Suicide in South Africa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Suicide in South Africa is a public health and social problem that contributes to premature mortality and disability, particularly among young people and men.[1][2] National estimates and international modelling indicate that South Africa experiences approximately 14,000 deaths from intentional self-harm each year,[3][4] though official recorded figures are often lower due to under-reporting.[2] As reported in 2024, the country's estimated suicide rate is 23.5 per 100,000,[1] while the WHO's most recent age standardized rate for 2021 is 22.3 per 100,000.[5][6]
Suicide is among the leading causes of death for adolescents and young adults in South Africa, and has been highlighted in multiple national and regional reports as a priority for mental health policy and prevention efforts. National registration data are used by Statistics South Africa to report deaths due to intentional self-harm (suicide) and related external causes.[7][8]
Helplines
- Lifeline South Africa[9]
- South African Depression and Anxiety Group (SADAG)[10][11]
- Netcare Akeso Crisis Line[12]
- Childline South Africa – established for children and minors, but its counselling services are available to people of all ages.[13]
Statistics
- In 2019, South Africa recorded an estimated 13,774 suicide deaths (10,861 males and 2,913 females).[14][15]
- WHO reported South Africa's 2019 age standardised suicide rate at about 11 per 100,000.[6][7]
- National data from Statistics South Africa show that suicide has consistently been among the top 20 causes of non-natural deaths in the country.[8][16]
Risk factors
Gender
Men in South Africa die by suicide at a rate of 75% higher than women. Women, however, are more likely to attempt suicide or present with non-fatal self-harm.[14][15][8]
Urban–rural differences
Rural areas often report higher suicide rates than urban centres, partly linked to social isolation, firearm access, and lower availability of mental health services.[8][17]
Alcohol and substance use
Post-mortem and epidemiological studies show a strong correlation between alcohol consumption and suicide in South Africa, particularly among young adults.[17][18]
Age
Adolescents and young adults (15–29) are at higher risk, but suicide also affects middle-aged and older men disproportionately.[19]
Unemployment
Periods of high unemployment and poverty have been linked with elevated suicide rates, especially among working-age men.[8][17]
