Minister without portfolio

In Albania, a "Minister without portfolio" is considered a member of the government who is generally not in charge of a special department, does not have headquarters or offices, and usually does not have administration or staff. This post was first introduced in 1918 during the Përmeti II government, otherwise known as the Government of Durrës.^{[citation needed]} The members of this cabinet were referred to as Delegatë pa portofol (delegate without portfolio). The name "minister" was used two years later, during the government of Sulejman Delvina.^[1] In the 1990s, the usage of the name Sekretar Shteti (Secretary of State) was common to refer to such a position.^{[citation needed]} Mostly these roles were given to smaller allies by the leading parties.^{[citation needed]} Nowadays the name Ministër i Shtetit (State Minister or Minister of State) is used.

James Hutchison was given the title in the First Fisher ministry,^{[citation needed]} and Willie Kelly was given the title in the Cook Ministry from June 1913 to September 1914.^{[citation needed]}

Stanley Bruce was given the title of minister without portfolio, when he took up his position in 1932 as the Commonwealth Minister in London. He was given the title by Lyons' Cabinet so that he could better represent the PM and his colleagues free from the limitations of a portfolio. In this case the title was a promotion and carried considerable responsibilities.^[2]

Bangladesh appoints ministers without portfolio during cabinet reshuffles or fresh appointments.^{[citation needed]} Ministers are not usually appointed without portfolio as a coalition negotiation – all long run ministers end up with a portfolio.^{[citation needed]} Suranjit Sengupta was a minister without portfolio in Sheikh Hasina's second government.^[3] The most recent minister without portfolio is from the Interim government of Bangladesh, Mahfuz Alam, who is also an adviser to the chief adviser.^{[citation needed]}

• Bozhidar Dimitrov (2009–2011)

The Constitution determines that the Ministries (and also other bodies headed by a Minister of State) are provided for by law, so the Federal Government has less freedom to create and reformulate portfolios as it happens in other cabinets.^{[citation needed]}

While the minister without portfolio is seen by some as a mere sinecure appointment,^{[citation needed]} it has been a role that numerous political notables have played over time, including future Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, who filled the role in a Pearson cabinet in the 1960s^{[citation needed]}; John Turner also "kept a seat warm" in a Pearson cabinet.^{[citation needed]} Notable Conservatives who filled the role include R. B. Bennett,^{[citation needed]} and Arthur Meighen^{[citation needed]}; however, Meighen served this role after he had been prime minister.^{[citation needed]}

The title of minister without portfolio has been used off and on; in recent times, though, the title has fallen out of favour, and the penultimate minister without portfolio, Gilles Lamontagne, was promoted to postmaster general in 1978.^{[citation needed]} The practice has continued primarily under the guise of ministers of state without responsibilities in the ministers' titles.

The position has also been filled on the federal or provincial level by experienced politicians near the end of their careers as a way of allowing them to counsel the government and take on projects without the burdens associated with administering a government department.^{[citation needed]}

In January 2021, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau appointed Jim Carr as a minister without portfolio,^{[citation needed]} in addition to his role as special representative to the Prairies.^{[citation needed]} Carr had previously served as a cabinet minister until November 2019, leaving as a consequence of his diagnosis with multiple myeloma.^[7]

A state councillor (Chinese: 国务委员) is similar to ministers without portfolio. The 14th state councillors from 2023 are:

• Li Shangfu (former)
• Wang Xiaohong
• Wu Zhenglong
• Shen Yiqin
• Qin Gang (former)

Three "control ministers" served as ministers without portfolio during World War I.^{[citation needed]}

After the Liberation of Denmark in May 1945, the first Danish cabinet included four ministers without portfolio.^{[citation needed]} Among these were Danish ambassador to the U.S. Henrik Kauffmann,^{[citation needed]} who had conducted his own foreign policy throughout the war, and refused to follow orders from Copenhagen as long as Denmark remained occupied by a foreign power.^{[citation needed]} Kauffmann served in this capacity from 12 May to 7 November 1945.^{[citation needed]} The three other holders of this title had joined the cabinet a few days before – Aksel Larsen (Communist Party of Denmark),^{[citation needed]} Kr. Juul Christensen (Danish Unity),^{[citation needed]} and Frode Jakobsen (Social Democrats).^{[citation needed]}

Lise Østergaard held a position as minister without portfolio with special attention to foreign policy issues in Anker Jørgensen's cabinet from 26 February 1977 to 28 February 1980.^{[citation needed]}

Anders Fogh Rasmussen appointed Bertel Haarder as minister without portfolio, but effectively Minister for European Affairs.^{[citation needed]} Haarder served in this capacity from 27 November 2001 to 18 February 2005.^{[citation needed]} The reason for appointing a minister without a ministry was the Danish European Union Presidency of 2002.^{[citation needed]} Haarder was considered the most experienced Danish politician on European affairs.^{[citation needed]}

• Jaan Tõnisson (1918) (provisional government)
• Karl Ast (1924–1925)
• Ants Oidermaa (1939–1940)
• Juhan Kaarlimäe (1944)
• Johannes Sikkar (1952–1953) (in exile)
• Artur Terras (1952–1953) (in exile)
• Aksel Mark (1956–1962) (in exile)
• Arvo Horm (1956–1964) (in exile)
• Peeter Panksep (1956–1964) (in exile)
• Eduard Leetmaa (1959–1962) (in exile; appointed, but did not enter office)
• Ivar Grünthal (1962–1964) (in exile)
• Renate Kaasik (1971–1990) (in exile)
• Verner Hans Puurand (1973–1977) (in exile)
• Jaan Timusk (1973–1990) (in exile)
• Ants Pallop (1973–1992) (in exile)
• Arvo Horm (1977–1992) (in exile)
• Ivar Paljak (1985–1990) (in exile)
• Olev Olesk (1986–1990) (in exile)
• Endel Lippmaa (1990–1991) (interim government)
• Artur Kuznetsov (1990–1991) (interim government)
• Klara Hallik (1992) (interim government)
• Arvo Niitenberg (1992) (interim government)
• Jüri Luik (1992–1993)
• Peeter Olesk (1993–1994)
• Eiki Nestor (1994–1995)
• Arvo Niitenberg (1994–1995)
• Ants Leemets (1995)
• Jaak Allik (1995–1996)
• Endel Lippmaa (1995–1996)
• Tiit Kubri (1995–1997)
• Riivo Sinijärv (1996)
• Andra Veidemann (1996–1999)
• Peep Aru (1997–1999)
• Katrin Saks (1999–2003)
• Toivo Asmer (1999–2003)
• Eldar Efendijev (2002–2003)
• Paul-Eerik Rummo (2003–2007)
• Jaan Õunapuu (2003–2007)
• Urve Palo (2007–2009)
• Urmas Kruuse (2014)
• Anne Sulling (2014)

Minister without portfolio is not a common type of cabinet position, and the last minister without portfolio served in 1949. The most famous one was Juho Kusti Paasikivi, who was a part of the "Triumvirate" of Prime Minister Risto Ryti, Minister of Foreign Affairs Väinö Tanner and Paasikivi during the Winter War and the year 1940.^[8]

• Mikko Luopajärvi (Agrarian Union) 17.4.1919 – 15.8.1919 (Kaarlo Castren Cabinet), 15.8.1919 – 5.1.1920 (Vennola I Cabinet)^[9]
• Kalle Aukusti Lohi (Agrarian Union) 31.3.1925 – 31.12.1925 (Tulenheimo Cabinet)^[9]
• Matti Paasivuori (Social Democratic Party) 13.12.1926 – 15.11.1927 (Tanner Cabinet)^[9]
• Kalle Jutila (Agrarian Union) 17.12.1927 – 16.10.1928 (Sunila I Cabinet)^[9]
• Juhani Leppälä (Agrarian Union) 16.8.1929 – 27.8.1929 (Kallio III Cabinet)^[9]
• Eljas Erkko (Progressive Party) 20.10.1932 – 25.11.1932 (Sunila II Cabinet)^[9]
• Ernst von Born (Swedish People's Party) 13.10.1939 – 1.12.1939 (Cajander III Cabinet)^[9]
• Juho Kusti Paasikivi (Unaffiliated/No party) 1.12.1939 – 27.3.1940 (Ryti I Cabinet)^[9]
• Mauno Pekkala (Social Democratic Party) 17.11.1944 – 24.11.1944 (Paasikivi II Cabinet)^[9]
• Hertta Kuusinen (Finnish People's Democratic Party) 26.5.1948 – 4.6.1948 (Pekkala Cabinet)^[9]
• Aleksi Aaltonen (Social Democratic Party) 29.7.1948 – 30.7.1948 (Fagerholm I Cabinet)^[9]
• Unto Varjonen (Social Democratic Party) 29.7.1949 – 19.8.1949 (Fagerholm I Cabinet)^[9]

• Hermann Göring (1933)
• Ernst Röhm (1933)
• Rudolf Hess (1933–1941)
• Arthur Seyss-Inquart (1939–1945)
• Hjalmar Schacht (1939–1943)
• Martin Bormann (1941–1945)

Since 1949, a Federal Minister for Special Affairs (Bundesminister für besondere Aufgaben) is a member of the Federal Government that does not have charge of a Federal Ministry, although the ministry is now commonly assigned to the Heads of the German Chancellery to give this important government functionary cabinet-rank.^{[citation needed]} The ministry was first created in October 1953, to give a ministry level position to Franz Josef Strauss,^{[citation needed]} but has been used almost exclusively for the Head of the Federal Chancellery since the 1960s.^{[citation needed]} A notable exception occurred in the course of German reunification when four members of East Germany's last government were made "Minister for Special Affairs" from October 3, 1990, to January 1991.^{[citation needed]}

The position of a Minister without portfolio was first created in 1918, with Emmanouil Repoulis being the first Minister without portfolio. ^{[citation needed]} Previously, the term had been used to describe Prime Ministers who had not undertaken any secondary Ministerial position (e.g. Ministry of Foreign Affairs).^{[citation needed]} Prominent politicians like Georgios Papandreou,^{[citation needed]} Panagiotis Kanellopoulos,^{[citation needed]} Napoleon Zervas,^{[citation needed]} and Spyros Markezinis^{[citation needed]} served as Ministers without portfolio during their career, while novelist Nikos Kazantzakis had a brief, 46-day-long tenure as Minister without portfolio in Sofoulis' 1945 cabinet.^{[citation needed]}

In 1991, the position was renamed to Minister of State;^{[citation needed]} the last person to be designated Minister without portfolio and simultaneously the first Minister of State, is Mikis Theodorakis.^{[citation needed]}

• Zsolt Semjén (2010–present)
• Tamás Fellegi (2011–2012)

• C. Rajagopalachari, N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar and V.K. Krishna Menon – 1st Nehru government^[10]
• T.T. Krishnamachari and Lal Bahadur Shastri – 2nd Nehru Government
• Mamata Banerjee and Murasoli Maran – 3rd Vajpayee government^[11]
• K. Chandrasekhar Rao and Natwar Singh – 1st Manmohan Singh government^[10]

Since the inception of the state, Indonesia had ministers without portfolio, usually given the title Menteri Negara ('State Minister'). The number was not fixed, entirely depended on the behest of the President.^{[citation needed]} Although not explicitly forbidden, Law No. 39/2008 on State Ministries mandated that a ministry must have specific function and responsibilities, and also must have minimum number of directorates and other ministerial apparatuses,^{[citation needed]} thus formation of minister without portfolio is currently unlikely in post-Reformation Indonesia.

Below is the list of ministers without portfolio that ever existed in Indonesian history.

The Ministers and Secretaries (Amendment) Act 1939 allows a Minister to be a member of the Government of Ireland who does not have charge of a Department of State, such a person to be known as a "Minister without portfolio".^[12] Such a minister may be given a specific style or title. The only substantive minister without portfolio has been Frank Aiken, the Minister for the Co-ordination of Defensive Measures during World War II.^[13] By the Emergency Powers Act 1939 then in force, the Minister for Defence was able to delegate some competences to him.^[14][15]

On a number of occasions a minister has been appointed to an incoming government with the title of a new Department of State. Between the date of appointment and the date of creation of the department, such a minister is formally a minister without portfolio.^[16]

When Helen McEntee took six months' maternity leave on 28 April 2021, her portfolio as Minister for Justice was reassigned to Heather Humphreys, in addition to Humphreys's existing portfolio as Minister for Social Protection and Minister for Rural and Community Development. McEntee remained a member of the coalition government as minister without portfolio,^[27] and was reassigned to the Department of Justice on 1 November 2021.^[28] On 25 November 2022, Heather Humphreys was again appointed as Minister for Justice to facilitate a second period of six months' maternity leave from December.^[29][30]

It is common practice in Israel to appoint ministers without portfolio as part of the coalition negotiations, as it allows small coalition partners a seat at the cabinet table.^{[citation needed]} All cabinets in recent years have had at least some such appointment.^{[citation needed]} The Governance Law passed in 2013 forbade ministers without portfolio effectively ending the practice,^{[citation needed]} however in spite of some objections, after the 2015 elections this issue was revisited in the Knesset, and it was allowed for the practice to resume.^{[citation needed]} The full alphabetical list of ministers without portfolio since 1949 is:

Current ministers without Portfolio:

• Robert Montague
• Andrew Wheatley
• Audrey Marks
• Matthew Samuda

In Japan, minister without portfolio (無任所大臣, Muninnsyo-Daijinn) is not defined by law. The Cabinet Act of Japan (内閣法, Naikakuhou) does not forbid ministers who do not serve any ministries, establishing the existence of minister without portfolio.^[31]

There are two meanings of minister without portfolio in Japan: The broader sense is a minister who is neither Prime Minister of Japan or ministers of Cabinet of Japan, while the narrower sense is further from the broader sense - which specifically refers to ministers without ministries and certain titles such as Chair of the National Public Safety Commission, Chief Cabinet Secretary, or Minister of State for Special Missions (ja). In Japan, a minister without portfolio usually refers to the narrower sense.^[31][32]

There has not been minister without portfolio since Takashi Sasagawa of the Mori Cabinet in 2001. Most ministers without serving ministries in a cabinet will be Ministers of State for Special Missions in practice.^[33]

In Kenya, ministers without portfolio are not common. However three individuals have held the position in the country's history. They are:

• Chunilal Madan (1956–1957) He was the first Kenyan minister with Asian descent, and also country's first minister without portfolio.^{[citation needed]} He was appointed to oversee Kenya's Colonial government operations prior to being appointed as a judge in the country's Supreme court in 1957.^{[citation needed]}
• Raphael Tuju (2018–2022). He was appointed by Uhuru Kenyatta to oversee government operations in his second term of presidency.^{[citation needed]}
• Cleophas Wakhungu Malala (2023-to 2024). He was appointed as the secretary general of the ruling party UDA to oversee the operations of the ruling party and push the hustler agenda for the next five years.^{[citation needed]} Malala was however unceremoniously fired by UDA for sympathizing with former deputy president, Rigathi Gachagua.^{[citation needed]}

• Carmelo Abela (2020–2022)^[34]
• Joe Mizzi (1996–1998)
• Konrad Mizzi (2016–2017) On April 28, 2016, following the appearance of his name in the Panama Papers leaks, Prime Minister Joseph Muscat announced in a press conference at the Auberge de Castille that Konrad Mizzi was to be removed from the position of Health and Energy Minister. Mizzi would however retain the title of minister without portfolio, working within the Office of the Prime Minister.^[35][36]

Ram Sharan Mahat.^[37]

A minister without portfolio in the Netherlands is a minister that does not head a specific ministry, but assumes the same power and responsibilities as a minister that does.^{[citation needed]} The minister is responsible for a specific part of another minister's policy field. In that sense, a minister without portfolio is comparable to a state secretary (state secretary or junior minister) in Dutch politics, who also falls under another ministry and is responsible for a specific part of that minister's policy field. However, one distinct difference is that a minister without portfolio is a member of the council of ministers and can vote in it, whereas a state secretary is not. The minister for development cooperation has always been a minister without portfolio.

In the First Labour Government from 1935, Mark Fagan, was a "minister without portfolio" from 1935 to 1939,^{[citation needed]} as was David Wilson from 1939 to 1949.^{[citation needed]} They were appointed to the upper house and made a "minister without portfolio" to add them to the cabinet,^{[citation needed]} although neither were elected to a seat in Parliament.^{[citation needed]}

In the Third National Government, Keith Holyoake, was made a Minister of State 1975–77 after he had retired as party leader,^{[citation needed]} and in the Fourth National Government Robin Gray was made a Minister of State 1993–96,^{[citation needed]} after he was replaced as Speaker (though he was also Associate Minister of Foreign Affairs).^{[citation needed]} Both appointments were considered sinecures to avoid their return as 'backbenchers'.

The following were appointed to the Executive Council as ministers without portfolio.^[38]

Key

  Liberal   Reform   United   Labour   National
†: Died in office

More information Name, Portrait ...

Name		Portrait	Term of office		Prime Minister
	James Carroll		16 March 1892	20 February 1896		Ballance
						Seddon
	Alfred Cadman		21 December 1899	9 May 1901
	William Montgomery		19 July 1893	7 November 1895
	Mahuta Tāwhiao		22 May 1903	6 August 1906
						Hall-Jones
	Āpirana Ngata		7 January 1909	28 March 1912		Ward
	Peter Buck		28 March 1912	10 July 1912		Mackenzie
	Thomas Buxton		28 March 1912	10 July 1912
	Māui Pōmare		10 July 1912	3 May 1916		Massey
	William Fraser		27 July 1920	16 July 1923†
	David Guthrie		25 June 1924	31 March 1927†
						Bell
						Coates
	Heaton Rhodes		18 January 1926	10 December 1928
	Francis Bell		24 May 1926	25 August 1928
	Sir Joseph Ward		28 May 1930	8 July 1930†		Forbes
	Robert Masters		20 August 1930	22 September 1931
	Mark Fagan		6 December 1935	18 July 1939		Savage
	David Wilson		18 November 1939	30 May 1940
						Fraser
	Paraire Karaka Paikea		21 January 1941	6 May 1943†
	Eruera Tirikatene		26 May 1943	13 December 1949
	Adam Hamilton		16 July 1940	5 October 1942
	Gordon Coates		16 July 1940	5 October 1942
	William Polson		15 March 1950	12 December 1950		Holland
	Sidney Holland		20 September 1957	12 December 1957		Holyoake
	David Seath		24 January 1962	20 December 1963
	Hugh Watt		13 March 1975	12 December 1975		Rowling

Close

As of 2017, ministers without portfolio (министер без ресор) are:

• Ramiz Merko
• Edmond Ademi
• Robert Popovski
• Zoran Sapurik
• Zorica Apostolovska
• Adnan Kahil
• Samka Ibraimovski

From 2009 to 2013 Karl Eirik Schjøtt-Pedersen (Labour) was a Minister without Portfolio and Chief of Staff in the Prime Ministers Office, where his job was to co-ordinate within government.^{[citation needed]}

During the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines, then-Senate President Manuel Roxas was appointed minister without portfolio by the Japanese Government.^{[citation needed]}

In Poland, the term is used for a minister who is a member of the Council of Ministers but does not head a government department, and is not supported by a ministry.^{[citation needed]} A minister without portfolio performs tasks determined by the prime minister. Since the enactment of the 1997 Constitution, this option has been provided for in Article 149(1).^[39]

Following the Carnation Revolution, several politicians were made ministers without portfolio:

• Álvaro Cunhal (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th provisional government)
• Ernesto Melo Antunes (2nd, 3rd provisional government)
• Francisco Pereira de Moura (1st, 4th provisional government)
• Francisco Sá Carneiro (1st provisional government)
• Joaquim Magalhães Mota (2nd, 3rd, 4th provisional government)
• Jorge Campinos (1st constitutional government)
• Mário Soares (4th provisional government)
• Vítor Alves (2nd, 3rd provisional government)

After the 1st Constitutional Government (1976–1978), there haven't been any appointments of ministers without portfolio.

A similar but not sinecural cabinet position, that of Minister Adjunct (ministro adjunto), who does not head a particular ministry but is instead tasked with the general interministerial measures found in the government programme, has been created in some Portuguese governments.^{[citation needed]}

Minister without portfolio is a minister in the Government of Serbia with no particular ministry but who has some specific responsibilities.^[40] The office is usually held simultaneously by several people at the same time, usually three to five, depending on the cabinet.^{[citation needed]}

In Singapore, the appointment holder is known as the "Minister in the Prime Minister's Office" (PMO).^{[citation needed]}

In Spain, in addition to the Ministers in charge of a Department, there may be Ministers without a portfolio, who will be responsible for certain government functions. In the event that there are Ministers without a portfolio, the scope of their powers, the administrative structure, as well as the material and personal resources attached to it will be determined by Royal Decree.^[41]

• Dag Hammarskjöld (1951–1953).
• Olof Palme (1963–1965).^[42]

Article 5 of the Organizational Act of the Executive Yuan (Chinese: 行政院組織法) allows the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China to appoint seven to nine Ministers without Portfolio (Chinese: 政務委員). According to the article, they can also serve ministers of councils or commissions in the Executive Yuan. As of 2024^[update], they are:^[43]

• Chen Shih-chung
• Liu Chin-ching, also serving as Minister of National Development
• Wu Cheng-wen, also serving as Minister of Science and Technology
• Chen Chin-de, also serving as Minister of Public Construction
• Yang Jen-ni
• Chi Lien-cheng
• Shih Che
• Lin Ming-hsin

President Jakaya Kikwete appointed Professor Mark Mwandosya as a minister without portfolio in 2012.^{[citation needed]}

Since 2015, the cabinet list has included a minister without portfolio:

• Abraham Byandala – 2015 until 2016
• Abdul Nadduli – 2016 to 2019
• Kirunda Kivejinja – 2019 to 2021
• Lukia Isanga Nakadama – 2021 to present

The Vice President of the United States is a member of the Cabinet but heads no department. As such, the Vice President may be assigned to policy areas of the President's choosing such as foreign diplomacy (Richard Nixon),^{[citation needed]} space programs (Lyndon B. Johnson),^{[citation needed]} or public health (Mike Pence).^{[citation needed]} Prior to the mid-19th century, the Vice President's position as President of the Senate caused the office to be seen as primarily legislative in nature, and as such they were not assigned to deal with public policy.^{[citation needed]}

Cabinet-level officials are president-designated additional members of the Cabinet, which can vary under each president. Most of them head no department, and some of them are not officers of the United States. For example, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget is the head of the Office of Management and Budget, which is an office within a department, namely the Executive Office of the President of the United States headed by the White House Chief of Staff. ^{[citation needed]} Similar situations apply (or applied) for the Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers,^{[citation needed]} the Trade Representative,^{[citation needed]} Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy,^{[citation needed]} National Security Advisor,^{[citation needed]} Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy.^{[citation needed]}

An individual who has great influence on government affairs without holding formal office might be described as a "minister without portfolio".^{[citation needed]} Such an appellation is completely unofficial (possibly intended jokingly or disparagingly) and merely serves to underscore the extent of the individual's already-existing influence^{[fact or opinion?]}; it does not grant any new influence or power.^{[citation needed]} Examples include Bernard Baruch,^[44] Arthur Burns,^[45] and Ivanka Trump.^[46]

Herbert Hoover, the Secretary of Commerce under presidents Harding and Coolidge, took the position on the understanding that he would have input on all matters pertaining to the economy. He used this concession so eagerly that Treasury official S. Parker Gilbert dubbed him "Under-Secretary of all other departments."^[47]

In the first government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam founded by Hồ Chí Minh after the August Revolution in September 1945, Cù Huy Cận and Nguyễn Văn Xuân were assigned the "Minister without Portfolio" positions.^[48] In January 1946, the "Provisional Coalition Government" was installed, and Nguyen Van Xuan retained the post of Minister without Portfolio while Cu Huy Can was elevated to the Ministry of Agriculture.^[49] From November 1946 to early 1955, the Viet Minh (and later the Worker's Party)-led "New Government" fought against the return of France to Indochina and the post Ministers without Portfolio was held by Nguyễn Văn Tố, Đặng Văn Hướng and Bồ Xuân Luật.^[50] Since the 1954 Geneva Convention, the position has been vacant, except briefly during the 1960–1964 cabinet elected by the 2nd National Assembly, where Lê Văn Hiến occupied the post "Minister without Portfolio and Deputy Chair of the State Planning Commission."^[51]

In 2014, Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng tasked the Cabinet Office to examine the possibility of re-introducing the post "Minister without Portfolio."^[52] There have been no further developments since.