Paralomis
Genus of king crabs
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Paralomis is a widely distributed, highly speciose, and morphologically diverse genus of king crabs in the subfamily Lithodinae.[2][3]
| Paralomis | |
|---|---|
| |
| Paralomis granulosa | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
| Infraorder: | Anomura |
| Family: | Lithodidae |
| Subfamily: | Lithodinae |
| Genus: | Paralomis White, 1856[1] |
| Type species | |
| Paralomis granulosa (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1846) | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Description
Like all king crabs, Paralomis has evolved a crab-like appearance through a process called carcinisation.[3] Paralomis has either a pentagonal or pyriform carapace.[3] At the very front, its rostrum consists of one short, conical spine projecting forward in the middle and one or more pairs of spines angled upward around the base.[3][4] Like all king crabs, the gastric region, directly behind the rostrum, is elevated above the others.[3] Like Lithodes and Neolithodes, the cardiac region – directly behind the gastric region, separated by a deep groove – is triangular.[3] Its three pairs of walking legs – morphologically similar, with the middle pair typically being the longest – are not covered at their bases by the carapace.[3] In adults, the undersides of the dactyli feature horn-like spines.[3] The abdomen is more calcified than in other king crab genera: the second segment is undivided, the third segment has fused submedian and marginal (outer) plates, and segments three, four, and five are all entirely calcified.[3]
Distribution
Paralomis is present in four of Earth's five oceans – namely the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Southern – as well as all seven continents.[3] They are found from the very shallow intertidal zone to the deep, perpetually dark abyssal zone.[4] The deepest known species of Paralomis is P. bouvieri, which has been discovered living at 4,152 m (13,622 ft).[3]
Taxonomy
Paralomis was described in 1856 by zoologist Adam White and named for its similarity to the genus Lomis.[1] In 1895, marine biologist James Everard Benedict incorrectly placed Paralomis granulosa, the genus' type species, under the genus Lithodes.[5][3] Benedict therefore dissolved the genus and created two now-defunct ones – Leptolithodes and Pristopus – for other members of Paralomis.[5][3] Paralomis is closely related to Echidnocerus, and the monospecific genus Glyptolithodes – nested cladistically inside Paralomis – may simply be a species of Paralomis.[6][7][8]
Paralomis contains over 70 species – more than any other king crab genus – and is the most morphologically diverse genus in the subfamily Lithodinae.[3][4] It contains one fossil species, Paralomis debodeorum, which lived in New Zealand in the Middle–Late Miocene.[3] Paralomis is distinguished from other king crabs by its abdominal segments: the second is undivided, and the third, fourth, and fifth are entirely calcified.[3] Current scientific consensus is that Paralomis is monophyletic, although within this group, carcinologist Shane T. Ahyong in 2010 identified several informal subgroups of Paralomis.[3] Paralomis' relationship to other king crabs can be seen in the following cladogram:[6]
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Species
Paralomis contains the following species:[2]
| Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
 | Paralomis aculeata Henderson, 1888 | Southwest Indian Ridge | |
| Paralomis africana Macpherson, 1982 | Namibia | ||
| Paralomis alcockiana Hall & Thatje, 2009 | |||
| Paralomis alis Ahyong, 2020 | |||
 | Paralomis anamerae Macpherson, 1988 | Argentina, Crozet Island, South Georgia Island | |
 | Paralomis arae Macpherson, 2001 | ||
| Paralomis arethusa Macpherson, 1994 | |||
| Paralomis aspera Faxon, 1893 | |||
 | Paralomis birsteini Macpherson, 1988 | Southern Ocean near Scott Island | |
 | Paralomis bouvieri Hansen, 1908 | ||
| Paralomis ceres Macpherson, 1989 | |||
| Paralomis chilensis Andrade, 1980 | |||
| Paralomis cristata Takeda & Ohta, 1979 | |||
| Paralomis cristulata Macpherson, 1988 | |||
 | Paralomis cubensis Chace, 1939 | ||
| Paralomis danida Takeda & Bussarawit, 2007 | |||
 | Paralomis dawsoni Macpherson, 2001 | New Caledonia, northern New Zealand, and the Solomon Islands | |
| Paralomis debodeorum Feldmann, 1998 † | New Zealand (Middle–Late Miocene) | ||
| Paralomis diomedeae (Faxon, 1893) | |||
| Paralomis dofleini Balss, 1911 | |||
| Paralomis echidna Ahyong, 2010 | |||
| Paralomis elongata Spiridonov, Turkay, Arntz & Thatje, 2006 | |||
| Paralomis erinacea Macpherson, 1988 | |||
 | Paralomis formosa Henderson, 1888 | ||
| Paralomis gowlettholmes Ahyong, 2010 | |||
| Paralomis granulosa (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1846) | False king crab, Chilean snow crab | Chile, Argentina, Falkland Islands |
| Paralomis grossmani Macpherson, 1988 | |||
| Paralomis haigae Eldredge, 1976 | |||
| Paralomis hirtella de Saint Laurent & Macpherson, 1997 | Lau Basin, North Fiji Basin | ||
 | Paralomis histrix (De Haan, 1849) | Japan (Tokyo Bay to Kyūshū) | |
| Paralomis hystrixoides Sakai, 1980 | |||
| Paralomis inca Haig, 1974 | |||
 | Paralomis indica Alcock & Anderson, 1899 | ||
 | Paralomis investigatoris Alcock & Anderson, 1899 | ||
| Paralomis jamsteci Takeda & Hashimoto, 1990 | |||
| Paralomis japonica Balss, 1911 | |||
| Paralomis kyushupalauensis Takeda, 1985 | |||
| Paralomis longidactylus Birstein & Vinogradov, 1972 | |||
| Paralomis longipes Faxon, 1893 | |||
| Paralomis macphersoni Muñoz & García-Isarch, 2013 | |||
 | Paralomis makarovi Hall & Thatje, 2009 | ||
| Paralomis manningi Williams, Smith & Baco, 2000 | Deep-sea spider crab | West Coast of the United States | |
| Paralomis medipacifica Takeda, 1974 | |||
| Paralomis mendagnai Macpherson, 2003 | |||
| Paralomis microps Filhol, 1884 | |||
 | Paralomis multispina (Benedict, 1895) | ||
| Paralomis nivosa Hall & Thatje, 2009 | |||
| Paralomis ochthodes Macpherson, 1988 | Indonesia (Gulf of Boni) | ||
| Paralomis odawarai (Sakai, 1980) | |||
| Paralomis okitoriensis Takeda, 2019 | Okinotorishima | ||
| Paralomis otsuae Wilson, 1990 | |||
| Paralomis pacifica Sakai, 1978 | |||
| Paralomis papillata (Benedict, 1895) | |||
| Paralomis papua Ahyong, 2020 | |||
 | Paralomis pectinata Macpherson, 1988 | ||
| Paralomis phrixa Macpherson, 1992 | |||
| Paralomis poorei Ahyong, 2010 | |||
| Paralomis roeleveldae Kensley, 1981 | |||
| Paralomis seagranti Eldredge, 1976 | |||
 | Paralomis serrata Macpherson, 1988 | ||
| Paralomis sonne Guzmán, 2009 | |||
 | Paralomis spectabilis Hansen, 1908 | Eastern Greenland, Iceland | |
 | Paralomis spinosissima Birstein & Vinogradov, 1972 | ||
| Paralomis staplesi Ahyong, 2010 | Tasman Fracture, Tonga–Kermadec Ridge | ||
| Paralomis stella Macpherson, 1988 | |||
| Paralomis stevensi Ahyong & Dawson, 2006 | |||
| Paralomis taylorae Ahyong, 2010 | |||
| Paralomis truncatispinosa Takeda & Miyake, 1980 | East China Sea, Taiwan | ||
| Paralomis tuberipes Macpherson, 1988 | Chile (Puerto Aguirre) | ||
 | Paralomis verrilli (Benedict, 1895) | ||
| Paralomis webberi Ahyong, 2010 | New Zealand | ||
 | Paralomis zealandica Dawson & Yaldwyn, 1971 | Prickly king crab | New Zealand |
