Voiceless postalveolar affricate

A voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".

IPA number103 134

Entity (decimal)tâ͡âʃ

Unicode (hex)U+0074âU+0361âU+0283

X-SAMPAtS or t_rS

Quick facts tÊ, Ê§ ...

Voiceless postalveolar affricate

tÊ

Ê§

IPA number 103 134

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity (decimal) tâ͡âʃ

Unicode (hex) U+0074âU+0361âU+0283

X-SAMPA tS or t_rS

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This sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with â¨tÊâ©, â¨tÍ¡Êâ©, â¨tÍÊâ©, or, in broad transcription, â¨câ©. There is also a ligature â¨Ê§â©, which was retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. An alternative commonly used in Americanist tradition is â¨Äâ©.

Historically, [tÊ] often derives from a former voiceless velar stop /k/ (as in English church; also in Gulf Arabic, Slavic languages, Indo-Iranian languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental stop /t/ by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel (as in English nature; also in Amharic, Portuguese, some accents of Egyptian, etc.).

Features

Features of a voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:

Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the tip or blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

More information Language, Word ...

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		ÑÑÐ¼Ñ/ÄamÃ«/ÚÛÙÛÙ	[tÍ¡ÊamÉ]^â	'cow'	Some dialects contrast labialized and non-labialized forms.
Albanian		Ã§elur	[tÍ¡ÊÉluÉ¾]	'opened'
Aleut	Atkan dialect	chamÄul	[tÍ¡ÊÉmÊul]	'to wash'
Amharic		á ááº/anÄi	[antÍ¡Êi]	'you'
Arabic^[1]	Central Palestinian	ÙÙØªØ¨Ø© (Normally unwritten)/maÄtabe	[ËmatÍ¡ÊtÌªabe]	'library'	Corresponds to [k] in Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology
	Iraqi	ÚØªØ§Ø¨/Äitaab	[tÍ¡ÊÉªËtÌªÉËb]	'book'
	Jordanian	ÙØªØ§Ø¨ (Normally unwritten)/Äitaab	[tÍ¡ÊÉªËtÌªaËb]	'book'
Aragonese		chuego	[ËtÍ¡ÊueÉ£o]	'game'
Armenian	Eastern^[2]	Õ³Õ¶Õ³Õ²Õ¸ÖÕ¯/ÄÃ«nÄquk	[tÍ¡ÊÉntÍ¡ÊÊuk]^â	'sparrow'
Assyrian		ÜÌ°ÜÜ¡Ü/Äâyama	[tÍ¡ÊË¤jÉmÉ]	'to shut'	Found in native terminology. Widespread usage in all dialect varieties. Developed from an original /tË¤/.
Asturian		Chipre	[ËtÍ¡ÊipÉ¾e]	'Cyprus'	Mostly found in loanwords, if possible, usually replaced by x [Ê].
Azerbaijani		ÆkinÃ§i/Ø§Ú©ÛÙÚÛ	[Ã¦kintÍ¡ÊÊ°i]	'the ploughman'
Bengali		à¦à¦¶à¦®à¦¾/ÄoÅ¡ma	[tÍ¡ÊÉÊma]	'spectacles'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Basque		txalupa	[tÍ¡Êalupa]	'boat'
Bulgarian		ÑÑÑÑÐ»Ð¸Ð³Ð°/ÄuÄuliga	[tÍ¡ÊÊtÍ¡ÊuËliÉ¡É]	'lark'	See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan		cotxe	[Ëko(t).tÍ¡ÊÉ]	'car'	See Catalan phonology.
Central Alaskan Yup'ik		nacaq	[ËnatÍ¡Êaq]	'parka hood'
Choctaw		hakchioma	[haktÍ¡Êioma]	'tobacco'
Coptic	Bohairic dialect	Ïâ²Ï©/Äoh	[tÍ¡ÊÊ°Éh]	'touch'
Czech		morÄe	[ËmoÌrtÍ¡ÊÉ]	'guinea pig'	See Czech phonology
Dhivehi		ÞÞ¦ÞÞ¦ÞÞ° / Äakas	[tÍ¡Êakas]	'mud'	Relatively rare, usually occurs in loanwords / onomatoepic words
Dutch		Tjongejonge	[tÍ¡ÊÉÅÉjÉÅÉ]	'jeez'	An exclamation of (mild) annoyance, surprise, wonder or amazement.^[3] Pronunciation is region dependent.
English		beach	[biËtÍ¡Ê]^â	'beach'	Slightly labialized [tÊÊ·]. See English phonology
Esperanto		Äar	[tÍ¡Êar]	'because'	See Esperanto phonology
Estonian		tÅ¡ello	[ËtÊelËo]	'cello'	Rare, occurs only in loanwords. see Estonian phonology
Faroese		gera	[tÍ¡ÊeËÉ¹a]	'to do'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Faroese phonology
Finnish		TÅ¡ekki	[ËtÌªÊeÌkËi]	'Czechia'	Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology
French	Standard	caoutchouc	[kautÍ¡Êu]	'rubber'	Relatively rare; occurs mostly in loanwords. See French phonology
French	Acadian	tiens	[tÍ¡ÊÉÌ]	'(I/you) keep'	Allophone of /k/ and /tj/ before a front vowel.
Galician		cheo	[ËtÍ¡Êeo]	'full'	Galician-Portuguese /tÍ¡Ê/ is conserved in Galician and merged with /Ê/ in most Portuguese dialects. See Galician phonology
Georgian^[4]		á©áá®á/Äixi	[tÍ¡Êixi]	'impasse'
German	Standard^[5]	TschÃ¼ss	[tÍ¡ÊÊs]	'bye'	Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.^[5] See Standard German phonology
Greek	Cypriot	ÏÏÌÎ¬Î¹/Äai	[tÍ¡ÊÉËiË]	'tea'
Hausa		ciwo/Ø«ÙÙÙÙØ§Ù	[tÍ¡ÊÃË.wÃ²Ë]	'disease, pain'
Hebrew		×ª×©×××/Äuva	[tÍ¡ÊuËva]	'answer'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	à¤à¤¾à¤¯/cÄy	[tÍ¡ÊaËj]	'tea'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Hindustani	Urdu	ÚØ§Ø¦Û/Ã§Äy	[tÍ¡ÊaËj]	'tea'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Haitian Creole		match	[matÍ¡Ê]	'sports match'
Hungarian		gyÃ¼mÃ¶lcslÃ©	[ËÉymÃ¸ltÍ¡ÊleË]	'fruit juice'	See Hungarian phonology
Italian^[6]		ciao	[ËtÍ¡ÊaËo]	'hi'	See Italian phonology
Javanese		cedhak/ê¦ê¦¼ê¦£ê¦ê§/ÚÛ¤ÚÙØ§Ù	[tÍ¡ÊÉÉaÊ]	'near'
KÊ¼icheÊ¼		K'iche'	[kÊ¼iËtÍ¡ÊeÊ]	'KÊ¼icheÊ¼''	Contrasts with ejective form
Kabardian		ÑÑÐ½Ð¶/ÄanÅ¾/ÚÛÙÚ	[tÍ¡ÊanÊ]^â	'shallow'
Kashmiri		ÚØ§Û/cÄy/	[tÍ¡ÊaËj]	'tea'
Kashubian^[7]		czÃ«sto	[tÍ¡ÊÉstÉ]	'cleanly'
Kharia^[8]		à¤°à¤à¤à¤à¤¬	[rÉÌ.tÍ¡ÊÊ°ÉÌÊbËºáµ]	'side'	A low-tone pitch in the first syllable, then gradually turns high in the second one. See Anderson (2014) for discussion.
Khortha^[9]		à¤à¤à¤¨	[tÍ¡ÊinÊ±]	'mark'
Kurdish		hirÃ§/ÙØ±Ú	[hÉªÉ¾tÍ¡Ê]	'bear'
Ladino		kolcha/×§×××ï¬×	[ËkoltÍ¡Êa]	'quilt'
Macedonian		ÑÐµÐºÐ°/Äeka	[tÍ¡ÊÉka]	'wait'	See Macedonian phonology
Malay	Malaysian	cuci/ÚÙÚÙ	[tÍ¡ÊutÍ¡Êi]	'to wash'	See Malay phonology
Malay	Indonesian	cuci/ÚÙÚÙ	[tÍ¡ÊutÍ¡Êi]	'to wash'	Palatal [c] according to some analyses. See Malay phonology
Malayalam		à´à´¤à´¿/chathi	[tÍ¡ÊÉdÌªi]	'betrayal'	See Malayalam phonology
Maltese		bliÄ	[blitÍ¡Ê]	'bleach'
Manx		Ã§hiarn	[ËtÍ¡ÊaËrn]	'lord'
Marathi		à¤à¤¹à¤¾/ÄahÃ¡	[tÍ¡ÊÉhaË]	'tea'	Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /tÉ / and /ts/.See Marathi phonology
Mongolian	Khalkha dialect	Ð½Ð°ÑÐ³Ð¸Ð¶/nargiÄ á ¨á á ·á á ¢á µ	[ËnargitÍ¡Ê]	'laugh'
Nahuatl		ÄyÅtÅchtli	[aËjoËËtoËtÍ¡ÊtÍ¡É¬i]	'armadillo'
Norwegian	Some dialects	kjÃ¸kken	[tÍ¡ÊÃ¸kËen]	'kitchen'	See Norwegian phonology
Nunggubuyu^[10]		jaro	[tÍ¡ÊaÉ¾o]	'needle'
Occitan		chuc	[ËtÍ¡Êyk]	'juice'	See Occitan phonology
Odia		à¬à¬/caka	[tÍ¡ÊÉkÉ]	'wheel'	Contrasts with aspirated form.
Persian		ÚÙØ¨/ÑÓ¯Ð±/Ã§ub	[tÍ¡ÊÊ°uËb]	'wood'	See Persian phonology
Polish	Gmina Istebna	ciemny	[ËtÍ¡ÊÉmnÌªÉ]	'dark'	/ÊÍ¡Ê/ and /tÍ¡É/ merge into [tÍ¡Ê] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /tÍ¡Ê/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiceless retroflex affricate.
	Lubawa dialect^[11]
	Malbork dialect^[11]
	OstrÃ³da dialect^[11]
	Warmia dialect^[11]
Portuguese	Most northern and some central Portuguese dialects	chamar	[tÍ¡ÊÉËmaÉ¾]	'to call'	Archaic realization of etymological â¨châ©. Its use is diminishing due to influence of the standard language, being replaced by [Ê].
	Most Brazilian dialects^[12]	presente	[pÉ¾eÌËzáº½ÌtÍ¡Êi]	'present'	Allophone of /t/ before /i, Ä©/ (including when [i, Ä©, j] is not actually produced) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. See Portuguese phonology
	Most dialects	tchau	[ËtÍ¡Êaw]	'bye'	In Standard European Portuguese it occurs only in recent loanwords.
Punjabi		à¨à©à¨²/ ÚÙÙ/Äol	[tÍ¡ÊÉËl]	'rice'
Quechua		chunka	[tÍ¡ÊÊÅka]	'ten'
Romani		Äiriklo	[tÍ¡ÊiriËklo]	'bird'	Contrasts with aspirated form.
Romanian		cer	[ËtÍ¡ÊeÌr]	'sky'	See Romanian phonology
Rotuman^[13]		joni	[ËtÍ¡ÊÉni]	'to flee'
Russian		ÑÐµÐ»Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐº	[ËtÍ¡ÊÉªlÉËvÊ²ek]	'person'
Scottish Gaelic		slÃ inte	[ËslÌªË aËnÊ²tÍ¡ÊÉ]	'health'	Southern dialects only; standard pronunciation is [tÊ²]. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian	Some speakers	ÄokolÃ¡da ÑÐ¾ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð°	[tÍ¡ÊoÌkoÌËÉ«ÇÌ ËdÌªaÌ ]	'chocolate'	In varieties that do not distinguish /ÊÍ¡Ê/ from /tÍ¡É/.
Silesian	Gmina Istebna^[14]	szpaÅelsko	[tÌ Í¡ÊpaÉ²ÉskÉ]	'Spanish'	These dialects merge /ÊÍ¡Ê/ and /tÍ¡É/ into [tÍ¡Ê].
Silesian	Jablunkov^[14]	szpaÅelsko	[tÌ Í¡ÊpaÉ²ÉlskÉ]	'Spanish'	These dialects merge /ÊÍ¡Ê/ and /tÍ¡É/ into [tÍ¡Ê].
Slovak		ÄÃslo	[tÍ¡ÊiËslo]	'number'	See Slovak phonology
Slovene		koÄa	[ËkÃ²ËtÍ¡ÊÃ¡Ë]	'cottage'
Solos		tsino	[tÍ¡ÊinÉ]	'bone'
Spanish^[15]		chocolate	[tÍ¡ÊoÌkoÌËlÃ¤tÌªeÌ]^â	'chocolate'	See Spanish phonology
Swahili		jicho	[ÊitÍ¡Êo]/Ø¬ÙÙÚÙ	'eye'
Swedish	Finland	tjugo	[tÍ¡ÊÊËÉ¡Ê]	'twenty'	See Swedish phonology
Swedish	Some rural Swedish dialects	kÃ¤rlek	[tÍ¡ÊÃ¦ËÉeËk]	'love'	See Swedish phonology
Tagalog		tsuper	[tÍ¡ÊÊËpÉÉ¾]	'driver'	See Tagalog phonology
Tlingit		jinkaat	[ËtÍ¡ÊinkÊ°aËt]	'ten'
Turkish		Ã§ok	[tÍ¡Êok]^â	'very'	See Turkish phonology
Tyap		cat	[tÍ¡Êad]	'love'
Ubykh		ÃÉbÆ¹Éja/ÄÃ«bÅ¾Ã«ya	[tÍ¡ÊÉbÊÉja]	'pepper'	See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian^[16]		ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸ÑÐ¸/Äotyry	[tÍ¡ÊoÌËtÉªrÉª]	'four'	See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek		choÊ»l/Ã§Ãºl/ÚÛÙ	[tÍ¡ÊÉµl]	'desert'
Welsh		tsips	[tÍ¡ÊÉªps]	'chips'	Occurs in loanwords. See Welsh phonology
Yiddish		××©×Ö·××©×§×¢/ÄaÄke	[tÍ¡ÊatÍ¡ÊkÉ]	'knick-knack'	See Yiddish phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[17]	chane	[tÍ¡ÊanÉ]

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Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Polish, Catalan, and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /tÍ¡É/; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use /tÍ¡Ê/.

Related characters

There are several Unicode characters based on the tesh digraph (Ê§):

U+107AE ð® MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TESH DIGRAPH is an IPA superscript letter^[18]
U+1DF17 ð¼ LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOK is used in phonetic transcription^[19]^[20]
U+1DF1C ð¼ LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK has been used in phonetic descriptions of Polish^[21]

Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate

Quick facts tÌ É¹Ì ÌË, tÉ¹ÌÌË ...

Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
tÌ É¹Ì ÌË
tÉ¹ÌÌË
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Features

Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

More information Language, Word ...

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	Australian^[22]	tree	[tÌ Í¡É¹ÌÌ ÌiË]	'tree'	Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /tr/.^[22]^[23] In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar [tÉ¹ÌÌ].^[23] See Australian English phonology and English phonology
	General American^[23]		[tÌ Í¡É¹ÌÌ ÌÊ·i]
	Received Pronunciation^[23]		[tÌ Í¡É¹ÌÌ ÌÊ·ÉªiÌ¯]
Scottish Gaelic	Lewis^[24]	sitrich	[ËÊi^Ã§tÌ Í¡É¹ÌÌ ÌiÃ§]	'to neigh'	Palato-alveolar. Phonetic realization of /tÌªÉ¾/ after palatal or palatalised consonants in medial clusters.

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Notes

References

Barbosa, PlÃnio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004). "Brazilian Portuguese". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (2): 227â232. doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756.
Blevins, Juliette (1994). "The Bimoraic Foot in Rotuman Phonology and Morphology". Oceanic Linguistics. 33 (2): 491â516. doi:10.2307/3623138. JSTOR 3623138.
Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012]. Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9.
Cruttenden, Alan (2014). Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781444183092.
DÄbrowska, Anna (2004). JÄzyk polski. WrocÅaw: wydawnictwo DolnoÅlÄskie. ISBN 83-7384-063-X.
Dubisz, StanisÅaw; KaraÅ, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995). Dialekty i gwary polskie. Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna. ISBN 83-2140989-X.
Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995). Ukrainian. Lincom Europa. ISBN 9783929075083.
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009). Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 9789027238146.
Ladefoged, Peter (2005). Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.). Blackwell.
Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962]. Das AussprachewÃ¶rterbuch (6th ed.). Mannheim: Dudenverlag. ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7.
MartÃnez-CeldrÃ¡n, Eugenio; FernÃ¡ndez-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-SabatÃ©, Josefina (2003). "Castilian Spanish". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 33 (2): 255â259. doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373.
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008). "Tilquiapan Zapotec". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 38 (1): 107â114. doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344.
Oftedal, M. (1956), The Gaelic of Leurbost, Oslo: Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004). "Italian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (1): 117â121. doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628.
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006). "Standard Georgian" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 36 (2): 255â264. doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659.
Watson, Janet (2002). The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 9781405881180.

Voiceless postalveolar affricate

Features

Occurrence

Related characters

Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate

Features

Occurrence

Notes

References

External links

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