Makassar languages
Group of languages in Indonesia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Makassar languages are a group of languages spoken in the southern part of South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, and make up one of the branches of the South Sulawesi subgroup in the Austronesian language family.[1][2] The most prominent member of this group is Makassarese, with over two million speakers in the city of Makassar and neighboring areas.
| Makassar | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Indonesia (Sulawesi) |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | maka1310 |
Map showing the distribution of the South Sulawesi languages in Sulawesi and Kalimantan. Languages within Makassar languages group, varying between number 6 to 10. | |
Interactive map of Makassar languages, click the map Marker for further detail and navigation. | |
The status of the Makassar languages, other than Makassarese, as distinct languages is not universally accepted. In older classifications,[3] as well as in recent studies by local linguists,[4] they are considered to be dialects of the Makassarese language.
Languages
Phonology
A characteristic feature of the Makassar languages is the occurrence of echo vowels with stems ending in final /r/, /l/ or /s/. E.g. /botol/ 'bottle' is realized as bótolo in Selayar and Coastal Konjo, and as bótoloʔ in Makassarese and Highland Konjo (the latter regularly adds a glottal stop to the echo vowel). This echo vowel is dropped if a suffix is added, but retained if followed by an enclitic.[5]
| Makassarese | Selayar | |
|---|---|---|
| base | /rantas/ rántasaʔ 'dirty' | /lambus/ lámbusu 'straight' |
| with suffix | /rantas/ + /-aŋ/ rantás-aŋ 'dirtier' | /lambus/ + /-aŋ/ lambús-aŋ 'straighter' |
| with enclitic | /rantas/ + /=aʔ/ rántasak=aʔ 'I am dirty' | /lambus/ + /=a/ lámbusu=a 'I am straight' |
Konjo (both Coastal and Highland Konjo), Bentong, Selayar and the Labbakkang dialect of Makassarese have j /ɟ/ and /h/ where Makassarese (Maros, Goa, Takalar, Jeneponto, Bantaeng) has y /j/ and /w/. In some words, Coastal/Highland Konjo and Selayar have h corresponding to zero in Makassarese, e.g. Konjo/Selayar bahine ('female'), uhuʔ ('hair') vs. Makassarese baine, uʔ.
In Konjo languages, some initial b appears as /h/.
| Makassarese | Konjo | Selayar | |
|---|---|---|---|
| to look, find | boya | hoja | boja |
| hot | bambang | hambang | bambang |
Lexical differences
| Makassarese | Coastal Konjo | Highland Konjo | Selayar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gowa (Standard) | Jeneponto | Bantaeng | ||||
| to make | appareʼ | aʼbayu | aʼbaju | aʼbaju | aʼbuaʼ | |
| to sit | ammempo | accidong | accidong | ammorong | attolong | |
| hungry | cipuruʼ | paʼre | paʼre | paʼre | paʼre | |
| rice field | tana | galung | galung | galung | galung | |
| many, much | jai | loe | lohe | lohe | lohe | |
| why | angngapa | angngura | angngura | anngura | angngura | |
| friend | agang | urang | urang | urang | urang | |
| water | jeʼneʼ | ere | ere | ere | jeʼneʼ | |
| egg | bayao | bajao | tannoroʼ | tannoro | ||
| dog | kongkong | asu | asu | asu | asu | |
| cat | miong | cammiʼ | cammiʼ, meong | meong | meong | |
| leaf | lekoʼ | raung | raung | raung | taha | |
| black | leʼleng | bolong | lotong | etang | ||
| white | keboʼ | pute | pute | pute | ||
| eight | sagantuju | karua | karua | karua | ||
| nine | salapang | salapang | salapang | kaʼassa | ||
| vegetable | gangang | utang | gangang | gangang | ||
| house | ballaʼ | ballaʼ, bola | bola | sapo | ||
| chicken | jangang | jangang | manuʼ | jangang | ||
