate. Worldwide, there are about 3 male suicides out of 4, or a factor of 3:1. For example, the ratio in the United States was 3.36 in 2015, and 3.53 in 2016.[16][a]

Though age-standardization is common statistical process to categorize mortality data for comparing purposes, this approach by WHO is based on estimates which take into account issues such as under-reporting, resulting in rates differing from the official national statistics prepared and endorsed by individual countries. Revisions are also performed periodically. Age-adjusted rates are mortality rates that would have existed if all populations under study had the same age distribution as a "standard" population. Plain, crude estimated rates are available at here and here. Countries with a population less than 100 000 are excluded.

Countries with large internal discrepancies are complicated to assess. Canada, a country with a comparatively low suicide rate overall at 10.3 incidents per 100,000 people in 2016, exhibits one such discrepancy. When comparing the suicide rate of Indigenous peoples in Canada, the rate of suicide increases to 24.3 incidents per 100,000 people in 2016,[18] a rate among the ten highest in the world. There are numerous differences in living standards and income that contribute to this phenomenon, classed as an epidemic in Canada.[19]

List by other sources and years (1985–2023)

Global suicide rates per 100,000 people, 1978–2009.[20]

In the list below various sources from various years are included, mixing plain crude rates with age-adjusted rates and estimated rates, so cross-national comparability is somewhat skewed.

* indicates "Suicide in COUNTRY or TERRITORY" or "Mental Health in COUNTRY or TERRITORY" links.

More information Country or Territory, Male ...
Close
  1. The male-female ratio shown below is based on the age-standardized rates: as compared to WHO world standard population, women's median age and life expectancy might be greater than that of men's for that country when rounded up, and vice versa when rounded down.[17]
  2. Nevertheless, jumping from a high building as well as drowning were common methods of suicide in Taiwan,[note 2][31][32] indicating the potential risks of type I and type II errors and misuse of statistics within the government's report. Hence, if halves of the death rates of the drowning and fall that were shown in government's report were extracted and added into the self-inflicted deaths (intentional injury death of self), it yields 0.0201% which is thought better reflecting the real case.
  3. Furthermore, jumping from a high building as well as drowning were common methods of suicide in Taiwan.[note 5][31][32]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. The first global estimates on suicide mortality began in the early 1980s, as a single World Bank-commissioned study on general mortality data compiled by the WHO as the first work of its kind on the global burden of disease (GBD).[1] In the following years, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation acted as the coordinating center for the study then resulted in the collaboration between several researchers and institutions from many countries.[2]
  2. In government's annual release, there were 3637 people per one hundred thousands of people in 2018 died of contacting poison, accidental fall, exposure to fire or smoke, accidental drowning including sinking beneath water to death in addition to the suicidal death that was equal to 3865 people per 100,000 people.
  3. Recently released figures by official Belgian authorities suggest a considerably higher rate of 17.0 persons (total) per 100,000 people per annum in 2009 (5,712 cases in a population of 10,749,000 (=10,666,866 as of 1 January 2008 increasing by 0,77% per annum.) as of 1 January 2009)."Toenemend aantal zelfdodingen in Belgie" (in Dutch). 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  4. The number of death in Belgium in 2008 due to suicide "zichzelf schade toebrengen" was reported at 2000 out of a total of 103.760 death. These death comprise 1453 men and 547 women. This puts the suicide rate at about 19 per 100.000. See statbel: http://statbel.fgov.be/nl/binaries/NL%20-%20Tableau%201%2E3_T_2008_tcm325-168456.pdf Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  5. In government's annual release, there were 3637 people per one hundred thousands people in 2018 died of contacting poison, accidental fall, exposure to fire or smoke, accidental drowning, or sinking beneath water that were excluded from the statistical suicidal death figure equal to 3865 people per 100,000 people.
  • The updated figure of suicide rates in Belgium for 2011 is 2,084 with a total population of 10,933,607, equivalent to 18.96 per 100,000 inhabitants (source: Het Nieuwsblad, 10 April 2014).
  • Taiwan is not a member of the WHO. The Taiwanese government adopted the WHO standard in 2007. According to the Taiwanese government's self-released data, the figure is standardized based upon the population within Taiwan.[84][85]

References

Related Articles

Timelines

Top Qs

Fact Checks