Loma Gorda Formation

Geological formation in the Colombian Andes From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Loma Gorda Formation (Spanish: Formación Loma Gorda, Kl, Kslg) is a fossiliferous geological formation of the Upper Magdalena Valley (VSM) and surrounding Central and Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes, extending from Cundinamarca in the north to Huila and easternmost Tolima in the south. The uppermost unit of the Güagüaquí Group, a sequence of laminated siltstones and shales, dates to the Late Cretaceous period; Turonian to Coniacian epochs, and has a maximum thickness of 167 metres (548 ft).

TypeGeological formation

Unit ofGüagüaquí Group

UnderliesOliní Group

OverliesHondita Formation

Quick facts Type, Unit of ...

Loma Gorda Formation
Stratigraphic range: Turonian-Coniacian ~90–86.3 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Güagüaquí Group
Underlies	Oliní Group
Overlies	Hondita Formation
Thickness	up to 167 m (548 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Siltstone, shale
Other	Calcareous concretions
Location
Coordinates	4°15′37.5″N 74°43′28.7″W
Region	Cundinamarca, Huila & Tolima
Country	Colombia
Extent	Upper Magdalena Valley, Central & Eastern Ranges, Andes
Type section
Named for	Loma Gorda ("Fat Hill")
Named by	De Porta
Location	Ricaurte, Cundinamarca
Year defined	1966
Coordinates	4°15′37.5″N 74°43′28.7″W
Region	Cundinamarca, Huila, Tolima
Country	Colombia
Paleogeography of Northern South America 90 Ma, by Ron Blakey

Etymology

The formation was named in 1966 by De Porta, named Loma Gorda ("Fat Hill") in Ricaurte, Cundinamarca.^[1]

Description

Lithologies

The Loma Gorda Formation is characterised by laminated siltstones and shales with calcareous concretions.^[2] The formation has provided fossils of Ankinatsytes venezolanus, Barroisiceras onilahyense, Codazziceras ospinae, Eulophoceras jacobi, Fagesia catinus, Hauericeras madagascarensis, Hoplitoides ingens, H. lagiraldae, Mitonia gracilis, Mytiloides kossmati, M. goppelnensis, M. scupini, Neoptychites cf. andinus, Paralenticeras sieversi, Paramammites sp., Peroniceras subtricarinatum, Prionocycloceras guayabanum, Reesidites subtuberculatum, Subprionotropis colombianus, Allocrioceras sp., Anagaudryceras sp., Anomia sp., Benueites sp., Choffaticeras sp., Dydimotis sp., Forresteria sp., Gauthiericeras sp., Morrowites sp., Nannovascoceras sp., and Quitmaniceras sp..^[3]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The Loma Gorda Formation is the uppermost unit of the Güagüaquí Group.^[1] It overlies the Hondita Formation and is overlain by the Oliní Group. The age has been estimated on the basis of ammonites to be ranging from Turonian to Coniacian.^[2] Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the upper parts of the Chipaque, La Luna and La Frontera Formations.^[4] The formation was deposited in a relative highstand sequence with an oceanic oxygen depletion event, sharply marked in Colombia and characterised by the appearance of calcareous concretions with a thick pyrite rim.^[5]

Outcrops

Type locality of the Loma Gorda Formation to the southwest of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

The type locality of the Loma Gorda Formation is located close to Loma Gorda in Ricaurte, Cundinamarca.^[6] Other outcrops of the Loma Gorda Formation have been noted east of the Magdalena River northeast of Honda,^[7] west of Nariño,^[8] west across the Magdalena River in San Luis, Tolima,^[9] between the Tetuán and Saldaña Rivers west of Coyaima and east and west of Ataco,^[10] to the east of the Prado River reservoir,^[11] north and west of Aipe,^[12] surrounding Alpujarra, Tolima,^[13] south of Palermo, Huila, displaced by the Baché Fault,^[14] east of Iquira,^[15] north of Yaguará,^[16] south of La Plata where the formation is cut by the Itaibe Fault,^[17] a small patch east of Gigante, Huila,^[18] northwest and northeast of San Agustín,^[19] and north of Timaná surrounding the Magdalena River.^[20]

Regional correlations

More information Ma, Age ...

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma	Age	Regional events	Catatumbo	Cordillera	proximal Llanos	distal Llanos	Putumayo	VSM	Environments	Maximum thickness	Petroleum geology	Notes
0.01	Holocene	Holocene volcanism Seismic activity	alluvium								Overburden
1	Pleistocene	Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations	Guayabo	Soatá Sabana	Necesidad	Guayabo	Gigante Neiva		Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)	550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo)		^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]
2.6	Pliocene	Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI		Subachoque			Gigante Neiva
5.3	Messinian	Andean orogeny 3 Foreland		Marichuela			Caimán	Honda				^[23]^[25]
13.5	Langhian	Regional flooding	León	hiatus	Caja	León	Caimán		Lacustrine (León)	400 m (1,300 ft) (León)	Seal	^[24]^[26]
16.2	Burdigalian	Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2	C1		Carbonera C1		Ospina		Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)	850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera)	Reservoir	^[25]^[24]
17.3			C2		Carbonera C2				Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)		Seal
19			C3		Carbonera C3				Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)		Reservoir
21	Early Miocene	Pebas wetlands	C4		Carbonera C4			Barzalosa	Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4)		Seal
23	Late Oligocene	Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep	C5		Carbonera C5		Orito		Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)		Reservoir	^[22]^[25]
25	Late Oligocene		C6		Carbonera C6		Orito		Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)		Seal
28	Early Oligocene		C7		C7		Pepino	Gualanday	Proximal deltaic-marine (C7)		Reservoir	^[22]^[25]^[27]
32	Oligo-Eocene		C8	Usme	C8	onlap			Marine-deltaic (C8)		Seal Source	^[27]
35	Late Eocene		Mirador	Usme	Mirador				Coastal (Mirador)	240 m (790 ft) (Mirador)	Reservoir	^[24]^[28]
40	Middle Eocene			Regadera				hiatus
45	Middle Eocene
50	Early Eocene		Socha		Los Cuervos				Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source	^[24]^[28]
55	Late Paleocene	PETM 2000 ppm CO₂	Los Cuervos	Bogotá	Los Cuervos			Gualanday	Deltaic (Los Cuervos)	260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)	Seal Source
60	Early Paleocene	SALMA	Barco	Guaduas	Barco		Rumiyaco	Gualanday	Fluvial (Barco)	225 m (738 ft) (Barco)	Reservoir	^[21]^[22]^[25]^[24]^[29]
65	Maastrichtian	KT extinction	Catatumbo	Guadalupe				Monserrate	Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)	750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe)	Reservoir	^[21]^[24]
72	Campanian	End of rifting	Colón-Mito Juan					Monserrate				^[24]^[30]
83	Santonian						Villeta/Güagüaquí
86	Coniacian
89	Turonian	Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event	La Luna	Chipaque	Gachetá	hiatus			Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source	^[21]^[24]^[31]
93	Cenomanian	Rift 2		Chipaque	Gachetá				Restricted marine (all)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)	Source
100	Albian			Une	Une		Caballos		Deltaic (Une)	500 m (1,600 ft) (Une)	Reservoir	^[25]^[31]
113	Aptian		Capacho	Fómeque			Motema	Yaví	Open marine (Fómeque)	800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque)	Source (Fóm)	^[22]^[24]^[32]
125	Barremian	High biodiversity	Aguardiente	Paja					Shallow to open marine (Paja)	940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja)	Reservoir	^[21]
129	Hauterivian	Rift 1	Tibú- Mercedes	Las Juntas	hiatus				Deltaic (Las Juntas)	910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas)	Reservoir (LJun)	^[21]
133	Valanginian		Río Negro	Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)	^[22]^[33]
140	Berriasian		Girón	Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca					Restricted marine (Macanal)	2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)	Source (Mac)
145	Tithonian	Break-up of Pangea	Jordán	Arcabuco	Buenavista Batá		Saldaña		Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)	110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista)	"Jurassic"	^[25]^[34]
150	Early-Mid Jurassic	Passive margin 2	La Quinta	Montebel Noreán	hiatus		Saldaña		Coastal tuff (La Quinta)	100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta)		^[35]
201	Late Triassic	Passive margin 2	Mucuchachi	Montebel Noreán			Payandé					^[25]
235	Early Triassic	Pangea		hiatus							"Paleozoic"
250	Permian	Pangea
300	Late Carboniferous	Famatinian orogeny						Cerro Neiva ()				^[36]
340	Early Carboniferous	Fossil fish Romer's gap		Cuche (355-385)	Farallones ()			Cerro Neiva ()	Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)	900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche)
360	Late Devonian	Passive margin 1	Río Cachirí (360-419)	Cuche (355-385)	Farallones ()			Ambicá ()	Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)	2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones)		^[33]^[37]^[38]^[39]^[40]
390	Early Devonian	High biodiversity	Floresta (387-400) El Tíbet					Ambicá ()	Shallow marine (Floresta)	600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta)
410	Late Silurian	Silurian mystery	Floresta (387-400) El Tíbet
425	Early Silurian	Silurian mystery	hiatus
440	Late Ordovician	Rich fauna in Bolivia	San Pedro (450-490)		Duda ()
470	Early Ordovician	First fossils	San Pedro (450-490)	Busbanzá (>470±22) Chuscales Otengá	Guape ()		Río Nevado ()	Hígado () Agua Blanca Venado (470-475)				^[41]^[42]^[43]
488	Late Cambrian	Regional intrusions	Chicamocha (490-515)	Quetame ()	Ariarí ()		SJ del Guaviare (490-590)	San Isidro ()				^[44]^[45]
515	Early Cambrian	Cambrian explosion		Quetame ()				San Isidro ()				^[43]^[46]
542	Ediacaran	Break-up of Rodinia		pre-Quetame		post-Parguaza		El Barro ()	Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province)		Basement	^[47]^[48]
600	Neoproterozoic	Cariri Velhos orogeny	Bucaramanga (600-1400)				pre-Guaviare					^[44]
800	Neoproterozoic	Snowball Earth										^[49]
1000	Mesoproterozoic	Sunsás orogeny			Ariarí (1000)			La Urraca (1030-1100)				^[50]^[51]^[52]^[53]
1300		Rondônia-Juruá orogeny			pre-Ariarí	Parguaza (1300-1400)		Garzón (1180-1550)				^[54]
1400			pre-Bucaramanga					Garzón (1180-1550)				^[55]
1600	Paleoproterozoic					Maimachi (1500-1700)		pre-Garzón				^[56]
1800		Tapajós orogeny				Mitú (1800)						^[54]^[56]
1950		Transamazonic orogeny				pre-Mitú						^[54]
2200		Columbia
2530	Archean	Carajas-Imataca orogeny										^[54]
3100	Archean	Kenorland
Sources

Legend

group
important formation
fossiliferous formation
minor formation
(age in Ma)
proximal Llanos (Medina)^{[note 1]}
distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)^{[note 2]}

Notes

[1]
based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[57], García González et al. (2009),^[58] and geological report of Villavicencio^[59]
[2]
based on Duarte et al. (2019)^[57] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009^[60]

References

[1]
Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.23
[2]
Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.24
[3]
Patarroyo, 2011
[4]
Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.22
[5]
Villamil, 2012, p.173
[6]
Acosta & Ulloa, 2001, p.43
[7]
Plancha 207, 2010
[8]
Plancha 245, 1999
[9]
Plancha 264, 2002
[10]
Plancha 282, 1993
[11]
Plancha 283, 2009
[12]
Plancha 302, 1993
[13]
Plancha 303, 2002
[14]
Plancha 323, 1998
[15]
Plancha 344, 1999
[16]
Plancha 345, 1999
[17]
Plancha 366, 1998
[18]
Plancha 367, 2003
[19]
Plancha 388, 2002
[20]
Plancha 389, 2003
[21]
García González et al., 2009, p.27
[22]
García González et al., 2009, p.50
[23]
García González et al., 2009, p.85
[24]
Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
[25]
Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
[26]
Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
[27]
Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
[28]
Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
[29]
Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
[30]
Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
[31]
Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
[32]
Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
[33]
Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
[34]
Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
[35]
Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
[36]
Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
[37]
Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
[38]
Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
[39]
Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
[40]
Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
[41]
Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
[42]
Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
[43]
Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
[44]
Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
[45]
Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
[46]
Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
[47]
Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
[48]
Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
[49]
Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
[50]
Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
[51]
Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
[52]
Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
[53]
Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
[54]
Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
[55]
Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
[56]
Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
[57]
Duarte et al., 2019
[58]
García González et al., 2009
[59]
Pulido & Gómez, 2001
[60]
García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography

Acosta, Jorge E.; Ulloa, Carlos E. (2002), Mapa geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca 1:250,000 - Memoria Explicativa, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–108
Patarroyo, Pedro (2011), "Sucesión de Amonitas del Cretácico Superior (Cenomaniano-Coniaciano) de la parte más alta de la Formación Hondita y de la Formación Loma Gorda en la Quebrada Bambucá, Aipe - Huila (Colombia)" (PDF), Boletín de Geología, 33: 69–92, retrieved 2019-03-13
Villamil, Tomas (2012), Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM), pp. 161–216

Maps

Barrero L., Darío; Vesga O, Carlos J. (2009), Plancha 188 - La Dorada - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Barrero, Darío; Vesga, Carlos J. (2010), Plancha 207 - Honda - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Acosta, Jorge E.; Guatame, Rafael; Torres, Oscar; Solano, Frank (1999), Plancha 245 - Girardot - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Calcedo, Juan Carlos; Terraza, Roberto (2000), Plancha 264 - Espinal - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Carvajal, Cesar; Fuquen, Jaime; Gómez, Luis (1993), Plancha 282 - Chaparral - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Cossio, Ubaldo; Rodríguez, Gabriel; Rodríguez, Miguel (1995), Plancha 283 - Purificación - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Fuquen, Jaime; Rodríguez, Gabriel; Cossio, Ubaldo; Núñez, Alberto (1993), Plancha 302 - Aipe - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Acosta, Jorge; Caro, Pablo; Fuquen, Jaime; Osorno, José (2002), Plancha 303 - Colombia - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1
Ferreira, Paulina; Núñez, Alberto; Rodríguez, Miguel (1998), Plancha 323 - Neiva - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Marquínez, Germán; Morales, C.; Núñez, Alberto (1999), Plancha 344 - Tesalia - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Velandia, F.; Morales, C.J.; Caicedo, J.C.; Núñez, Alberto (1999), Plancha 345 - Campoalegre - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Marquínez, Germán; Rodríguez, Yohana; Terraza, Roberto; Martínez, Mario (2003), Plancha 365 - Coconuco - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Rodríguez, Gabriel; Ferreira, Paulina; Velandia, Francisco; Núñez, Alberto (1998), Plancha 366 - Garzón - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Rodríguez, Gabriel; Zapata, Gilberto; Velázquez, M. (2003), Plancha 367 - Gigante - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Cárdenas, Jorge; Fuquen, Jaime; Núñez, Alberto (2002), Plancha 388 - Pitalito - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
Rodríguez, Gabriel; Zapata, Gilberto; Velázquez, M. (2003), Plancha 389 - Timaná - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06