List of large Holocene volcanic eruptions

List of volcanic eruptions that might have been recorded during the Holocene From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of volcanoes that have had large explosive eruptions during the Holocene (since about 11,650 years Before Present), with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 5 or higher, or a plume height of at least 30 km. To date, there have been no eruptions with a confirmed VEI of 8 in the Holocene; and only a few VEI-7 eruptions are thought to have occurred during this time: the most recent was the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora.

Satellite images of the 15 January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai

Common Era (CE)

More information VEI, Volcano/complex ...
VEI Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot		 Material volume (km3) Date Tephra or eruption name
Bulk DRE
6 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai Tonga-Kermadec Islands volcanic arc 1014[1] 7.1 7.1[2] January 15, 2022 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami
5 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Andean Volcanic Belt 0.76 0.76–1.26[3] Unknown June 4, 2011 2011–2012 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption
5 Mount Hudson Andean Volcanic Belt 4.3 4.3–7.6[4] 1.6 1.6–2.7[5] August 8, 1991
6 Mount Pinatubo[6] Luzon Volcanic Arc 10.4-11.0 5.3 June 15, 1991 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
5 El Chichón[6] Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc 2.2 2.2 1.1 1.1[7] April 4, 1982 Tephra unit A
5 Mount St. Helens[6] Cascade Volcanic Arc 1.1 1.1[8] 0.5 0.5[9] May 18, 1980 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
5 Mount Agung Sunda Arc, Bali 1.0 1 Unknown March 17, 1963
5 Bezymianny[a] Kamchatka 1.9 1.9 Unknown March 30, 1956
5 Kharimkotan Kuril Islands 1 1 Unknown 1933
5 Quizapú Andean Volcanic Belt 9.5 9.5 7 7–10[12] 1932 April 10–21, 1932
5 Submarine volcano NNE of Iriomote Island Japan 1 1 Unknown 1924-10-31
6 Novarupta[6] SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 26 28–30 13 13–15 June 6, 1912
5 Ksudach Kamchatka 1.75 Unknown 1907-03-28
6 Santa María[6] Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala 10.7 10.7–11.4 6.4 6.4[13] October 24, 1902 1902 eruption of Santa María
5 Mount Tarawera Taupō Volcanic Zone 2.0 2 Unknown 1886 June 10–15, 1886 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera
6 Krakatoa[6] Sunda Arc 18 18–25 9.0 10-12.5 August 26, 1883 1883 eruption of Krakatoa
5 Askja Iceland 1.8 1.83 Unknown March 28, 1875
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka 2.0 2 Unknown February 18, 1854
5 Mount Agung Sunda Arc, Bali 1 Unknown 1843
5 Cosigüina Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 4.3 4.25 Unknown January 20, 1835
5-6 Zavaritski Caldera[14] Kuril Islands Unknown Unknown 1831
5 Mount Galunggung Sunda Arc, Java 2.0 2 Unknown October 8, 1822
7 Mount Tambora[6] Sunda Arc, Sumbawa 150 - 175 37 37–50[15] April 10, 1815 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
6? Between Indonesia and Tonga[b] Unknown Unknown Unknown 1808 c.1808 Undocumented 1808 eruption[17]
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 1.5 1.5 Unknown 1800 c.1800 T (Goat Rocks)
5 Katla Iceland 1 Unknown 1755-10-17
5 Taal volcano Philippines >1 [18] Unknown 1754 1754 eruption of Taal Volcano
5 Mount Tarumae Hokkaidō 4 Unknown 1739-08-18 Ta-a
5 Katla Iceland 1 Unknown 1721-05-11
5 Mount Fuji Honshū 1.7 1.7 Unknown 1707 December 16, 1707 Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji
5 Tangkoko Sangihe Volcanic Arc 1 Unknown 1680
5 Mount Gamkonora Halmahera Volcanic Arc 1 Unknown 1673-05-20
5 Mount Tarumae Hokkaidō 2.8 Unknown 1667-09-24 Ta-b
5 Mount Usu Hokkaidō 2.78 Unknown 1663-08-16
6 Long Island, PNG Bismarck Volcanic Arc 21 21 12 12[19] 1660 c.1660 Tibito tephra
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 Unknown 1652 CE ±11 SH1
5 Mount Melibengoy[20] Mindanao, Philippines 1.0 1 Unknown 1640 December 26, 1640
5 Komagatake Hokkaidō 2.9 Unknown 1640-07-31 Ko-d
5 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 1.1 Unknown 1631-12-16
5 Furnas São Miguel Island, Azores 2.1 Unknown 1630-09-03
5 Katla Iceland 1 Unknown 1625-09-02
6 Huaynaputina Andes, Central Volcanic Zone 34 11-14 12 4.6-4.95 1600 February 19, 1600
5 Raung Sunda Arc, Java 1 Unknown 1593 CE
5 KeludSunda Arc, Java 1.0 1 Unknown 1586 c.1586
6 Billy Mitchell Bougainville & Solomon Is. 13.5 13.5 Unknown 1580 c.1580 BM2
5 Água de Pau São Miguel Island, Azores 1.3 Unknown 1563-06-28 / 1563-07-26
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 1.5 1.5 Unknown 1482 c.1482 We (Kalama)
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 7.7 7.7 Unknown 1480 c.1480 Wn (Kalama)
6 Bárðarbunga Iceland 10 10 Unknown 1477 c.1477 Veidivatnahraun
7? Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 1458 c.1458 Undocumented 1458 eruption[21][22][23]
7? Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 1452/1453 Undocumented 1452/1453 eruption[21][22]
6 Öræfajökull Iceland 10 10 Unknown 1362 June 5, 1362
6 Quilotoa Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone 21 21 Unknown 1280 c.1280
5 Katla Iceland 1 1262 CE
7 Mount Samalas Lombok Island 81 81–92 33 33–40[24] 1257 c.1257 1257 Samalas eruption[c]
5 Mount Asama Honshū 1.3 1.3 Unknown 1108 August 29, 1108 Tennin eruption (1108)
5 Hekla Iceland 1.2 1.2 Unknown 1104 c.1104 H1 tephra
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 1034 CE ±11 SH2
5 Billy Mitchell Bougainville & Solomon Is. 7 1030 CE BM1
6 Baekdu Mountain[6] Balhae (China – North Korea border) 40 40–98 10 10–64[26] 0946 c.946 Millennium eruption
Baegdusan-Tomakomai Tephra
5 Towada[27] Honshū 6.5 6.54 Unknown 0915 c.915 Eruption episode A
6 Mount Churchill eastern Alaska 50 847 CE ±1 WRAe
6 Rabaul Bismarck Volcanic Arc 24 24 Unknown 0683 c.683 Rabaul Pyroclastics
6 Dakataua Bismarck Volcanic Arc 10 653 CE ±18 Dk
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 650 CE ±40 SH3
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 600 CE
5 Mount Haruna Honshū 1.6 550 CE ±10 Futatsudake-Ikaho eruption
6-7 Unknown source Unknown[d] Unknown Unknown 0536 c.536 Volcanic winter of 536
5 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 1.2 1.2 Unknown 0472 c.472 Pollena
6 Lake Ilopango Central America Volcanic Arc, El Salvador 37 37–82 44 44–95[28][29] 0430 c.430 Tierra Blanca Joven eruption
5 Akutan Aleutian Arc 1 340 Akutan tephra
7 Taupō Volcano[6] Taupō Volcanic Zone 110 110 Unknown 0232 c.232[e] Hatepe eruption
5 Masaya[6] Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 6.6 150 Masaya Tuff
5 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 3.2 3.25 Unknown 0079 c.79[f] Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79
6 Ambrym Vanuatu 70 70 Unknown 0050 c.50 Ambrym Pyroclastic Series
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Before Common Era (BCE)

More information VEI, Volcano/complex ...
VEI Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot		 Material volume (km3) Date Age
(ka)[30]		 Tephra or eruption name
Bulk DRE
6 Okmok Caldera Umnak, Aleutian Arc 25 25+[31] 15 15+[32] -0043 43 BCE 2 Okmok II
5 Etna Campanian volcanic arc 1.0 1 Unknown -0122 122 BCE 2.1 S flank, summit (Cratere del Piano caldera)
6 Raoul Island Kermadec Islands 28.8 28.8 Unknown -0250 250 BCE 2.2 Fleetwood
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 1.2 1.2 Unknown -0530 530 BCE 2.5 Ps/Pu (Pine Creek)
5 Mount Tarumae Hokkaidō 3.3 550 BCE Ta-c
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka 1 780 BCE SH5
5 Mount Fuji Honshū 1 930 BCE Upper SE flank, Tephra layer Zu
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka > 1 950 BCE
6 Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 12.5 12.5 Unknown -1050 1050 BCE 3 Maraunot eruptive period
5 Cuicocha[33] Andean Volcanic Belt ~ 5 ~1100 BCE
5 Hekla Iceland 7.5 1100 BCE ±50 H3 tephra
5 Mount Tarawera Taupō Volcanic Zone 8 1310 BCE ±12 Kaharoa eruption
5 Mount Fuji Honshū 1 1350 BCE Tephra layer Os
5 Avachinsky Kamchatka 1.75 1.75 Unknown -1350 1350 BCE 3.3 Tephra layer IIAV3
6 Taupō Volcano Taupō Volcanic Zone 17 17 Unknown -1460 1460 BCE 3.4 Waimihia eruption
5 Avachinsky Kamchatka 3.6 ≥ 3.6 Unknown -1500 1500 BCE 3.5 Tephra layer AV1
5 Hayes Volcano SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 8.1 1550 BCE Hayes Tephra set H
7 Youngest Caldera, Santorini South Aegean Volcanic Arc 34.5 34.5[34] -1610 1610 BCE 3.6 Minoan eruption
6 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 15.3 15.3 Unknown -1860 1860 BCE 3.8 Yn (Smith Creek)
6 Mount Hudson Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone 12 12 Unknown -1890 1890 BCE 3.8
5 Mount Dana SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 1 1890 BCE 1890 BCE eruption
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka > 1 2000 BCE SHsp
6-7 Deception Island[35] South Shetland Islands Unknown 30 30-60 -1960 1960 BCE 4 Outer Coast Tuff
6 Long Island, PNG Bismarck Volcanic Arc 10 > 10 Unknown -2040 2040 BCE 4 biliau beds
5 Rungwe Great Rift Valley, Tanzania 2.2 2050 BCE Rungwe pumice
5 Nishiyama, Hachijō-jima Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc 1.2 2050 BCE Mitsune-7 scoria
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka > 1 2100 BCE SHsp
7 Paektu Mountain Balhae (China – North Korea border) Unknown Unknown -2264 2264 BCE? 4.2–5.1[36] Tianwenfeng eruption
7 Cerro Blanco (Argentina) Andes, Central Volcanic Zone 172 172 8 8–83[37] -2300 2300 BCE 4.3
5 Hekla Iceland 5.6 2310 BCE ±20 H4 tephra
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 1.2 1.2 Unknown -2340 2340 BCE 4.3 Yb (Smith Creek)
5 Piton de la Fournaise Réunion 1.8 2700 BCE Bellecombe Ash Member
5 Ilyinsky Kamchatka 1.3 2850 BCE ZLT-tephra; IL-tephra
5 Água de Pau São Miguel Island, Azores 5.4 2990 BCE Fogo A
5 Lake Numazawa[27] Honshū 4.71 3400 BCE
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 3500 BCE
6 Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 12 12? Unknown -3550 3550 BCE 5.5 Crow Valley eruptive period
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 3650 BCE
5 Kaguyak SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 3.9 3850 BCE Caldera formation
6 Masaya Volcano Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 14.8 14.8 Unknown -4050 4050 BCE 6
5 Towada Honshū 9.18 4150 BCE eruption episode C
5 Apoyeque Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 1.9 4160 BCE ±30 Laguna Xiloá
5 Avachinsky Kamchatka 4.0 ≥ 4 Unknown -4340 4340 BCE 6.3 Tephra layer IAv12; AV4
6-7 Macauley Island Kermadec Islands 100 ⩽ 100 Unknown -4360 4360 BCE 6.3
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 4400 BCE
5 Komagatake Hokkaidō 3 4600 BCE ±50 Ko-g
5 Nishiyama, Hachijō-jima Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc 1.2 4650 BCE Mitsune-5 scoria
6 Mount Hudson Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone 18 18 Unknown -4750 4750 BCE 6.7
5 Ksudach Kamchatka 7.5 4900 BCE KS2
5 Tavui Bismarck Volcanic Arc 5.75 4946 BCE ±40 Raluan Pyroclastics
5 Hekla Iceland 1.7 5150 BCE H5 tephra
5 Ksudach Kamchatka 3 5200 BCE KS3
7 Taal Volcano Luzon Volcanic Arc 144[38] 90 90[38] -5380 ± 70 yr BCE 5380 ± 70 yr BCE 5.5 Pasong Fluidal Juvenile Bomb-Rich Ignimbrite Formation
5 Ichinsky Kamchatka 2.5 5400 BCE
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka 1.2 5500 BCE
6 Lake Mashū Hokkaidō 18.6 18.6 Unknown -5550 5550 BCE 7.5 Ma-f/g/h/i/j
6 Khangar Kamchatka 15 15 Unknown -5700 5700 BCE 7.7 KHG tephra
5 Avachinsky Kamchatka 9 9 Unknown -5980 5980 BCE 7.9 Tephra layer IAv2
6 Menengai East African Rift 70 70 Unknown -6050 6050 BCE 8
5 Mount Tarawera Taupō Volcanic Zone 1.2 6060 BCE ±50 Haroharo (Te Horoa & other domes)
5 Makushin Volcano Unalaska, Aleutian Arc 7.5 6100 BCE ±50
6 Karkar Island Bismarck Volcanic Arc 20 20 Unknown -6318 6318 BCE 8.3 Wadau deposit
5 Kizimen Kamchatka 4.9 6400 BCE ±50 KZII
6 Karymsky Kamchatka 14.5 14.5 Unknown -6600 6600 BCE 8.6 Tephra layer KRM
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka 1 6800 BCE
5 Mount Tarumae Hokkaidō 1.9 6950 BCE Ta-d
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 7150 BCE
5 Towada Honshū 2.5 7250 BCE eruption episode E
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 1 7300 BCE
6 Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 10 ⩾10 Unknown -7460 7460 BCE 9.4 Tayawan caldera, Pasbul eruptive period
5 Mount Tarawera Taupō Volcanic Zone 7560 BCE ±18 Lake Rotoma
6 Água de Pau São Miguel Island, Azores 11.5 11.5 Unknown -8000 8000 BCE 10 Inner Caldera Formation
7 Semisopochnoi Island Aleutian Arc 120 120 Unknown -8000 8000 BCE 10
5 Kizimen Kamchatka 4 8050 BCE KZI
6 Grímsvötn Iceland 15 15 Unknown -8230 8230 BCE 10.2 Saksunarvatn tephra
5 Lake Ngozi Great Rift Valley, Tanzania 7 8250 BCE Kitulo pumice
5 Towada Honshū 1.3 8250 BCE eruption episode F
6 Longonot Great Rift Valley, Kenya 50 50 Unknown -8910 8910 BCE 10.9
5 Mount Tongariro Taupō Volcanic Zone 1 9350 BCE
5 Mount Tongariro Taupō Volcanic Zone 1 9450 BCE Poutu Lapilli (Mangamate)
5 Mount Tongariro Taupō Volcanic Zone 1 9650 BCE
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Exact year unknown

More information VEI, Volcano/complex ...
VEI Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot		 Material volume bulk
(km3)		 Date
(earliest est.)		 Date
(latest est.)		 Tephra or eruption name
5 Sakurajima Kyūshū 1 1471 c.1471 1476 c.1476
5 Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 1 1400 c.1400 1500 c.1500 Buag eruptive period
5 El Chichón Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc 2.8 1260 c.1260 1460 c.1460
5 Ubinas Andes, Central Volcanic Zone 2.8 1000 c.1000 1164 c.1164
5 Lake Mashū Hokkaidō 4.6 980 c.980 1180 c.1180 Ma-b
5 Puyehue Andean Volcanic Belt 4.32 0785 c.785 0935 c.935 MH tephra
6 Ceboruco Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 10.9 10.95 0730 c.730 1130 c.1130 Jala Pumice
6 Taal Volcano Luzon Volcanic Arc, Philippines 46 46[38] -0150 3000 BCE 0150 c. 1000 Buco Ignimbrite and Tuff Formation
5 El Chichón Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc > 1 0680 c.680 0880 c.880 tephra unit D
6 Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 20.0 20 0635 c.635 0785 c.785 Witori-Galilo tephra
5 Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 6 0600 c.600 0780 c.780 Witori-Kimbe 4 tephra
5 Opala Kamchatka 3.7 0560 c.560 0660 c.660 Baranii Amphitheatre crater
5 Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 6 0210 c.210 0410 c.410 Witori-Kimbe 3 tephra
6 Mount Churchill eastern Alaska 10.0 10 0145 c.145 0345 c.345 WRAn
6 Ksudach Kamchatka 18.5 18.5 0140 c.140 0340 c.340 KS1
5 Furnas São Miguel Island, Azores 1.54 -0020 c. 20 BCE 0180 c.180 Tephra layer C
6 Apoyeque Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 18.0 18 -0150 c. 150 BCE 0150 c. 50
5 Masaya[6] Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 3.4 -0270 270 BCE -0070 70 BCE Masaya Tuff
5 Popocatépetl Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 3.2 -0500 500 BCE 0150 c.100 I.A1 Yellow Pumice
5 Mount Meager massif Garibaldi Volcanic Belt 0.1 ⩾ 1 -0610 610 BCE -0210 210 BCE Bridge River eruption
5 Mount Tongariro Taupō Volcanic Zone 1.2 -0750 750 BCE -0350 350 BCE
5 Khodutka Kamchatka 1.25 -1030 1030 BCE -830 830 BCE KHD tephra
5 Yantarni Volcano SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 1 -1300 1300 BCE -300 300 BCE
6 Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 30.0 30 -1530 1530 BCE -1210 1210 BCE Witori-Kimbe 2 tephra
5 Etna Campanian volcanic arc 0.2 1 -1550 1550 BCE -1450 1450 BCE
6 Mount Aniakchak SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 50.0 50 -1636 1636 BCE -1446 1446 BCE Aniakch
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 3.5 3.5 -1870 1870 BCE -1670 1670 BCE Ye (Smith Creek) ak II
6 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 2.0 2.0 -2460 2000 BCE -2380 1500 BCE Avellino eruption
5 Villarrica Andean Volcanic Belt 3.3 -2010 2010 BCE -1610 1610 BCE Pucón Ignimbrite
6 Black Peak SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 30.0 30 -2050 2050 BCE -1750 1750 BCE
5 El Chichón Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc 2 -2130 2130 BCE -1930 1930 BCE Unit K (SI; Espindola 2000) Unit E (Macias 1997)
5 Mount Galunggung Sunda Arc, Java 1 -2400 2400 BCE -2100 2100 BCE
6 Mount Veniaminof SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 50.1 > 50 -2455 2455 BCE -2153 2153 BCE V2
5 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc 1.8 -2650 2650 BCE -1650 1650 BCE Agnano Monte Spina
5 Lake Ikeda Kyūshū 2.3 -2765 2765 BCE -2615 2615 BCE Ikeda-ko caldera, Tephra layer Ikp
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka > 1 -2920 2920 BCE -2320 2320 BCE SHdv
6 Taal Volcano Luzon Volcanic Arc, Philippines 46 46[38] -0150 unknown 0150 ≤ 3000 BCE Balagbag Ignimbrite Formation
5-6 Fisher Caldera Unimak, Aleutian Arc 5.5 (DRE) -3245 3245 BCE -3095 3095 BCE Turquoise Cone
5 Chaitén Andean Volcanic Belt 4.7 -3320 3320 BCE -2880 2880 BCE Cha2/Mic2 tephra
5 Avachinsky Kamchatka 1.5 1.5 -3350 3350 BCE -3050 3050 BCE Tephra layer IAv20; AV3
5 Mount Tarawera Taupō Volcanic Zone 6 -3621 3621 BCE -3431 3431 BCE Whakatane tephra
5 Popocatépetl Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt ⩾ 5 -4000 4000 BCE -3400 3400 BCE I.A1 Yellow Pumice
5 Apoyeque Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 1 -4050 4050 BCE -1050 1050 BCE W Chiltepe Peninsula, Mateare Tephra
6 Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 10.0 10 -4210 4210 BCE -3790 3790 BCE Witori-Kimbe 1 tephra
5 Hekla Iceland 1 -4210 4210 BCE -4010 4010 BCE Hekla Ö tephra
5 Mayor Island / Tūhua Taupō Volcanic Zone 1.6 -5260 5260 BCE -4860 4860 BCE Taratimi Bay
5 Puyehue Andean Volcanic Belt 1.66 -5230 5230 BCE -4930 4930 BCE PU-2 tephra
7 Kikai Caldera Ryukyu Islands 170 332–457[g] -5353 5353 BCE -5215 5215 BCE Akahoya eruption
7 Crater Lake
(as Mount Mazama)		 Cascade Volcanic Arc 120 120[h] -5832 5832 BCE -5734 5734 BCE Mazama Tephra
5-6 Crater Lake Cascade Volcanic Arc 8.9 > 9 -5950 5950 BCE -5850 5850 BCE Lower Pumice, Llao Rock
6 Mount Aniakchak Aleutian Arc 30.0 30 -7550 7550 BCE -5050 5050 BCE Aniakchak I
6 Tao-Rusyr Caldera Onekotan, Kuril Islands 55.0 55 -6438 6438 BCE -6258 6258 BCE
7 Kurile Lake Kamchatka 155 155 -6462 6462 BCE -6416 6416 BCE Ilinsky eruption
6 Taal Volcano Luzon Volcanic Arc, Philippines 72 72[38] -0150 unknown 0150 Before 6680 ± 310 BCE[38] Indang Banded Fluidal Juvenile Bomb Ignimbrite Formation
5 Pico de Orizaba Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 1 -6860 6860 BCE -6560 6560 BCE Upper Citlaltépetl ignimbrite
5-6 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 5.1 5.1 -7040 7040 BCE -6840 6840 BCE Mercato eruption
6 Okmok Caldera Umnak, Aleutian Arc 75 75 -8456 8456 BCE -6096 6096 BCE Okmok I
6 Morne Trois Pitons Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc 58 58 -7535 7535 BCE -7347 7347 BCE PPR3 - Link fall
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 -7550 7550 BCE -7250 7250 BCE
5 Calbuco Southern Chile & Argentina 1 -7585 7585 BCE -5935 5935 BCE Ca8 tephra layer
5 Chaitén Andean Volcanic Belt 3.54 -7950 7950 BCE -7550 7550 BCE Cha1 tephra
5 Roundtop Volcano Unimak, Aleutian Arc 7 -8100 8100 BCE -7100 7100 BCE
6 Ulleung South Korea 28.5 28.5 -8305 8305 BCE[41] -8227 8227 BCE[41] Ulleungdo-Oki tephra
5 Taupō Volcano Taupō Volcanic Zone 4.8 -8330 8330 BCE -7930 7930 BCE Unit E (Opepe Tephra)
5 Calbuco Southern Chile & Argentina 1 -8615 8615 BCE -8305 8305 BCE Ca1 tephra layer
6 Lvinaya Past Kuril Islands 75 75 -8756 8756 BCE -8614 8614 BCE
6 Aira Kyūshū 12 -9050 9050 BCE -7050 7050 BCE Wakamiko Caldera
5 Askja Iceland 3.45 -9110 9110 BCE -8710 8710 BCE Dyngjufjöll Tephra
7 Fisher Caldera Unimak, Aleutian Arc 142 142[i] -9114 9114 BCE -8330 8330 BCE Fisher Tuff
5 Taupō Volcano Taupō Volcanic Zone 1 -9315 9315 BCE -9165 9165 BCE 4 km W of Te Kohaiakahu Point, Unit C (Poronui)
5 Taupō Volcano Taupō Volcanic Zone 1.4 -9660 9660 BCE -9260 9260 BCE
5 Hijiori Honshū 2.3 -10050 10050 BCE -9050 9050 BCE Obanazawa Pumice
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See also

Notes

  1. [a]
    Similar in scale to Mount St. Helens in 1980.[10][11]
  2. [b]
    At least three different volcanic eruptions contributed to the sulfate spike[16]
  3. [c]
    May have triggered the Little Ice Age[25]
  4. [d]
    Radical and far-ranging global effects. At least three separate eruptions contributed to the sulfate spike and climatic impact.
  5. [e]
    Sources give either ±5 or ±10
  6. [f]
    First definite record of a volcanic eruption written by Pliny the Younger in 79 AD.
  7. [g]
    70–80 DRE[39]
  8. [h]
    61 DRE[40]
  9. [i]
    10–100 DRE[42]

References

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