Opinion polling on the Jair Bolsonaro presidency
Surveying on Brazilian administration
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Opinion polling has been regularly conducted in Brazil since the start of Jair Bolsonaro's four-year term administration, gauging public support for the President of Brazil and his government. Typically, an approval rating is based on responses to a poll in which a sample of people are asked to evaluate the overall administration of the current president. Participants might also be asked whether they approve of the way president handles his job, if they trust him, to rate his personality, or to opine on various policies promoted by the government.
Overall administration evaluation
The public was asked to evaluate the performance of Bolsonaro's administration. A question might ask:
- The administration of President Jair Bolsonaro has been excellent, good, regular, bad, or terrible?[1]
plurality approval neutral evaluation plurality disapproval majority disapproval
| Polling group |
Date | Sample size |
Good / Excellent |
Regular | Bad / Terrible |
Unsure / No opinion |
Net ± |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Datafolha[2] | 19–20 December 2022 | 2,026 | 39% | 24% | 37% | 1% | +2% |
| IPEC[3] | 26–28 August 2022 | 2,000 | 31% | 24% | 43% | 2% | –12% |
| 2022 | |||||||
| Poder360[4] | 17–19 July | 3,000 | 34% | 14% | 50% | 2% | –16% |
| Exame/Ideia[5] | 17–22 June | 1,500 | 33% | 21% | 44% | 1% | –11% |
| Paraná Pesquisas[6] | 31 March–5 April | 2,020 | 32.4% | 20.8% | 45.8% | 1% | –13.4% |
| Datafolha | 22–23 March | 2,556 | 25% | 28% | 46% | 1% | –21% |
| Exame/Ideia | 18–23 March | 1,500 | 28% | 24% | 45% | 3% | –17% |
| XP/Ipespe[7] | 7–9 March | 1,000 | 27% | 20% | 52% | 1% | –25% |
| Paraná Pesquisas[6] | 3–8 March | 2,020 | 28.1% | 23.7% | 47% | 1,3% | –18.9% |
| PoderData[8] | 27 February – 1 March | 3,000 | 30% | 16% | 52% | 2% | –22% |
| CNT/MDA[9] | 16–19 February | 2,002 | 25.9% | 30,4% | 42.7% | 1% | –16.8% |
| XP/Ipespe[10] | 10–12 January | 1,000 | 24% | 21% | 54% | 7% | −30% |
| 2021 | |||||||
| IPEC[11] | 9–13 December | 2,002 | 19% | 25% | 55% | 1% | −36% |
| Exame/Ideia[12][13] | 18–22 November | 1,277 | 23% | 19% | 55% | 2% | −32% |
| 9–11 November | 1,200 | 23% | 20% | 54% | 3% | −31% | |
| PoderData[14] | 13–15 September | 2,500 | 27% | 14% | 56% | 3% | −29% |
| Atlas Político[15] | 30 August – 4 September | 3,246 | 24% | 14% | 61% | 1% | −37% |
| PoderData[16] | 16–18 August | 2,500 | 28% | 13% | 56% | 3% | −28% |
| XP/Ipespe[17] | 11–14 August | 1,000 | 20% | 23% | 54% | 2% | −34% |
| Exame/Ideia[18] | 12–15 July | 1,258 | 26% | 20% | 51% | 1% | −25% |
| Datafolha[19] | 7–8 July | 2,074 | 24% | 24% | 51% | 1% | −27% |
| XP/Ipespe[20] | 5–7 July | 1,000 | 25% | 21% | 52% | 3% | −27% |
| Exame/Ideia[21] | 28 June – 1 July | 1,248 | 23% | 21% | 54% | 3% | −31% |
| IPEC[22] | 17–21 June | 2,002 | 23% | 26% | 50% | 1% | −27% |
| XP/Ipespe[23] | 7–10 June | 1,000 | 26% | 22% | 50% | 2% | −24% |
| Datafolha[24] | 11–12 May | 2,071 | 24% | 30% | 45% | 1% | −21% |
| Exame/Ideia[25] | 19–22 April | 1,200 | 25% | 20% | 54% | 1% | −29% |
| PoderData[26] | 12–14 April | 3,500 | 26% | 18% | 55% | 1% | −29% |
| XP/Ipespe[27] | 29–31 March | 1,000 | 27% | 24% | 48% | 1% | −21% |
| PoderData[28] | 29–31 March | 3,500 | 26% | 19% | 53% | 2% | −27% |
| Exame/Ideia[29] | 22−24 March | 1,255 | 25% | 22% | 49% | 2% | −24% |
| Datafolha[30] | 15−16 March | 2,023 | 30% | 24% | 44% | 2% | −14% |
| XP/Ipespe[31] | 9–11 March | 1,000 | 30% | 24% | 45% | 1% | −15% |
| Exame/Ideia[32] | 8–11 March | 1,200 | 26% | 25% | 45% | 3% | −19% |
| PoderData[33] | 1–3 March, | 2,500 | 31% | 18% | 47% | 4% | −16% |
| Paraná Pesquisas[1] | 25 February – 1 March | 2,080 | 34% | 23.7% | 40.6% | 1.7% | −6.6% |
| CNT/MDA[34] | 18–20 February | 2,002 | 32.9% | 30.2% | 35.5% | 1.4% | −2.6% |
| Exame/Ideia[35] | 11 February | 1,200 | 31% | 24% | 43% | 2% | −12% |
| PoderData[36] | 1–3 February | 2,500 | 33% | 22% | 41% | 4% | −8% |
| Datafolha[37] | 20–21 January | 2,030 | 31% | 26% | 40% | 2% | −9% |
| Paraná Pesquisas[1] | 22–26 January | 2,002 | 33.3% | 25.4% | 39.6% | 1.6% | −6.3% |
| Exame/Ideia[38] | 18–21 January | 1,200 | 27% | 26% | 45% | 2% | −8% |
| XP/Ipespe[39] | 11–14 January | 1,000 | 32% | 26% | 40% | 2% | −8% |
| EXAME/IDEIA[40] | 11–14 January | 1,200 | 37% | 27% | 37% | 2% | 0% |
| 2020 | |||||||
| PoderData[41] | 21–23 December | 2,500 | 39% | 17% | 42% | 2% | −3% |
| Datafolha[42] | 8–10 December | 2,016 | 37% | 29% | 32% | 3% | +5% |
| XP Investimentos[43] | 7–9 December | 1,000 | 38% | 25% | 35% | 2% | +3% |
| CNI/Ibope[44] | 5–8 December | 2,000 | 35% | 30% | 33% | 2% | +2% |
| Paraná Pesquisas[1] | 28 November – 1 December | 2,036 | 37.2% | 24.4% | 37.3% | 1.2% | −0.1% |
| PoderData[41] | 23–25 November | 2,500 | 36% | 19% | 40% | 5% | −4% |
| CNT/MDA[34] | 21–24 October | 2,002 | 41% | 30% | 27% | 1,3% | +14% |
| XP Investimentos[43] | 8–11 October | 1,000 | 39% | 28% | 31% | 2% | +8% |
| Exame/IDEIA[45] | 5–8 October | 1,200 | 36% | 25% | 37% | 2% | −1% |
| Band/PoderData[46] | 28–30 September | 2,500 | 38% | 27% | 30% | 5% | +8% |
| CNI/Ibope[44] | 17–20 September | 2,000 | 40% | 29% | 29% | 2% | +11% |
| Band/PoderData[47] | 14–16 September | 2,500 | 38% | 25% | 34% | 3% | +4% |
| XP Investimentos[48] | 8–11 September | 1,000 | 39% | 24% | 36% | 2% | +3% |
| Band/PoderData[49] | 31 August – 2 September | 2,500 | 39% | 24% | 34% | 3% | +5% |
| Exame/IDEIA[50] | 24–31 August | 1,235 | 39% | 20% | 39% | 2% | 0% |
| XP/Ipespe[51] | 13–15 August | 1,000 | 37% | 23% | 37% | 3% | 0% |
| Datafolha[52] | 11–12 August | 2,065 | 37% | 27% | 34% | 1% | +3% |
| PoderData[53] | 3–5 August | 2,500 | 32% | 25% | 41% | 2% | −9% |
| DataPoder360[54] | 20–22 July | 2,500 | 30% | 23% | 43% | 4% | −13% |
| Datafolha[55] | 23–24 June | 2,016 | 32% | 23% | 44% | 1% | −12% |
| XP/Ipespe[56] | 9–11 June | 1,000 | 28% | 22% | 48% | 2% | −20% |
| DataPoder360[57] | 8–10 June | 2,500 | 28% | 20% | 47% | 5% | −19% |
| XP/Ipespe[58][56] | 26–27 May | 1,000 | 26% | 23% | 49% | 2% | −23% |
| DataPoder360[59] | 25–27 May | 2,500 | 28% | 23% | 44% | 5% | −16% |
| Datafolha[60] | 25–26 May | 2,069 | 33% | 22% | 43% | 2% | −10% |
| XP/Ipespe[61] | 16–18 May | 1,000 | 25% | 23% | 50% | 2% | −25% |
| Fórum/Offerwise[62][63] | 14–17 May | 1,000 | 32.0% | 24.9% | 39.5% | 3.6% | −7.5% |
| DataPoder360[64] | 11–13 May | 2,500 | 30% | 27% | 39% | 4% | −9% |
| CNT/MDA[65][66] | 7–10 May | 2,002 | 32.0% | 22.9% | 43.4% | 1.7% | −11.4% |
| XP/Ipespe[67] | 28–30 April | 1,000 | 27% | 24% | 49% | 1% | −22% |
| Paraná Pesquisas[1] | 27–29 April | 2,006 | 31.8% | 27.3% | 39.4% | 1.6% | −7.6% |
| DataPoder360[68] | 27–29 April | 2,500 | 29% | 26% | 40% | 5% | −11% |
| Datafolha[69][70] | 27 April | 1,503 | 33% | 26% | 38% | 3% | −5% |
| XP/Ipespe[71] | 23–24 April | 800 | 31% | 24% | 42% | 3% | −11% |
| XP/Ipespe[71] | 20–22 April | 1,000 | 31% | 26% | 42% | 2% | −11% |
| XP/Ipespe[71] | 13–15 April | 1,000 | 30% | 26% | 40% | 3% | −10% |
| DataPoder360[72] | 13–15 April | 2,500 | 36% | 28% | 33% | 3% | +3% |
| XP/Ipespe[73] | 30 March – 1 April | 1,000 | 28% | 27% | 42% | 3% | −14% |
| XP/Ipespe[74] | 16–18 March | 1,000 | 30% | 31% | 36% | 3% | −6% |
| XP/Ipespe[75][76] | 17–19 February | 1,000 | 34% | 29% | 36% | 2% | −2% |
| CNT/MDA[77][78] | 15–18 January | 2,002 | 34.5% | 32.1% | 31.0% | 2.4% | +3.5% |
| XP/Ipespe[79] | 13–15 January | 1,000 | 32% | 28% | 39% | 1% | −7% |
| 2019 | |||||||
| XP/Ipespe[80] | 9–11 December | 1,000 | 35% | 25% | 39% | 1% | −4% |
| Ibope[81] | 5–8 December | 2,000 | 29% | 31% | 38% | 3% | −9% |
| Datafolha[82] | 5–6 December | 2,948 | 30% | 32% | 36% | 1% | −6% |
| XP/Ipespe[83] | 6–8 November | 1,000 | 35% | 25% | 39% | 2% | −4% |
| XP/Ipespe[84] | 9–11 October | 1,000 | 33% | 27% | 38% | 1% | −5% |
| Ibope[85] | 19–22 September | 2,000 | 31% | 32% | 34% | 3% | −3% |
| Datafolha[86] | 29–30 August | 2,878 | 29% | 30% | 38% | 2% | −9% |
| XP/Ipespe[87] | 27–29 August | 1,000 | 30% | 27% | 41% | 2% | −11% |
| CNT/MDA[88][89] | 22–25 August | 2,002 | 29.4% | 29.1% | 39.5% | 2.0% | −10.1% |
| XP/Ipespe[90] | 5–7 August | 1,000 | 33% | 27% | 38% | 2% | −5% |
| Datafolha[91] | 4–5 July | 2,086 | 33% | 31% | 33% | 2% | 0% |
| XP/Ipespe[92] | 1–3 July | 1,000 | 34% | 28% | 35% | 4% | −1% |
| Paraná Pesquisas[93] | 20–25 June | 2,102 | 30.1% | 26.9% | 40.8% | 2.2% | −10.7% |
| Ibope[94][95] | 20–23 June | 2,000 | 32% | 32% | 32% | 3% | 0% |
| XP/Ipespe[96] | 11–13 June | 1,000 | 34% | 28% | 35% | 3% | −1% |
| XP/Ipespe[97] | 20–21 May | 1,000 | 34% | 26% | 36% | 4% | −2% |
| XP/Ipespe[98] | 6–8 May | 1,000 | 35% | 31% | 31% | 3% | +4% |
| Ibope[99][100][101] | 12–15 April | 2,000 | 35% | 31% | 27% | 7% | +8% |
| Datafolha[102] | 2–3 April | 2,086 | 32% | 33% | 30% | 4% | +1% |
| XP/Ipespe[103] | 1–3 April | 1,000 | 35% | 32% | 26% | 7% | +9% |
| Ibope[104][105][106] | 16–19 March | 2,002 | 34% | 34% | 24% | 8% | 0% |
| XP/Ipespe[107] | 11–13 March | 1,000 | 37% | 32% | 24% | 8% | +13% |
| Ibope[108][105] | 22–25 February | 2,002 | 39% | 30% | 19% | 12% | +20% |
| CNT/MDA[109][110] | 21–23 February | 2,002 | 38.9% | 29.0% | 19.0% | 13.1% | +19.9% |
| XP/Ipespe[111] | 11–13 February | 1,000 | 40% | 32% | 17% | 11% | +23% |
| Ibope[112][105] | 24–28 January | 2,002 | 49% | 26% | 11% | 14% | +38% |
| XP/Ipespe[113] | 9–11 January | 1,000 | 40% | 29% | 20% | 11% | +20% |
Results may not always add to 100% due rounding methodology employed by various polling groups.
| Government evaluation |
| Good/Excellent |
| Regular |
| Bad/Terrible |
| Unsure/No opinion |
Presidential approval ratings
The public was asked whether they approved or disapproved of the way Jair Bolsonaro governs Brazil.[95]
| Polling group | Date | Sample size | Approves | Disapproves | Unsure / No opinion | Net ± |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPEC[3] | 26–28 August 2022 | 2,000 | 38% | 57% | 2% | -19% |
| Poder360[4] | 17–19 July 2022 | 3,000 | 41% | 55% | 4% | -14% |
| Paraná Pesquisas | 31 March – 5 April 2022 | 2,020 | 41.8% | 54.4% | 3.8% | -12.6% |
| Exame/Ideia | 18–23 March 2022 | 1,500 | 32% | 44% | 22% | -12% |
| Paraná Pesquisas | 3–8 March 2022 | 2,020 | 39.3% | 56.0% | 4.7% | -18.9% |
| XP/Ipespe | 7–9 March 2022 | 1,000 | 32% | 63% | 5% | -31% |
| CNT/MDA | 16–19 February 2022 | 2,002 | 33.9% | 61.4% | 1% | -27.5% |
| PoderData[8] | 27 February–1 March 2022 | 3,000 | 37% | 53% | 11% | −16% |
| XP/Ipespe[10] | 10 January–12, 2022 | 1,000 | 30% | 64% | 7% | −34% |
| IPEC[11] | 9–13 December 2021 | 2,002 | 27% | 68% | 4% | −41% |
| XP/Ipespe[114] | 25–28 October 2021 | 1,000 | 30% | 64% | 6% | −34% |
| PoderData[14] | 13–15 September 2021 | 2,500 | 29% | 62% | 9% | −33% |
| Atlas Político[15] | 30 August–4 September 2021 | 3,246 | 35% | 64% | 1% | −29% |
| PoderData[16] | 16–18 August 2021 | 2,500 | 31% | 64% | 5% | −33% |
| XP/Ipespe[20] | 5–7 July 2021 | 1,000 | 31% | 63% | 6% | −32% |
| CNT/MDA[115] | 1–3 July 2021 | 2,002 | 33,8% | 62.5% | 3,7% | −28.7% |
| Poder360[116] | 24–26 May 2021 | 2,500 | 35% | 59% | 6% | −24% |
| PoderData[26] | 12–14 April 2021 | 3,500 | 34% | 56% | 10% | −22% |
| XP/Ipespe[27] | 29–31 March 2021 | 1,000 | 33% | 60% | 7% | −27% |
| PoderData/Poder360[117] | 29–31 March 2021 | 3,500 | 33% | 59% | 8% | −26% |
| Atlas Político[118] | 8–10 March 2021 | 3,721 | 35% | 60% | 5% | −25% |
| PoderData[36] | 1–3 March 2021 | 2,500 | 40% | 51% | 9% | −11% |
| PoderData[36] | 1–3 February 2021 | 2,500 | 40% | 48% | 12% | −8% |
| PoderData | 3–5 August 2020 | 2,500 | 45% | 45% | 5% | – |
| DataPoder360[57] | 8–10 June 2020 | 2,500 | 41% | 50% | 9% | −9% |
| CNT/MDA[66] | 7–10 May 2020 | 2,002 | 39.2% | 55.4% | 5.4% | −16.2% |
| Paraná Pesquisas[1] | 27–29 April 2020 | 2,006 | 44.0% | 51.7% | 4.3% | −7.7% |
| CNT/MDA[78] | 15–18 January 2020 | 2,002 | 47.8% | 47.0% | 5.2% | +0.8% |
| Ibope[81] | 5–8 December 2019 | 2,000 | 41% | 53% | 6% | −12% |
| Ibope[85] | 19–22 September 2019 | 2,000 | 44% | 50% | 6% | −6% |
| CNT/MDA[89] | 22–25 August 2019 | 2,002 | 41.0% | 53.7% | 5.3% | −12.7% |
| Paraná Pesquisas[93] | 20–25 June 2019 | 2,102 | 43.7% | 51.0% | 5.3% | −7.3% |
| Ibope[95] | 20–23 June 2019 | 2,000 | 46% | 48% | 5% | −2% |
| Ibope[95] | 12–15 April 2019 | 2,000 | 51% | 40% | 9% | +11% |
| Ibope[95] | 16–19 March 2019 | 2,002 | 51% | 38% | 9% | +13% |
| Ibope[95] | 22–25 February 2019 | 2,002 | 57% | 31% | 12% | +26% |
| CNT/MDA[110] | 21–23 February 2019 | 2,002 | 57.5% | 28.2% | 14.3% | +29.3% |
| Ibope[95] | 24–28 January 2019 | 2,002 | 67% | 21% | 12% | +46% |
majority approval plurality approval majority disapproval plurality disapproval
Results may not always add to 100% due rounding methodology employed by various polling groups.
| Government evaluation |
| Approves |
| Disapproves |
| Unsure/No opinion |
Public trust in Bolsonaro
The public was asked whether they trusted Jair Bolsonaro.[95]
| Polling group | Date | Sample size | Trusts | Does not trust | Unsure / No opinion | Net ± |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Datafolha[119] | 17 December 2021 | 3,666 | 39% | 60% | 1% | −21% |
| Ibope[120] | 5–8 December 2020 | 2,000 | 44% | 53% | 3% | −9% |
| Ibope[44] | 17–20 September 2020 | 2,000 | 46% | 51% | 3% | −5% |
| Ibope[81] | 5–8 December 2019 | 2,000 | 41% | 56% | 4% | −15% |
| Ibope[85] | 19–22 September 2019 | 2,000 | 42% | 55% | 3% | −13% |
| Ibope[95] | 20–23 June 2019 | 2,000 | 46% | 51% | 3% | −5% |
| Ibope[95] | 12–15 April 2019 | 2,000 | 51% | 45% | 4% | +6% |
| Ibope[95] | 16–19 March 2019 | 2,002 | 49% | 44% | 6% | +5% |
| Ibope[95] | 22–25 February 2019 | 2,002 | 55% | 38% | 7% | +17% |
| Ibope[95] | 24–28 January 2019 | 2,002 | 62% | 30% | 7% | +32% |
majority approval plurality approval majority disapproval plurality disapproval
Results may not always add to 100% due rounding methodology employed by various polling groups.
| Public trust |
| Trusts |
| Doesn't trust |
| Unsure/No opinion |
Issue-specific support
COVID-19
The public was asked to evaluate the performance of Jair Bolsonaro in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. A question might ask:
- How do you evaluate the performance of President Jair Bolsonaro in relation to the coronavirus outbreak: excellent, good, regular, bad, or terrible?[70]
plurality approval neutral evaluation plurality disapproval majority disapproval
| Polling group |
Date | Sample size |
Good / Excellent |
Regular | Bad / Terrible |
Unsure / No opinion |
Net ± |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Datafolha[121] | 13–15 September 2021 | 1,000 | 22% | 22% | 54% | 2% | −32% |
| XP/Ipespe[27] | 29–31 March 2021 | 1,000 | 21% | 19% | 58% | 3% | −37% |
| Datafolha[30] | 15–16 March 2021 | 2,023 | 22% | 24% | 54% | 1% | −32% |
| XP/Ipespe[31] | 9–11 March 2021 | 1,000 | 18% | 18% | 61% | 3% | −43% |
| XP/Ipespe[122] | 2–4 February 2021 | 1,000 | 22% | 22% | 53% | 2% | −31% |
| XP/Ipespe[123] | 11–14 January 2021 | 1,000 | 23% | 21% | 52% | 3% | −29% |
| XP/Ipespe[124] | 13–15 July 2020 | 1,000 | 25% | 21% | 52% | 3% | −27% |
| XP/Ipespe[56] | 9–11 June 2020 | 1,000 | 23% | 20% | 55% | 3% | −32% |
| XP/Ipespe[58] | 26–27 May 2020 | 1,000 | 20% | 22% | 55% | 3% | −35% |
| Datafolha[125] | 25–26 May 2020 | 2,069 | 27% | 22% | 50% | 1% | −23% |
| XP/Ipespe[61] | 16–18 May 2020 | 1,000 | 21% | 19% | 58% | 3% | −37% |
| Fórum/Offerwise[126][63] | 14–17 May 2020 | 1,000 | 28.5% | 22.3% | 46.3% | 3.0% | −17.8% |
| XP/Ipespe[67] | 28–30 April 2020 | 1,000 | 23% | 22% | 54% | 1% | −31% |
| DataPoder360[68] | 27–29 April 2020 | 2,500 | 24% | 29% | 43% | 4% | −19% |
| Datafolha[69][70] | 27 April 2020 | 1,503 | 27% | 25% | 45% | 3% | −18% |
| XP/Ipespe[67] | 20–22 April 2020 | 1,000 | 30% | 20% | 48% | 2% | −18% |
| Datafolha[127][128] | 17 April 2020 | 1,606 | 36% | 23% | 38% | 3% | −2% |
| XP/Ipespe[67] | 13–15 April 2020 | 1,000 | 29% | 25% | 44% | 2% | −15% |
| DataPoder360[72] | 13–15 April 2020 | 2,500 | 34% | 27% | 37% | 2% | −3% |
| Fórum/Offerwise[129][126] | 8–11 April 2020 | 956 | 38.9% | 23.0% | 35.4% | 2.7% | +3.5% |
| Datafolha[130] | 1–3 April 2020 | 1,511 | 33% | 25% | 39% | 2% | −6% |
| XP/Ipespe[73] | 30 March–1 April 2020 | 1,000 | 29% | 21% | 44% | 6% | −15% |
| Datafolha[131] | 18–20 March 2020 | 1,558 | 35% | 26% | 33% | 5% | +2% |
| XP/Ipespe[74][67] | 16–18 March 2020 | 1,000 | 41% | 33% | 18% | 8% | +23% |
Results may not always add to 100% due rounding methodology employed by various polling groups.
| Government evaluation |
| Good/Excellent |
| Regular |
| Bad/Terrible |
| Unsure/No opinion |
Gun control
Loosening gun control laws was one of Bolsonaro's major campaign promises during the 2018 Brazilian general election.[132][133] The changes were first signed it into a decree in May.[134] In March 2019, an Ibope survey asked the public whether they approved of the policy and related questions.[135] Polls conducted by Datafolha and Paraná Pesquisas presented similar findings.[136][137]
Should gun control laws be loosened?
Are you favorable to (any kind of) carrya?
Does having a gun at home make it safer?
Does carrying a gun make someone safer?
Does increasing the number of armed people make society safer?
See also
Notes
- a.^ The question does not distinguish between open and concealed carry, as Brazilian laws at the time of the research made no distinction between them,[138] only asking if participant is favorable to people carrying guns in their daily lives.