Open-mid central unrounded vowel

The open-mid central unrounded vowel, or low-mid central unrounded vowel,^[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is â¨Éâ© (formerly â¨á´â©). The IPA symbol is not the digit â¨3â© or the Cyrillic small letter Ze (Ð·). The symbol is instead a reversed Latinized variant of the lowercase epsilon, É. The value was specified only in 1993; until then, â¨Éâ© was an alternative symbol for the mid central unrounded vowel [É].

IPA number326

Entity (decimal)ɜ

Unicode (hex)U+025C

X-SAMPA3

Quick facts É, IPA number ...

Open-mid central unrounded vowel

É

IPA number 326

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Encoding

Entity (decimal) ɜ

Unicode (hex) U+025C

X-SAMPA 3

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IPA: Vowels

More information Front, Central ...

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	É¨ Ê	É¯ u
Near-close	Éª Ê		Ê
Close-mid	e Ã¸	É Éµ	É¤ o
Mid	eÌ Ã¸Ì	É	É¤Ì oÌ
Open-mid	É Å	É É	Ê É
Near-open	Ã¦	É
Open	a É¶	Ã¤	É É

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Legend: unrounded â¢ rounded

The â¨Éâ© letter may be used with a raising diacritic â¨ÉÌâ©, to denote the mid central unrounded vowel. It may also be used with a lowering diacritic â¨ÉÌâ©, to denote the near-open central unrounded vowel.

Conversely, â¨Éâ©, the symbol for the mid central vowel may be used with a lowering diacritic â¨ÉÌâ© to denote the open-mid central unrounded vowel, although that is more specifically written with an additional unrounding diacritic â¨ÉÌÍâ© to explicitly denote the lack of rounding (the canonical value of IPA â¨Éâ© is undefined for rounding).

Features

Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

More information Language, Word ...

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Afrikaans	Standard^[2]	lig	[lÉÌÏ]	'light'	Also described as mid [É],^[3] typically transcribed in IPA with â¨Éâ©. See Afrikaans phonology
Cotabato Manobo^[4]		[bÃ¤tÉÊ]		'child'	Allophone of /a/ before glottal consonants; may be transcribed in IPA with â¨Êâ©.^[4]
Dutch^[5]		grappig	[ËÏÉ¾ÉpÉÌÏ]	'funny'	Possible realization of /É/.^[5] See Dutch phonology
Emilian	Bolognese	mÃ©tter	[ËmetÌªËÉr]	'to put'	^{[citation needed]}
English	American	bird	[bÉd]	'bird'	Often rhotic. See Rhoticity in English.
	Ohio^[6]	bud		'bud'	One realization of the vowel transcribed in IPA with â¨Êâ© in American English, typical of Midland or Southern American English. It is not a standard pronunciation throughout the whole country.^[7]^[6]
	Most Texas speakers^[6]
	Northern Wales^[8]				Some speakers.^[8] Corresponds to /É/ in other Welsh dialects.^[9]
	Scottish^[10]		[bÉÌ d]		Somewhat retracted; may be more back /Ê/ instead.
German	Chemnitz dialect^[11]	passe	[ËbÌ¥ÉsÉ]	'[I] pass'	Typically transcribed in IPA with â¨aâ©.
German	Many speakers^[12]	herrlich	[ËhÉËlÉªÃ§]	'fantastic'	Common alternative to the diphthong [ÉÉÌ¯].^[12] See Standard German phonology
Hausa^[13]		^{[example needed]}			Possible allophone of /a/, which can be as close as [É] and as open as [Ã¤].^[13]
Jebero^[14]		[ËkÉnmÉÊ]		'indigenous person'	Allophone of /a/ in closed syllables.^[14]
Kaingang^[15]		[ËÉ¾É]		'mark'	Varies between central [É] and back [Ê].^[16]
Kalagan Kaagan^[17]		[mÉËtÌªÃ¤s]		'tall'	Allophone of /a/; may be transcribed in IPA with â¨Êâ©.^[17]
Kallahan^[18]		^{[example needed]}
Ladin	GherdÃ«ina	UrtijÃ«i	[uÊtiËÊÉiÌ¯]	UrtijÃ«i	When stressed usually spelled with the letter Ã«.
Neapolitan	Central Basilicatan varieties (Appennine Area)	pesÃ¤re	[pÉËsÉrÉ] or [pÉËsÉÌrÉ]	'to weigh'	Nasalization [ÉÌ] occurs in dialects such as Accetturese.^[19]
PaicÃ®^[20]		rÃ«	[É¾É]	'they' (prefix)	May be transcribed in IPA with â¨Êâ©.
Romanian	Standard^[21]	mÄr	[mÉÌr]	'apple'	Typically transcribed in IPA with â¨Éâ©. See Romanian phonology
Romanian	Transylvanian varieties of Romanian^[22]	aÈa	[aËÊÉ]	'such'	Corresponds to [Ã¤] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Sama	Sibutu^[23]	[ËsÃ¤pÉw]		'roof'	Allophone of /a/; may be transcribed in IPA with â¨Êâ©.^[23]
Sindhi^[24]			[sÉÌrÉÌ]	'funeral'	Typically transcribed in IPA with â¨Éâ©.
Temne^[25]		pÊs	[pÉÌs]	'brew'	Typically transcribed in IPA with â¨Êâ©.^[25]
Yiddish	Standard^[26]	×¢× ××¢×	[ËÉnlÉÏ]	'similar'	Unstressed vowel.^[26] See Yiddish phonology

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Notes

References

Allison, E. Joseph (1979), "The phonology of Sibutu Sama: A language of the southern Philippines" (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 3 (2): 63â104, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-11
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Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; KnÃ¶bl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das AussprachewÃ¶rterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
Gordon, Matthew J.; Maddieson, Ian (1996), "The phonetics of Paici", in Maddieson, Ian (ed.), UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages IV, vol. 93, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 111â124
Gordon, Matthew (2004b), "The West and Midwest: phonology", in Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English: Volume 1: Phonology, Walter de Gruyter, p. 340, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosÃ³dia do KaingÃ¡ng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, 3, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP: 675â685
Kanu, Sullay M.; Tucker, Benjamin V. (2010), "Temne", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 247â253, doi:10.1017/S002510031000006X
Kerr, Harland (1988), "Cotabato Manobo Grammar" (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 7 (1): 1â123, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-11
Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231â241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
Kleine, Ane (2003), "Standard Yiddish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 261â265, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001385
Ladefoged, Peter (1993), A course in phonetics (3rd ed.), Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers
Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
Nihalani, Paroo (1999), "Sindhi", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 131â134, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic RomÃ¢n, Muzeul Limbii RomÃ¢ne Cluj
Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 239â245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
Santiago, Paul Julian (2010), The Phonetic Structures of Kalanguya
Sarlin, Mika (2014) [First published 2013], "Sounds of Romanian and their spelling", Romanian Grammar (2nd ed.), Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH, pp. 16â37, ISBN 978-952-286-898-5
Schuh, Russell G.; Yalwa, Lawan D. (1999), "Hausa", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 90â95, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
Tench, Paul (1990), "The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 130â141, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
Thomas, Erik R. (2001), An acoustic analysis of vowel variation in New World English, Publication of the American Dialect Society, vol. 85, Duke University Press for the American Dialect Society, ISSN 0002-8207
Tillery, Jan; Bailey, Guy (2004), "The urban South: phonology", in Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English: Volume 1: Phonology, Walter de Gruyter, p. 333, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2013), "Shiwilu (Jebero)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 97â106, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000370
Wendel, Ãsa; Wendel, Dag (1978), "Kaagan-Kalagan phonemic statement" (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 2 (1): 191â203, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-11
Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, vol. 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Wissing, Daan (2012), "Integrasie van artikulatoriese en akoestiese eienskappe van vokale: 'n beskrywingsraamwerk", LitNet Akademies (in Afrikaans), 9 (2), Stellenbosch: LitNet: 701â743, ISSN 1995-5928, archived from the original on 15 April 2017, retrieved 16 April 2017
Wissing, Daan (2016). "Afrikaans phonology â segment inventory". Taalportaal. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.

Open-mid central unrounded vowel

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links

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