Murcian Spanish
Dialect
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Murcian (endonym: murciano) is a variant of Peninsular Spanish, spoken mainly in the autonomous community of Murcia and the adjacent comarcas of Vega Baja del Segura and Alto Vinalopó in the province of Alicante (Valencia), and the corridor of Almansa in Albacete (Castile–La Mancha). In a greater extent, it may also include some areas that were part of the former Kingdom of Murcia, such as southeastern Albacete (now part of Castile–La Mancha) and parts of Almería, Jaén and Granada (now part of Andalusia).
| Murcian Spanish | |
|---|---|
| murciano | |
| Pronunciation | [muɾˈθjano] |
| Native to | Spain |
| Region | Murcia, Andalusia (Almería, partially in Jaén and Granada), Castile–La Mancha (Albacete) and Valencia (Vega Baja, Alicante) |
Early forms | |
| Spanish orthography (Latin script) | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Spain |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
| IETF | es-u-sd-esmc |
 | |
Murcian linguistically borders Valencian (Catalan) and other Southern Peninsular Spanish varieties. The linguistic varieties of Murcian form a dialect continuum with Eastern Andalusian and Manchego Peninsular Spanish.
Murcian is considered a separate language from Spanish by some of its native speakers and by proponents of Murcianism, who call it llengua murciana.[1][2] The term panocho is also used to designate the Murcian language; however it mostly refers to the variety spoken in the comarca of the Huerta de Murcia.
History
Murcian emerged from the mixture of several linguistic varieties that joined together after the Kingdom of Murcia was conquered by the Crown of Aragon and the Crown of Castile and populated with principally northeastern settlers in the 13th and 14th centuries.[3] The linguistic varieties were mainly Tudmir's Romance (a type of Andalusi Romance), Arabic, Aragonese, Old Castilian and Occitano-Catalan. In modern times Murcian has also been influenced by French and Caló.
Phonetic features of Murcian
Consonants
Like in most Iberian languages and dialects, /b, d, ɡ/ become lenited to approximants or fricatives in syllable onsets, after continuants (exceptions include /d/ after lateral consonants): /b/ → [β], /d/ → [ð], /ɡ/ → [ɣ].
The most notable characteristics of a Murcian accent involve the heavy reduction of syllable-final consonants, as well as the frequent loss of /d/ from the suffixes -ado/-ada, -ido/-ida. No non-nasal consonants are permitted in word-final position. As is typical of Spanish, syllable-final nasals are neutralized, and assimilate to the place of articulation of a following consonant. In Murcian, as in many other varieties, the word-final nasal is typically realized as a velar [ŋ] when not followed by a consonant.[4]
Non-liquid, non-nasal postvocalic consonants in the syllable coda assimilate to both the place and the manner of articulation of the following consonant, producing a geminate. For instance, historical /kt/, /pt/ and /st/ all fall together as /tt/, rendering cacto ('cactus'), capto ('I understand'), and casto ('chaste') homophonous as [ˈkatːo]. Historical /kst/ also joins this neutralization, rendering sexta ('sixth' [f.]) homophonous with secta ('sect') as [ˈsetːa]. Other historical postvocalic clusters affected by this include /sp, sd, sk, sɡ, sm, sn, sl/, in each case producing a geminated second element: [pː, dː, kː, ɡː, mː, nː, lː] (with [ðː] being an alternative to [dː]). This produces minimal pairs differentiated by consonant length, such as cisne [ˈθinːe] ('swan') vs. cine [ˈθine] ('cinema'). This process also occurs across word boundaries, as in los nenes [lɔnˈnɛnɛ] ('the kids').[5]
Syllable-final /r/ can assimilate to a following /l/ or /n/, while syllable-final /l/ may assimilate to a following /r/ and become a tapped [ɾ] before any other consonant.[4]
In casual speech, syllable- and word-final /s/ is never pronounced as a sibilant [s].[6] It is usually elided entirely or forms part of a geminate, although in areas bordering Andalusia it may be debuccalized, pronounced as an [h].[7] In older working-class rural speech, syllable-final /s/ surfaces as [ɾ] before word-initial consonants (particularly the voiced plosives and /n/), as in los vasos [lɔɾ ˈβæsɔ] ('the glasses'). /b, d, ɡ/ are lenited after this allophone. The replacement of [s] with [ɾ] is perceived as a very marked feature of rural Murcian, and it is disapproved of by the local population.[8]
The phones /d/ (phon. [ð]), /θ/ and the rare /x/ are frequently elided in word-final position: pared [paˈɾe] ('wall'), vez [ˈbɛ] ('time') and reloj [reˈlo] ('clock'). Other elisions include final /t/ (often reflected in the Spanish orthography as carnet → carné 'ID card / driving licence') and variably the rest of final obstruents (found mainly in loanwords).
The vowels /i/ and /u/ have as non-vocalic correlates the semivowels (glides) [j] and [w] (also represented as [i̯] and [u̯]), respectively, which form a diphthong.
Further notes:
- While the word para is frequently realized as pa' in all Spanish varieties, in Murcian Spanish this is much more widespread, being more common among the upper classes and in more formal situations than in other zones.[9]
Phonetic development
There are linguistic phenomena characteristic of traditional Murcian speech, many of which are or were usual in other linguistic varieties (Aragonese, Mozarabic, Catalan, Andalusian, etc.):
- Word-initial /l/ has been palatalized to /ʎ/, as in llengua, corresponding to standard Castilian lengua, 'language, tongue'.[3]
- In some areas, /ʎ/ and /ʝ/ are neutralized to [ʎ], as opposed to the more usual [ʝ] typical of yeísmo. This has been called ultralleísmo.[3]
- An older /dʒ/ has been devoiced to /tʃ/, resulting in words like minchar 'to eat', cognate to Catalan menjar.[3]
- The frequent preservation of voiceless intervocalic consonants or other voiceless consonants that used to be voiced or are voiced in standard Spanish: cocote (cogote in Spanish), cocotazo, cancro (cangrejo in Spanish), parata (parada), sermonata (sermonada), atoba (adobe), acachar, alcayata, engangrenar, cangrena, pescatero, pinato (pino joven), gayato (cayado), falluto (huero), capolar, Caputa (a place in Mula), caparra (garrapata), capítulo (cabildo), súpito (súbito), molata, La Mulata, escorrata, pescatero, Ficaria (a place in Blanca), poyata (Lorca), volandero, etc.
- The frequent voicing of voiceless consonants: gambusino (campesino), morga (morca), alhábega (albahaca), chiguito (chiquito), regüestar (recostar), bambulla (lat. ampulla), etc.
- The frequent preservation of Latin group cl: clamar, 'llamar' and also "pl" (plantaje, El Plan).
- The frequent preservation of Latin group fl: flama (llama, calor), flamante (llameante), flamar, suflama/soflama, inflar, infleta, botinflar, botinflao, etc.
- The frequent maintenance of Latin /f/ in its original form (fenazar, fenás, vafada, fito a fito, manifacero, ferrija, Ficaria, figue, etc.) or aspirated (it is always aspirated before /u/ like in huerte, huerza, huente, humar, humo, conhundir, etc.; it is maintained in certain cases before /o/ like in hormar, hondo, hongo, hopo, etc. and before /a/ in haldar, hambre, etc.
- The presence of the intervocalic consonant cluster ns: ansa, nansa, pansa, pansir, pansío, suspensar, ansín, ansina, etc.
- A consonantal alternation between voiceless /k/ and /t/: La Rápita or La Rápica, tavacote (cavacote), tápena (caparis), friolenco, cantamusa, a tatas (a catas < a gatas), chito (chico, in Cieza), etc.
- Change from b to m: mandurria, Menjú (Abenhud, from Arabic Ibn Hud), meneno, comenencia, moñiga, camota (cabota), etc.
Vowels
The vowel system of Murcian is essentially the same as many parts of Andalusian (especially its Eastern provinces).
The open-mid vowels [ɛ, ɔ] as well as the open front [æ] are realizations of /eC, oC, aC/ (where ⟨C⟩ stands for any consonant other than /n/ or /d/)[11] in the syllable coda. Due to vowel harmony, the close-mid [e, o] and the open central [ä] (hereafter transcribed without the diacritic) are banned from occurring in any syllable preceding that with [ɛ, ɔ, æ]. This change is sometimes[12] called vowel opening, but this is completely inaccurate for the [a]–[æ] pair, in which the main difference is backness (/aC/ is more front than /a/). Thus, the contrast between mañanas /maˈɲanas/ and the singular form mañana /maˈɲana/ ('morning') surfaces as a contrast of vowel quality: [mæˈɲænæ] (plural) vs. [maˈɲana] (singular), rather than the presence of terminal [s] in the former word.[10]
Some authors have questioned whether the opening of the high vowels /i, u/ (to [ɪ, ʊ]) is significant (cfr., e.g., Zubizarreta, 1979, Poch / Llisterri, 1986, Sanders, 1994), while others argue that, although the opening is less than in the case of middle and low vowels, it is entirely relevant (cfr., e.g., Alonso / Canellada / Zamora Vicente, 1950, Mondéjar, 1979, Alarcos, 1983). In any case, the opening of these final high vowels also triggers vowel harmony.
Other characteristics
The diminutive suffix is -iquio [-ikʲo], which is likely related to -ico [-iko] (also used in Murcian).[3]