List of wars involving the Seljuk States

• Fierce battles take place between Kutalmışoğul Emir Mansur and Emir Porsuk.
• Death of Emir Mansur.
• Suppression of his independence activities.
• Rise and conquests of Suleiman ibn Qutalmish.
• Historians suggest that the campaign was to eliminate both the sons of Kutalmış, but only the fate of Emir Mansur could be sealed.

Supported by:-
Seljuk Empire
Abbasid Caliph

• Foundation of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in Anatolia.
• Fall of Nicaea, Nicomedia and Bithynia.
• Recognition by the Great Seljuks and the Abbasid Caliph.

• Fall of Konya, Aksaray and Kayseri and other major Anatolian towns.
• A tax of 1,000,000 gold coins imposed on the Byzantine Empire.
• Malik-Shah I cedes the conquered territories to Suleiman Shah.

• Nikephoros III Botaneiates seizes the throne.
• As per deals, the borders of the sultanate extend up to the shores of Marmara, Aegean, Mediterranean and the Black Sea.

Military Support:
Sultanate of Rum
Chomatenoi and Frankish mercenaries.

• Nikephoros Basilakes is ambushed and defeated at Varda River.
• Nikephoros Bryennios is defeated at the Battle of Kalavrye.
• Revolt suppressed. Turks are given a share in the spoils.

• Alexios I Komnenos becomes emperor.
• Nikephoros Melissenos is given the title of Caesar.
• Byzantium agrees to pay an annual tribute to the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum.

• Sultanate of Rum assists Alexios I Komnenos in his defensive campaigns.
• Süleyman agrees to bring Rum under nominal Byzantine vassalage.
• Alexios I Komnenos recognizes the borders of Rum up to the Drakon River.
• 1081 Peace Treaty concluded.^[c]

• Fall of Tarsus, Adana, Anazarba, Masisa and other major Cilician towns.

Seljuk Empire

• Fall of Antioch, as well as the districts of Harim and Duluk of Aleppo.

• Suleiman ibn Qutalmish becomes the victor of the battle.
• Death of Muslim ibn Quraysh.^[22][23]

• Siege lifted.

• Fall of Ma'arra, Kafartab, Shayzar and Qinnasrin.
• Suleyman Shah marries Menia Hatun, the widowed wife of Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim.

• Death of Suleiman ibn Qutalmish.
• Brief occupation of the Sultanate of Rum by the Tzachas, Elchanes and Poulchanes.
• Imprisonment of Kilij Arslan I by Malik-Shah I.
• Loss of Antioch to the Seljuk Empire.

• Siege lifted due to Emir Porsuk's campaign.

• Destruction of Abu'l-Qasim's fleet.
• Land army of Tatikios defeats Abu'l-Qasim's army.
• Loss of Nicomedia.
• Truce favourable to Byzantium concluded.

• Siege lifted.
• Withdrawal of Emir Porsuk.

• Siege lifted by Emir Bozan due to fierce resistance by Abu'l-Qasim.
• Abu'l-Qasim assassinated in a plot by Emir Bozan.
• Large swaths of Anatolia come under the Great Seljuk Empire.

• Siege of Nicaea
• Fall of Kapıdağ and Uluabat regions to Rum.
• Battles at Land and Sea.

• Kilij Arslan I forces Alexios I Komnenos to lift the siege of Nicaea.
• Ilhan Muhammed launched a fierce attack at the entrance to the lake and routed the Byzantines.
• Land army of Alexios defeats and captures Ilhan Muhammed.
• Both sides make peace due to heavy losses.

• Initial conquests.^[d]
• Battle of the Oinousses Islands (1090)
• Campaigns of Constantine Dalassenos (1091-92)
• Siege of Abydos and Death.
• Fall of Smyrna.

• Chaka Bey was initially supported by Rum, then governed by Abu'l-Qasim, and also in the beginning of Kilij Arslan's reign through a marriage alliance.
• Alexios I Komnenos incited Kilij Arslan against Chaka Bey which led to the Bey's assassination.
• Seljuks and Byzantines surround Smyrna by land & sea, leading to its fall.
• Although Kilij Arslan succeed in his motive, it led to a Seljuk loss by weakening the struggle against Byzantium.

• Siege of Xerigordos
• Battle of Civetot

• Kilij Arslan breaks the Siege of Xerigordos and brutally punishes the crusaders.
• Kilij Arslan and army annihilate over 60,000 crusaders at Civetot.

• Kilij Arslan attacked Malatya to capture it before the Danishmendids.
• Kilij Arslan fails to capture Malatya due to the fierce resistance of Gabriel of Melitene.
• According to some sources, Kilij Arslan also tended to invade the Danishmendids in Anatolia, which led to a battle that concluded with peace due to the First Crusade.

• Siege of Nicaea
• Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)

• Large swaths of Anatolia, including Nicaea, fall to the Byzantine Empire.
• Sack of Nicaea, Iconium and Kayseri. Capital shifted to Konya.
• Kilij Arslan and allies are defeated at the Battle of Dorylaeum.
• The Crusaders successfully capture Jerusalem and establish the Crusader states.

• Death of Sweyn the Crusader.
• Destruction of his army on way to Jerusalem.

• Battle of Melitene

• Although Malatya couldn't fall, Gazi Gümüshtigin ambushed and captured Bohemond I of Antioch.
• It is questioned whether Kilij Arslan supported him or not, as he himself wanted Malatya.

• Fall of Ankara.
• Attacks on Gangra & Kastamonu.
• Battle of Mersivan.
• Battles of Heraclea.

• Kilij Arslan and allies defeat the crusaders at the Battle of Mersivan.
• Kilij Arslan and army subsequently rout the crusaders at the Battles of Heraclea.
• Fatimids defeat the crusaders at the Battle of Ramla (1102) and besiege the city of Jaffa.

• Kilij Arslan turns eastward due to Gazi Gümüshtigin's campaign in Malatya.

• Siege lifted.
• Treaty of Devol.

• Battle of Marash (1103)
• Siege of Malatya (1005)
• Siege of Urfa (1106)
• Fall of Harran
• Battle of Mosul (1107)

• Submission of Malatya, Mayyāfāriqīn, Elbistan, Mosul, Harput and Diyarbekir.
• Many Eastern Anatolian beyliks submit to Kilij Arslan.
• Kilij Arslan installs his loyalists as governers of these cities.
• Despite success, campaigns conducted on crusaders of Antioch and Edessa failed.

• Death of Kilij Arslan I.
• Loss of occupied territories to Muhammad I Tapar and allies.

• Siege of Nicaea (1113)
• Battle of Philomelion (1116)

Sultanate of Rum

• • Şâhin Şah
    • Şâhin Şah's loyalists.
  • Seljuk commanders and army.

Turkoman raiders.

• Seljuks fail to take Nicaea.
• Seljuks are defeated in the Battle of Philomelion (1116).
• A few border cities, including Akşehir, fall to the Byzantines.
• As per Anna Komnene, Şâhin Şah agrees to make Rum a Byzantine vassal.

• Mesud I seizes power in Konya.
• Şâhin Şah is captured at Tyragion. He is blinded and subsequently executed by the order of the Sultan.
• The Danishmendids increase their influence in Rum with the support of Mesud.
• Agreements made with Byzantium during Şâhin Şah's reign are anulled.

• Siege of Laodicea (1119)
• Siege of Sozopolis (1120)

• John II Komnenos and army annihilate majority of the Seljuk army defending Sozopolis.
• Fall of Laodicea, Sozopolis, Hierakokoryphitis and many other towns and fortifications near Attaleia to the Byzantine Empire.
• Land connection with Attaleia, Cilicia and Crusader states re-established.

• Fall of Malatya to Melik Mehmed Gazi after a 7-month siege.
• Melik Tuğrul Arslan and Ayşe Hatun flee to Minşar.
• Fall of Minşar on 10 December 1124.

• Siege of Iconium (1126)

• Capitulation of Melik Arab and his loyalists.
• Fall of Ankara, Kastamonu and Çankırı to Mesud I and allies.

• Conflict with Issac (1130-38)
• Fall & Recapture of Kastamonu and Çankırı^[j]
• Siege of Niksar (1140).

• Rükneddin Mesud initially sides with John II Komnenos, supporting him in his campaigns.
• Melik Mehmed Gazi compels Rükneddin Mesud to withdraw from Çankırı.
• Isaac Komnenos reconciles with John II Komnenos, ignoring his state allies and the desire for the throne.
• Turks were able to counterattack and raid successfully into Byzantine territory, threatening the fortresses of Zinin and Sozopolis.
• Kastamonu and Çankırı change hands twice, ending up with the Danishmendids.

• John II Komnenos withdraws from Niksar.·
• Rükneddin Mesud attacks Byzantine territories during John II Komnenos' Syrian campaign.
• Turkish raiders advance as far as the Antalya region in 1142.
• Danishmendid forces simultaneously invaded Bithynia, Cilicia, Kapniskerti and Vakha.
• John was back in Anatolia, but a pyrrhic victory against Mehmed in February 1140 meant the emperor had to again return to Constantinople in order to rebuild his army.
• Fall of Trebizond to John II Komnenos.

• Melik Zünnun initilly ascends the throne, but is deposed by Yağıbasan.
• Aynüddevle Gazi and Nasreddin march to Kayseri, but turn to Malatya and Elbistan.
• Melik Zünnun seeks refuge with Rükneddin Mesud.
• Rükneddin Mesud defeats Yağıbasan and seizes Sivas, Yukarı Seyhan, Adana and Elbistan, bringing them under Seljuk vassalage.
• Aynüddevle Gazi accepts Seljuk vassalage, despite Mesud's failure in Malatya.
• Kastamonu and Çankırı come under Seljuk suzerainty.
• The Sultanate of Rum becomes the major power in Anatolia.

• Battle at Akroinοn
• Fall of Akşehir
• Capture of Prakana Fortress
• Frequent Seljuk Raids
• Unsuccessful Siege (1146)

• Status quo ante bellum
• Siege lifted by Byzantine forces.
• Manuel I Komnenos makes peace with Rükneddin Mesud.
• Seljuk raiders ambushed the Byzantines and inflicted heavy losses, killing as many as 20,000 men, including commander Kritopolos.

• Battle of Dorylaeum (1147)
• Battle of Laodicea (1147)
• Battle of Ephesus (1147)
• Battle of the Meander (1147)
• Battle of Mount Cadmus (1148)

• Seljuk forces annihilate 63-90% of the German army at Dorylaeum.
• Seljuk forces conduct raids on the French Crusaders at Laodicea, Ephesus and Meander
• Seljuk forces dealt a decisive blow to the French Crusaders at Mount Cadmus.
• Crusaders fail to seize Damascus.

• Kara Arslan defeated his brother Arslan Dogmush with the support of 20,000 horsemen from Mesud I.

• Crusaders were routed in the Battle of Inab on June 29, 1149.
• Fall of Marash to Mesud I and Babhula to Kara Arslan.
• Truce concluded with Joscelin II after Mesud's first siege of Turbessel.
• Capture and imprisonment of Joscelin II after an ambush by Nur al-Din Zengi, as retaliation to a previous defeat.
• Fall of Kishum, Bayt al-Hosn, Ra'ban, Farzman, Keysun and Behisni to Mesud by May 30, 1150.
• Second siege of Turbessel lifted due to Baldwin's intervention.
• Transfer of the county's lands to the Byzantine Empire.
• Fall of Raban, Dülük and Bayt al-Hosn to Mesud I; Ravendan, Kurus and Burjur-Rasas to Nur al-Din Zengi; and Samosata and Birecik to the Artuqid Timurtash.
• Fall of Turbessel to Nur al-Din Zengi in 1151.

• Kilij Arslan recovers Aintab, Ra'ban, Maraş and Goksun from the Zengids and the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.
• Pertus fortress surrendered to Rum by Cilicia.
• Danishmendids submit to Kilij Arslan.
• Unilateral ceasefire ensured with Nur al-Din Zengi.

• Rebellion Suppressed.
• Tughril I regains power in Rey.
• Imprisonment of Ibrahim Inal and nephews.

• Fall of Kerman and Makran.
• Bahram b. Lashkaristan surrenders Bardasir to Qavurt.
• Subjugation of the Qufs.
• Establishment of the Kerman Seljuk Sultanate.
• Submission of Badr Isa, the emir of Hormuz

• Execution of Qutalmish.
• Imprisonment of Suleiman ibn Qutalmish and Emir Mansur.
• Qavurt reaches an agreement with Alp Arslan, continuing his rule in Kerman.

• Loss of territories in Fars due to Alp Arslan's intervention.
• Defeat of Qavurt's forces in battle with Alp Arslan's vanguard.
• Imprisonment of some of his loyalists.
• Qavurt begs for mercy and is forgiven.

• Qavurt's forces are defeated by Alp Arslan's forces.
• Alp Arslan forgives Qavurt and lifts the siege of Jiroft.

• Fall of Aleppo on March 1086.
• Tutush I proclaims the title of Sultan of Aleppo and Damascus.
• Foundation of the Seljuk Emirate of Aleppo.