Proposed acquisition of Warner Bros. Discovery by Paramount Skydance
Potential business transaction
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Paramount Skydance announced a definitive agreement with Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD) on February 27, 2026, to acquire the company for $110.9 billion at $31 per share in cash.[1][2] The massive transaction came after a months-long corporate battle between Netflix and Paramount that effectively shelved WBD's previous plans of splitting into two companies. Paramount began submitting unsolicited offers to acquire Warner Bros. on September 12, 2025, and despite rejecting the proposals, the WBD board of directors placed the company up for auction on October 21, 2025, to maximize shareholder value.
| |
 | |
| Initiator | Paramount Skydance |
|---|---|
| Target | Warner Bros. Discovery |
| Type | Full acquisition |
| Cost | $110.9 billion |
| Initiated | February 27, 2026 |
| Completed | TBA |
| Resulting entity | TBA |
| Status |
|
Competing bids were submitted by Netflix, Paramount, Comcast, and Starz on November 20, 2025, and after a second round of bids submitted on December 1, 2025, Netflix's offer was deemed the superior option by the WBD board. The initial Netflix-Warner Bros. deal was announced on December 5, 2025, and valued at $82.7 billion.[3][4] WBD shareholders would have received $27.75 per share while the Global Linear Networks division would have been spun off as a separately traded company. Mainstream reactions to the proposed deal were heavily unfavorable as much of the entertainment industry expressed concern at the transaction's potential impact on movie theaters and box office revenues. By December 8, Paramount submitted a rival all-cash tender and continued to modify its proposal in the following months. Although the WBD board endorsed the Netflix agreement, WBD announced on February 17, 2026, it would re-enter negotiations with Paramount after Netflix granted Paramount a seven-day contractual waiver to allow them to submit another offer.
Paramount's revised offer at $31 per share was deemed superior by the WBD board, and Netflix withdrew from its takeover deal on February 26, 2026. A day later, Paramount and Warner Bros. announced their plans to merge, leading to the ongoing Paramount-Warner Bros. deal.[5] WBD's shareholders approved the merger on April 23, 2026, and presently the transaction awaits confirmation from regulating agencies from within the United States and around the world.[6] Upon the merger's closing, Paramount Skydance will be 38.5% owned by the sovereign wealth funds of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar, though they lack voting shares. Some criticism has centered on media consolidation and the Ellison family's relationship with the Trump administration.
On June 12, 2026, the Paramount-WBD deal was approved by the U.S. Department of Justice's Antitrust Division.[7][8] On July 24, 2026, in the midst of widespread anti-trust legal action, Paramount Skydance and Warner Bros. Discovery agreed to halt the proposed merger and extend the deadline for closing the deal until June 1, 2027 to allow additional time for regulatory reviews and ongoing litigation.[9] On August 4, 2026, a federal judge ruled in favor of holding the antitrust trial related to the proposed Paramount-WBD merger in March 2027, denying Paramount's request to hold it in the fall of 2026.[10] However, on August 18, 2026, it was announced that Paramount Skydance's acquisition of Warner Bros. Discovery would be postponed until the conclusion of the Paramount Skydance and Warner Bros. Discovery trial.[11]
Background
WBD was established on April 8, 2022, and created through AT&T's divestment of WarnerMedia and WarnerMedia's subsequent merger with Discovery, Inc., via a Reverse Morris Trust transaction.[12][13] Through the agreement, Discovery executives would assume majority control over the merged company, while AT&T would no longer hold any ownership interest.[citation needed] AT&T attempted to reinvent itself as a major player in the entertainment industry through acquiring Time Warner and DirecTV,[14] but later reversed course after losses and unsuccessful synergies.[15] Issues facing WBD were its initial debt load of over $43 billion and heavy market devaluation of its stock, with it losing over 60% of its value by early 2025.[16] To bring down debt, WBD began undertaking strict cost-cutting strategies that included corporate reorganization, controversial tax write-offs, and the removal of dozens of movies and television shows from HBO Max.[17][18] Despite these efforts, the linear cable networks of WBD continued to lag behind in profits compared to the more profitable streaming and studios businesses.[19]
On December 12, 2024, WBD restructured its operations into two divisions: Streaming & Studios and Global Linear Networks. WBD president and CEO David Zaslav said the new structure would provide "flexibility with potential future strategic opportunities."[20][21] On June 9, 2025, WBD announced plans to separate into two companies by mid-2026. The successor companies would have been named "Warner Bros.", comprising the Streaming & Studios division, and "Discovery Global", comprising the Global Linear Networks division.[22][23][24] Industry analysts offered mixed assessments of the announcement. Some characterized it as an acknowledgment that the 2022 Warner Bros. Discovery merger had underperformed, while others suggested that the separation could make Warner Bros. a more attractive acquisition target for larger companies that were uninterested in its cable networks.[25]
Initial bidding war
In September 2025, Paramount Skydance CEO David Ellison convened a board meeting to discuss a possible acquisition of WBD, a move reported as intended to strengthen Paramount's competitive position against Amazon, Disney, and Netflix. Several days later, Ellison met with Zaslav at his home to propose a cash-and-stock bid of $19 per share. The offer was formalized in a subsequent letter that set the cash component at 60 percent. Later in September, Paramount Skydance raised its offer to $22 per share with a 67 percent cash component, a $2 billion reverse termination fee payable if the deal failed to clear regulatory review, and a provision for Zaslav to remain as co-CEO and co-chairman of the combined company. On October 13, 2025, Paramount Skydance submitted a third offer, raising the bid to $23.50 per share with an 80 percent cash component. WBD continued to reject Paramount's proposals.[26]
After Paramount's three failed attempts, talks of a potential sale of WBD began circulating in October,[27] and the company announced it was reviewing strategic alternatives to its previously announced plan to split into two companies after receiving unsolicited interest from multiple parties.[28]
In the first round of non-binding proposals submitted on November 20, 2025, Paramount submitted a $25.50 per share offer for the entire company, Netflix and Comcast submitted bids to acquire the Warner Bros. studios and intellectual properties, HBO and HBO Max, and Starz submitted a $25 billion bid for WBD's Global Linear Networks division and 20% of its Streaming & Studios division.[29][30] After the auction process concluded in December, Standard General was approached by Warner Bros. Discovery shareholders about a potential acquisition of WBD's Global Linear Networks division.[31]
After the initial round of bids, WBD solicited a second round of bids. On December 1, 2025, Netflix, Paramount and Comcast all once again submitted binding second-round bids, with Paramount submitting an all-cash $26.50 per share offer for the entire company.[32]
As the process moved to a final decision, Paramount sent a letter to Zaslav alleging that the sale had become "tilted" in favor of Netflix. The letter claimed that the WBD board had embarked on "a myopic process with a predetermined outcome", pointing to alleged conflicts of interest regarding the friendship of Zaslav and Netflix co-CEO Ted Sarandos and questioning whether the auction remained fair.[33][34] The Wall Street Journal reported that Paramount's final offer was $30 per share, all-cash, and it had secured arrangement from its three Middle Eastern sovereign wealth backers to not take board seats that would trigger increased regulatory review.
Netflix agreement
- Netflix (10.8%)
- Disney+/FuboTV/Hulu (including Hulu + Live TV) (13.9%)
- Amazon Prime Video (5.00%)
- HBO Max/Discovery+ (4.50%)
- Paramount+/Pluto TV (4.50%)
- Peacock (11.1%)
- Others, including Fox One/Fox Nation/Tubi (50.2%)
On December 5, 2025, multiple news outlets reported that Netflix had emerged as the leading bidder and had entered exclusive negotiations with WBD to acquire its studio and streaming business, despite objections from Paramount Skydance. Netflix announced the acquisition shortly after, which valued WBD at $82.7 billion enterprise value ($72.0 billion equity value and $59 billion of debt from Wells Fargo, HSBC, and BNP Paribas), and priced post-split Warner Bros. shares at US$27.75.[37] The acquisition would mark a departure from Netflix's stated "builders, not buyers" strategy and a shift toward growth through acquisition. Analysts had not widely anticipated Netflix's participation in the auction process prior to the December reports.[38] Analysts also estimated that a merged Netflix–Warner Bros. entity would have controlled 30.3% of the U.S. streaming market.[39]
As part of its proposed acquisition of WBD's studios and streaming assets, Netflix stated that Warner Bros. films would have a 45-day exclusive run in theaters before becoming available on streaming. Netflix co-CEO Ted Sarandos described this commitment as a shift from the company's earlier streaming-first strategy. Sarandos said the policy was intended to address concerns from cinema operators, creative talent, and regulators that the acquisition would weaken theatrical distribution. However, some theater owners and industry commentators argued that additional consolidation under Netflix would lead to fewer theatrical releases overall and increase the company's bargaining power as a major buyer of film content.[40][41][42][43]
Attempts to overturn by Paramount Skydance
Hostile takeover bid
Paramount argued that its deal would face fewer regulatory obstacles than the Netflix deal, and warned that the Netflix deal would shift away from theatrical releases and concentrate the streaming market.[44] Paramount stated that Netflix's deal would have led to fewer theatrical film releases and speed up the shift toward streaming services, which could have negatively affected movie theaters. It also referred to public statements by Netflix executives who questioned the long-term role of movie theaters. In addition, Paramount said that a combined streaming portfolio of Netflix and HBO Max would have represented about 43% of global subscription video-on-demand subscribers, which it argued would have raised antitrust concerns.
On December 8, 2025, Paramount launched a hostile all-cash offer of $30 per share for WBD, valuing the company at about $108.4 billion in enterprise value. The bid included equity backing from investors such as the Ellison family and RedBird Capital and debt commitments from major banks, and Paramount said the combined company would be a more competitive media and streaming business than alternatives under consideration.[45][46] WBD's board said it would review the proposal in accordance with its fiduciary duties and existing agreements.[47][48]
In mid-December 2025, media reports indicated that WBD's board planned to recommend shareholders reject the Paramount Skydance offer in favor of its agreement with Netflix, citing greater certainty and financial terms.[49][50] The board subsequently rejected the bid and advised shareholders accordingly, while Paramount Skydance said it remained committed to pursuing the acquisition.[51][52][53][54][55][excessive citations] Around the same time, Affinity Partners withdrew from participating in Paramount's financing consortium.[56][57]
On December 22, 2025, Paramount Skydance amended its offer to address investor concerns, including additional financing assurances backed by Larry Ellison. WBD said it would review the revised proposal and advised shareholders to take no action while it evaluated the offer.[58] Some shareholders said the revised bid still needed improvement.[59]
Legal action against WBD
After the board of WBD endorsed Netflix's lower but previously signed agreement instead of a higher all-cash offer from Paramount Skydance, the company filed suit in the Delaware Court of Chancery. The complaint asked the court to require WBD to provide additional details about its decision-making process, including how it assessed the Netflix transaction, valued its remaining "Global Networks" business, and evaluated the risks and pricing of Paramount's competing tender offer. At the same time, Paramount indicated that it was prepared to pursue a proxy fight. The company announced plans to nominate its own slate of directors to WBD's board in an effort to encourage shareholders to support Paramount's bid rather than the agreement with Netflix.[60][61][62]
During the litigation, Paramount Skydance asked WBD for more disclosure about valuations, debt assumptions, adviser analyses, and the board's reasoning for favoring the Netflix deal over Paramount's offer, as part of litigation tied to its takeover attempt.[63] The Delaware Court of Chancery declined to grant Paramount Skydance's request for expedited proceedings, but instead accepted to grant Netflix's request for expedited proceedings. The court's decision allowed WBD to continue pursuing the Netflix deal while Paramount Skydance's litigation proceeds on a standard timetable.[64]
On January 13, 2026, Netflix amended its $82.7 billion offer for WBD's Streaming & Studios division from a cash-and-stock deal to all-cash, while maintaining its $27.75 per share price.[65]
Ancora and Pentwater's support for Paramount's bid
Growing investor opposition strengthened Paramount's position. Pentwater Capital, a hedge fund and significant WBD shareholder, stated publicly that Paramount's offer was economically more favorable when accounting for regulatory risk and deal certainty. The firm also held discussions with Paramount about potentially supporting a challenge to WBD's board.[66][67]
Ancora Holdings, an activist investor with a stake valued at nearly $200 million, separately criticized WBD's board for what it described as insufficient engagement with Paramount. Ancora threatened to initiate a proxy contest and urged the company to reopen negotiations regarding Paramount's higher all-cash bid.
These developments increased pressure on WBD's directors to justify their decision to support Netflix's offer instead of Paramount Skydance's competing proposal.
Paramount Skydance agreement
- Walt Disney Studios (28.0%)
- Warner Bros. Entertainment (21.0%)
- Universal Studios (20.0%)
- Sony Pictures (7.00%)
- Paramount Skydance Studios (6.00%)
- Lionsgate Studios (4.00%)
- A24 (3.00%)
- Other (6.00%)
Reopening negotiations with Paramount
On February 17, 2026, WBD said it would reopen negotiations with Paramount Skydance after Netflix granted Paramount a seven-day waiver to submit a "best and final" offer. WBD said Paramount had verbally agreed to raise its bid to at least $31 per share if talks resumed, which WBD accepted. The same day, David Ellison wrote to Senator Cory Booker arguing that Netflix's proposed acquisition would harm competition and that Paramount Skydance's ownership would expand streaming and theatrical distribution. Ellison did not address most of Booker's questions regarding his communications with the Trump administration or potential changes to CNN. Also on February 17, Netflix co-CEO Ted Sarandos criticized Paramount's bid on CNBC, accusing the company of creating confusion for shareholders. Ancora said it would pursue a proxy fight to replace directors if WBD failed to adequately consider Paramount Skydance's offer.[69][70][71]
On February 20, 2026, Paramount said it had satisfied a Hart–Scott–Rodino (HSR) waiting period related to its unsolicited bid for WBD and argued that there was no U.S. statutory barrier to completing the transaction. Netflix disputed Paramount's characterization, stating that the expiration of an HSR waiting period does not indicate regulatory approval and that further review could still occur. The exchange reflected competing public messaging by Paramount and Netflix as regulators continued examining the proposed deals.[72]
On February 22, 2026, Netflix went under DOJ antitrust scrutiny "to create a monopoly" with the Warner Bros. merger.[73]
On February 23, 2026, Paramount's insiders told Variety that Paramount's revised offer for WBD would likely come in at $32 per share.[74]
On February 24, 2026, WBD confirmed it had a received a revised offer from Paramount and was reviewing it in consultation with its financial and legal advisors.[75]
Netflix exit
On February 26, 2026, WBD confirmed that it considered Paramount's increased bid to be superior to Netflix's current offer, triggering a four-business-day period during which Netflix could improve its offer. Paramount's latest acquisition bid was reported to be approximately $111 billion bid for the entirety of WBD, including its linear cable channels, for $31 per share.[76][77] Netflix subsequently declined to increase its bid, and Sarandos and Greg Peters released a statement stating that the deal was "no longer financially attractive".[78][79][80]
Following Netflix's exit from the deal on February 26, 2026, Paramount ultimately emerged as the winner of the bidding war. On the same day, David Zaslav announced the acquisition by Paramount, stating that it provided "tremendous value for shareholders", and wished Netflix well. Zaslav said he expected the acquisition of WBD to take at least 6–18 months to close, pending regulatory and shareholder approval. The $110 billion merger agreement between Paramount and WBD was formally announced the following day.[81]
Paramount's acquisition plan
| Country/trade bloc | Commission | Status | Date | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 United States |
Department of Justice (DOJ) | Approved | June 12, 2026 | [82] |
 United Kingdom |
Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) | August 6, 2026 | [83] | |
 European Union |
European Commission (EC) | July 22, 2026 | [84] | |
 Japan |
Japan Fair Trade Commission (JFTC) | August 4, 2026 | [85] | |
 China |
State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) | June 17, 2026 | [86] | |
 South Korea |
Korea Fair Trade Commission (KFTC) | July 10, 2026 | [87] | |
 Australia |
Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC) | June 10, 2026 | [88] | |
 Canada |
Competition Bureau (CBC) | June 20, 2026 | [89] | |
 Brazil |
Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) | July 9, 2026 | [90] | |
Paramount announced on March 2, 2026, during a conference call that Paramount+ and HBO Max would be merged into a single streaming service following the completion of the Paramount–WBD merger.[91][92]
On March 26, 2026, Warner Bros. Discovery set a shareholder vote on sale to Paramount Skydance by April 23, 2026, at 10:00 am for a special meeting.[93] On April 23, 2026, WBD's shareholders voted in favor of the sale to Paramount Skydance and voted against compensation packages for David Zaslav and other WBD executives.[94]
On April 2, 2026, Paramount Skydance announced plans to merge CBS Sports and TNT Sports once the acquisition of Warner Bros. Discovery was completed.[95]
On April 6, 2026, the Wall Street Journal reported that $24 billion of the $110.9 billion equity acquisition would come from sovereign wealth funds from Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. Because each fund was under a 25% ownership stake, the funds were not expected to incur regulatory or federal government scrutiny.[96]
On April 9, 2026, the advisory firm Institutional Shareholder Services recommended that shareholders reject David Zaslav's $886 million golden parachute offer for the Paramount–WBD deal, calling it "extraordinary".[97] Paramount completed the syndication of a bridge facility and entered into permanent financing transactions with a group of 18 lenders to support the deal.[98]
On April 15, 2026, David Ellison was expected to come to the Senate with Cory Booker to testify about the Paramount–WBD deal, but he cancelled the visit to senate because he went to the funeral of his family instead. Later that day, Mark Ruffalo was invited via Zoom meeting for the Senate to testify about the Paramount–WBD deal for David Ellison. David Ellison later came back from the funeral to testify the positive outcomes of the Paramount–WBD deal.[99][100][101][102] On that same day, the Paramount–WBD deal was revealed to have a total of 59 cable networks once the acquisition was completed.[103] At CinemaCon 2026, Jerry Bruckheimer supported the Paramount-WBD deal because European countries have already approved the merger, making the American resistance futile.[104]
On April 21, 2026, David Zaslav earned $500 million from the Paramount-WBD deal.[105]
On April 27, 2026, the Paramount-Warner Bros. Discovery deal was announced to have foreign investors owning 49.5% of Paramount Skydance, while American investors owned 50.5% of Paramount Skydance, pending FCC regulation and if the merger is completed.[106]
On April 30, 2026, the Paramount-WBD deal was planned to make up to 23.6% of the North American media market.[107] On that same day, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) was reviewing the Paramount-WBD deal, seeking views of the deal until May 7, 2026.[108]
On May 4, 2026, the Paramount-WBD deal made great progress, and the deal closure date of September 2026 was reaffirmed.[109] On that same day though, Parks Associates confirms that the Paramount-WBD deal will reach 57% of US internet households.[110]
On May 6, 2026, Barry Diller, owner of IAC Inc., expressed interest in potentially buying CNN in response to Paramount's acquisition of WBD, and was reportedly in talks with executives about the possibility earlier that year.[111] In the UK, the approval of the Paramount-WBD deal by Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) would slash off tax break thresholds in the country.[112]
On May 7, 2026, Paramount Skydance set up a multi-year, first-look deal with former Warner subsidiary Warner Music Group that would see both companies partnering on theatrical films, drawing on the lives and music of WMG's roster of artists and songwriters.[113] Meanwhile, Mark Ruffalo alleged that many people in Los Angeles supported the Paramount-WBD deal because they were too afraid to oppose by signing through its letter.[114]
On May 8, 2026, the Freedom of the Press Foundation and Reporters Without Borders sent a letter to Paramount's chief legal officer demanding to see the company's books and records over reports that Paramount CEO David Ellison promised the White House favors to secure federal approval for the company's bid to buy Warner Bros. Discovery.[115] On that same day, Paramount CEO David Ellison would receive a $50 million cash award and restricted stock units, or RSUs, valued at $100 million after the company's merger with Warner Bros. Discovery closes.[116]
On May 12, 2026, the U.S. House Democrats asked Paramount Skydance CEO David Ellison to disclose if he or the company offered to make changes to CNN's coverage of President Donald Trump in exchange for approval of a tie-up with Warner Bros. Discovery.[117] They responded, but they ordered David Ellison to answer 17 questions for the Paramount-WBD deal by May 26, 2026, 5:00 PM. As they respond to California Attorney General Rob Bonta, the Paramount-WBD deal will have the incentive to boost theatrical distribution and will make up to 10.8% of SVOD viewership.[118]
On May 13, 2026, Ryan Gould and Robert "Bobby" Voltaggio kicked off the company's upfront Wednesday by acknowledging the Paramount-WBD deal. The presentation also included a tribute to Ted Turner, the founder of CNN, Turner Broadcasting, and Turner Classic Movies, by Anderson Cooper.[119][120]
On May 14, 2026, a group of U.S. and EU lawmakers said European regulators "closely examined" the Paramount-WBD deal. They vowed that the merger would go through a rigorous review process, despite the recent comments of some regulators including U.S. Federal Communications Commission Chair Brendan Carr, who had said he expected the deal to be approved "pretty quickly." Of note, the FCC wouldn't have sole approval over the deal.[121] The Paramount-WBD deal would allow up to 40,000 jobs once the deal was approved.[122] While a few international regulators still needed to sign off, WBD shareholders gave their approval, and financing arrangements were finalized.[123]
On May 15, 2026, Deadline Hollywood reported that the Paramount-WBD deal was expected to create complications for its SkyShowtime partnership with Comcast.[124]
On May 19, 2026, the Paramount-WBD deal reportedly might add up to $49 billion in debt.[125] Paramount said that they were hoping for the deal to close by July 15, 2026.[126]
On May 20, 2026, Warner Bros. Discovery asked its debt holders to modify terms of their loans ahead of the media giant's $111 billion merger with Paramount Skydance.[127]
On May 21, 2026, the Democratic senators wrote that Paramount's petition asked for a degree of foreign control of U.S. broadcasting that had doubts that paving the way for these anti-democratic governments to own between 49.5% and 100% (median average - 74.75%) of an American media empire serves the public interest.[128] On that same day, Wall Street banks led by JPMorgan increased the size of a loan package for Warner Bros. Discovery to over $10 billion as the media company sought to refinance debt ahead of the Paramount-WBD deal.[129]
On May 25, 2026, the Paramount-WBD deal was approved in Ukraine by the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine (AMK).[130]
On May 26, 2026, Ellison met up with the United States Department of Justice for a meeting, with reports coming up that the U.S. regulators might approve Paramount's acquisition.[131]
On May 27, 2026, consent solicitations were filed by Paramount.[132]
On June 2, 2026, the European Union announced it was expected to approve the Paramount-WBD deal by July 7, 2026, but Austria's competition authority, the Austrian Federal Competition Authority (AFCA), expected the European Union to approve the Paramount-WBD deal faster.[133]
On June 3, 2026, the Austrian Federal Competition Authority (AFCA), which was part of the European Union, announced it was expected to approve the Paramount-WBD deal by June 29, 2026.[134]
On June 4, 2026, Warner Bros. Discovery secured new credit agreements for seven-year term loans totaling $13 billion and $2 billion, equaling a grand total of $15 billion, which it was due by 2033.[135]
On June 5, 2026, a Paramount spokesperson said the company had "every economic incentive" to expand production after the merger in order to grow streaming service subscriptions. Paramount CEO David Ellison vowed that the combined company would release 30 movies per year in theaters. The company views theatrical releases as key to marketing its streaming offerings, it recently said in court papers.[136]
On June 6, 2026, Paramount said it was willing to divest several children's channels, including either Nickelodeon or Cartoon Network in Europe, in exchange of winning an approval of the Paramount-WBD deal from the European Union.[137] On that same day, Brazil's Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) started a review on the Paramount-WBD deal, which was due December 6, 2026.[138]
On June 8, 2026, Paramount was reportedly looking to assuage Bonta’s concerns that a combination with Warner Bros. Discovery would lower wages, create fewer jobs, and lower content production, in addition to antitrust concerns over content creators.[139]
On June 9, 2026, the UK's Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) completed the phase two review and they were beginning a phase 3 (Due Diligence) review, which was due by August 7, 2026.[140] On that same day, Paramount Skydance accused Netflix for launching a “scorched-earth campaign” against the Paramount-WBD deal. Paramount claimed Netflix's “scorched-earth campaign” as a global warming threat, it proved that Paramount-WBD deal would be a global cooling opportunity.[141] In response to the Paramount-WBD deal, Paramount+ will phase out and its programming would be transferred to HBO Max, and Bari Weiss would be the editor-in-chief of CNN after the merger was completed.[142][143]
On June 10, 2026, EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation was ordered to approve the Paramount-WBD deal by July 14, 2026.[144] It approved the Paramount-WBD deal on July 14, 2026.[145] On that same day, the Paramount-WBD deal was approved by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC). The authority said that the merger was unlikely to substantially lessen competition in relation to theatrical distribution. Paramount Skydance received necessary approvals for the Paramount-WBD deal from competition authorities in Saudi Arabia, Ukraine, Serbia and North Macedonia, and from foreign direct investment authorities in Germany, Slovenia, Belgium, Czechia, New Zealand, Italy, France and Romania.[146]
On June 11, 2026, Paramount Skydance and Warner Bros. Discovery told Brazil's competition authority that Australia's approval would serve as a persuasive precedent for approval for Brazilian regulators.[147] The meeting about the Paramount-WBD deal is scheduled for August 27, 2026.[148] On that same day, Spain's Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia (CNMC), which was part of the European Commission of the European Union, approved the Paramount-WBD deal.[149]
On June 12, 2026, the Paramount-WBD deal was approved by the U.S. Department of Justice.[150]
On June 16, 2026, the Paramount-WBD deal was announced to separate Hollywood studios from independent distributors in response to Brazil's CADE market test.[151]
On June 17, 2026, the European Commission announced it had until July 1, 2026, to provide observations of the Paramount-WBD deal.[152] In exchange of completing phase 2 review, Paramount announced it would end its joint venture to distribute films with Universal Pictures, leaving Universal to take full control of United International Pictures.[153] On that same day, the Paramount-WBD deal was approved by China's State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR). The antitrust ruling comes on the heels of similar approvals from the U.S. Department of Justice, and a number of other countries, including Australia, Germany, France and Saudi Arabia.[154]
On June 19, 2026, the Competition Commission of South Africa (CCSA) granted approval for the merger. The following day, Competition Bureau (CBC) of Canada, approved the deal after the statutory waiting period under section 123(1)(b) of the Competition Act in Canada expired.[155]
On June 24, 2026, the European Union announced it was ready to approve the Paramount-WBD deal by July 7, 2026 as the firms were making some concessions. The EU said they would've delayed the deadline to July 22, 2026 if they don't.[156]
On June 25, 2026, Phase 1 review of Paramount-WBD deal was completed in Brazil, after Alexandro Barreto de Souza exited Brazil's Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE), as it started a Phase 2 review.[157]
On June 30, 2026, Britain said it was leaning towards intervening in the Paramount-WBD deal citing concerns over the impact on media freedom and the provision of on-demand programming. Lisa Nandy ordered the UK to respond to her note by July 6.[158]
On July 1, 2026, Paramount Skydance announced it offered remedies to address EU competition concerns about its $110 billion acquisition of Warner Bros. Discovery. They delayed the deal's approval from July 7 to July 22, 2026, to assess the remedies.[159] On that same day, Paramount exited its United International Pictures distribution joint venture with Universal as the European Commission was set to approve the deal.[160] Meanwhile, the Paramount-WBD deal was approved in Kuwait on that same day.[161]
On July 8, 2026, it was confirmed that Paramount Skydance won't close the merger with Warner Bros. Discovery until July 22 as Oregon will have Paramount Skydance to hand over its records and delay the deal to September 20, 2026, so that Oregon can review them.[162]
On July 9, 2026, the Paramount-WBD deal was approved by Brazil's Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE), along with additional approvals in the United States, Austria, Australia, Canada, China, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, South Africa, Ukraine, New Zealand, Montenegro, Eastern Africa, and Southern Africa.[163]
On July 10, 2026, Oregon's attorney general announced it dropped a civil investigative demand for Paramount to turn over records related to its efforts and it secured federal approval to delay its merger with Warner Bros. Discovery.[164] On that same day, the Paramount-WBD deal was approved in South Korea by Korean Fair Trade Commission (KFTC).[165]
On July 13, 2026, Democratic state attorneys general from California, Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York State, Oregon, and Washington State sued (under the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914) to stop the merger.[166][167]
On July 14, 2026, the Writers Guild of America also sued.[168][169]
On July 15, 2026, the states' case was reassigned from Judge P. Casey Pitts (who worked with the Writers Guild of America[170]) to Judge Araceli Martínez-Olguín.[171] On that same day David and Larry Ellison announced they were sued by a Paramount Skydance shareholder who alleged they cut an “illegal” deal with Donald Trump to secure U.S. governmental approval for the takeover of Warner Bros. Discovery.[172] It was announced that the State of California vs. Paramount Skydance was reassigned to Judge Araceli Martínez-Olguín, and it appeared that an initial hearing to consider a temporary restraining order on the Paramount-Warner Bros. Discovery merger,[173] as Paramount Skydance was pushing back on a recently filed shareholder lawsuit by Warner Bros. Discovery, saying it “recycles allegations that have already been reported and already addressed.”[174]
With a judge in Oakland County set to hear arguments for and against a temporary restraining order on Paramount Skydance's planned merger with Warner Bros. Discovery, the David Ellison-led company announced on July 16, 2026 that the State AG’s motion for a temporary restraining order “presented one of the weakest merger challenges in modern antitrust history.” Plaintiffs sought to take the extraordinary step of preventing Paramount Skydance Corporation and Warner Bros. Discovery, Inc. from closing their $110 billion, industry-transforming merger, yet they could not come close to establishing a likelihood of success in the case. Paramount Skydance said in its opposition filing to the TRO motion by plaintiffs — a dozen Attorneys General led by Rob Bonta of California. “The reason is simple: the merger is procompetitive, not anticompetitive.”[175] Paramount+ subscribers avoided blocking Paramount's merger with Warner Bros. Discovery by protecting the approved merger against a coalition of 12 US states were planning to block the merger by July 17, 2026.[176] On that same day, a federal judge denied a group of consumers a preliminary injunction to at least temporarily block Paramount‘s proposed merger with Warner Bros. Discovery.[177] Paramount Skydance said its $110 billion takeover of Warner Bros. Discovery faced more than a month of regulatory uncertainty in Europe, where Parliament entered summer recess on July 17, 2026.[178]
The Paramount–WBD merger now faced weeks of uncertainty. Lisa Nandy had no decisions on whether to intervene on media plurality grounds (she said she was “minded to intervene” several weeks back). The limbo would last until September 1, 2026, which would be Andy Burnham, and therefore probably a new Culture Secretary. The David Ellison-run company had a “ticking fee” commitment to WBD shareholders of 25 cents a share — roughly $650M — for every quarter its takeover did not finalize beyond Q3, so Nandy’s delay could be rather costly. Alan Cumming announced that the Paramount–WBD merger would create "a giant conglomerate beholden to Donald Trump, autocrats and oligarchs." Jake's story noted that the deal could technically close without clearance, but all the signals so far were that would play by the book. With a dozen states suing against the merger in the U.S., the Paramount–WBD merger continued to be the messiest piece of M&A of the year, and therefore it would come soon.[179] A judge overseeing the state attorneys general challenge to the Paramount–Warner Bros. Discovery merger did not issue a ruling on an emergency motion to pause the transaction, but said that she would do so on July 22, 2026. Much of the hearing was devoted to argument on how narrowly the market for theatrical and cable distribution should be defined, as the state's claimed that they had shows that the transaction on its face was illegal, would pause the transaction indefinitely until the legal process played out.[180] Hollywood clashed hearing over what determined a blockbuster, and how quickly the antitrust challenge to Paramount Skydance's merger with Warner Bros. Discovery should move along. It would potentially avert “very severe harm” to Paramount Skydance from a so-called ticking fee – addition payouts by Paramount Skydance to Warner Bros. Discovery shareholders beginning on October 1, 2026.[181] The Los Angeles Times said that the fight over the blockbuster deal that both sides agreed would dramatically reshape Hollywood. Two century-old film studios — with rights to Harry Potter, Batman, Top Gun, The Big Bang Theory, and Game of Thrones — would be combined, while HBO and CNN would come under new ownership, as the proposed acquisition would be closed by the end of December 31, 2026.[182]
On July 18, 2026, it was reported that Warner Bros. Discovery would be sold off in pieces and cease to exist, or become like MGM, if the Paramount and Warner Bros. merger failed. "The deal has to go through, or else Warner Bros. will be sold off in pieces and cease to exist or become like MGM.", the insider announced. "It's chaos over there, projects are on hold.", Variety said.[183] Warner Bros. would be vanished if Paramount collapsed, stating that the proposed acquisition would be broken up if the merger would be blocked. The studio's future was said to be depended on the outcome of the legal battle, as California's lawsuit continued as Paramount argued the deal was vital for both companies, as Warner Bros. had been one of Hollywood's most influential studios for more than a century, and the future would be in doubt if the merger failed. As legal challenges continued to delay the deal, it was announced that the studio would not be owned by Warner Bros., as the studio survived as a standalone company. It claimed there had been speculation over changes at DC Studios, with the producers expected to oversee the division if the merger was completed. The chairman was meeting lawmakers in Washington to discuss a proposed federal film tax credit, which insiders believed could help address concerns raised by states challenging the merger, as they were keeping Warner Bros. and Paramount open. Parts of the studio would be sold individually if the merger fell through, as the failure of the merger would leave Warner Bros. facing a breakup instead of an independent future.[184] The final effort to block the merger attempted to stop the $111B deal that violated antitrust law and reduced competition in both the film and cable television industries.[185]
On July 20, 2026, Martínez-Olguín granted a temporary restraining order (for 14 days), pausing a merger.[186] On July 23, Martínez-Olguín extended the temporary restraining order for an additional 14 days (until August 17).[187]
On July 21, 2026, Lisa Nandy announced that she would remain in the role overseeing film and TV industries and would continue to oversee a busy inbox, with her immediate priorities including whether to formally intervene in Paramount Skydance's proposed $110.9 billion acquisition of Warner Bros. Discovery.[188]
On July 22, 2026, the Paramount-WBD deal was approved by the European Commission after Paramount had agreed to exit United International Pictures, its 50-50 joint venture with Universal Pictures,.[189]
On July 24, 2026, Paramount Skydance and Warner Bros. Discovery agreed to extend the deadline for completing their proposed merger until June 1, 2027, allowing additional time for regulatory reviews and ongoing litigation.
SAG-AFTRA announced on July 27, 2026, that they took a slightly more aggressive stand against Paramount Skydance's pending acquisition of Warner Bros. Discovery, but it stopped short of joining Writers Guild of America and SAG-AFTRA, in bringing the issue to court. The union's National Board adopted a resolution over the weekend that publicly opposed the merger unless there were certain production guarantees.[190]
It was reported on July 28, 2026, that broadcast, cable, and streaming in the future were undoing the Paramount-WBD deal, and was inarguably past its primetime programming, as some watchers of the case from both the legal and financial arenas were skeptical of Paramount and Warner Bros. argument, known in case law as a failing market hypothesis.[191]
On July 29, 2026, the largest movie exhibition company in the world AMC Theatres Chief Adam Aron, expressed support to the Paramount-WBD deal.[192]
On July 30, 2026, Jake Kanter wrote an article in Deadline Hollywood about how Paramount Skydance sacrificed cinema history to win approval for its Warner Bros. Discovery deal, which would be enough to Europe's theatrical business. That was because Paramount had agreed to exit UIP, its 50-50 joint venture with Universal Pictures, to secure regulatory approval for its takeover of Warner Bros. Discovery in the European Union. In remedies laid down by the European Commission, the EU’s antitrust enforcer, Paramount needed to unwind its links to UIP within 13 months of closing the Warner merger, walking away from a company that was part of the European cinema landscape for 44 years. The venture would continue without its stewardship.[193] A group of film producers urged the British culture minister to intervene in the proposed merger of Paramount Skydance and Warner Bros Discovery and protect access to historical news footage used by documentary makers.[194]
On July 31, 2026, Paramount Skydance, as well as Warner Bros. Discovery, pitched a November 4, 2026 start, while state attorney generals and the Writers Guild of America proposed an April 5, 2027 trial.[195] On that same day, a group representing documentary filmmakers and archival specialists asked the British government to intervene in the proposed merger between Paramount Skydance and Warner Bros. Discovery, arguing that the deal could restrict access to some of the world's most important television news archives, Reuters reported. The appeal was made to UK Culture Secretary Lisa Nandy, who was already reviewing the transaction amid broader concerns about media plurality and competition. According to the producers, the merger would place the archives of CNN and CBS News under common ownership for the first time. In a letter sent to the UK government, the Archival Producers Alliance, which represented more than 650 archival researchers and producers across the US, UK and other countries, said the transaction would combine two of the most valuable collections of television news footage in existence.[196]
On August 1, 2026, sources told The Wall Street Journal that California's governor said if the merger was blocked due to the lawsuit, state employment would suffer, and that "Newsom’s office encouraged Attorney General Rob Bonta’s office, which had independent authority to file such suits, to find a resolution out of court."[197]
On August 3, 2026, it was reported that the Ellisons' Paramount and Warner Bros. deal slipped toward a costly legal and financial cliff, and it stated that they had to be careful bidding for the merger, which faced a ticking fee. On that same day, the price for the proposed acquisition was $31 per share in cash.[198] The CEO spotted a surprising location as he prepped antitrust battle with California over Warner Bros. deal.[199]
On August 4, 2026, Paramount CEO David Ellison said he believed the antitrust litigation filed by 12 states and the Writers Guild of America wasn’t about market share but about “whether I could be trusted as a steward of Warner’s CNN.” He reiterated his pledge that CNN would remain independent under a merged Paramount-Warner Bros. Discovery and that its journalists “would continue to answer to the facts and to all the people they served — not to any party or cause.”[200] On that same day, Araceli Martínez-Olguín wrote that the Paramount & Warner Bros. trial was scheduled to take place from March 2 to March 19, 2027. The judge wrote that the trial would run from 8:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m., with two 15 minute breaks. The trial was scheduled to be in a blackout on March 8, 2027 and March 15, 2027. A waiting period would be expired on February 19, 2027.[201] On that same day, the Paramount-WBD deal was approved in Japan by Japan Fair Trade Commission (JFTC).[202]
On August 5, 2026, David Ellison reaffirmed that the merger would happen in 2027; artificial intelligence would not replace human storytelling. It would go through despite a legal challenge, because it would not close the purchase until the lawsuit was resolved. It jeopardized the bid for its larger rival.[203]
On August 6, 2026, A federal judge had rejected an antitrust challenge to the Paramount–Warner Bros. merger. Regal Cinemas made its support of the Paramount–Warner Bros. public.[204][205] On that same day, the Paramount-WBD deal was approved in the United Kingdom by the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA).[206] Also on that day, David Zaslav said that Warner Bros. Discovery's employees displayed an "inspiring" work ethic to maintain the business. Under the terms of the Paramount merger agreement, Warner Bros. Discovery could enter into bundling agreements and acquire content, and had the flexibility to negotiate extensions or renewals with existing partners (such as the NHL or MLB) as well as content-licensing sales as long as the deals did not extend past December 2028.[207] Also in the same day Lionsgate CEO, Jon Feltheimer endorsed the deal.[208]
On August 9, 2026, Bloomberg reported that Paramount Skydance offered a three-year contractually enforceable commitments to the U.S.’s two biggest theater chains, AMC Theatres and Regal Cinemas if the merger was completed. The offer was a 30-film annual slate with a guarantee exclusive 45-day theatrical windows and not distributing the movies on streaming services for at least 90 days.[209][210]
On August 12, 2026, it was reported that Paramount threatened to leave California if the lawsuit wasn’t settled, with Warner Bros. following suit to help complete the merger plans.[211] On that same day, Paramount made clear that it was prepared to examine every available avenue to complete the transaction, while California and the allied states insisted that any resolution had to meaningfully protect competition in the identified markets. Paramount contended that the traditional concept of basic cable no longer accurately reflected how audiences consumed programming and that the combined entity would control only a modest share of the streaming market, estimated in the range of 7 to 11 percent (median average - 9%). Support from major theatrical exhibitors was also cited as evidence that the deal would not harm competition in film distribution. The attorney general, speaking earlier at the same conference, indicated openness to considering structural remedies that could address competitive concerns but expressed skepticism toward behavioral commitments that might prove difficult to enforce.[212] In response, Ellison might shift news operations to Atlanta, and the potential sale of CBS News’ broadcast center could generate billions. Paramount Skydance was keeping all options, including a possible sale of CNN, "on the table" to resolve California's antitrust suit challenging its $110 billion acquisition of Warner Bros Discovery.[213][214] The top Democrat on the House Judiciary Committee said it wanted Paramount to sit for a transcribed interview to answer questions on the Warner Bros. forfeitures and following suits.[215] On that same day, an oversight board could hinder Paramount in what were certain to be future efforts to wring synergies out of a combined company. Merging CBS News and CNN could reduce production and newsgathering costs. And yet, CBS News employed many workers represented by a union, while CNN did not. That dynamic thwarted previous efforts over the years to combine the two news organizations. An oversight board aimed at ensuring an independent CNN might have a similar effect.[216] In response, Paramount discussed creating an editorial board for CNN when the merger closed. That move would be to try to alleviate concerns over the editorial independence of the network.[217]
On August 13, 2026, Paramount Skydance announced it was considering divesting CNN as part of its effort to complete the $110 billion acquisition of Warner Bros. Discovery. This move aimed to address antitrust concerns raised by California's Attorney General and other states regarding potential price hikes and diminished competition in the media sector.[218] That same day, the Directors Guild of America and the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees both urged fast track of the Warner Bros. Paramount mega-merger, stating that they should work out as soon as possible.[219]
On August 14, 2026, Paramount announced that it won approval from Mexico’s competition authority for its merger with Warner Bros., leaving only 12 state attorneys general obstructing the deal. In a statement, Paramount said it now won approval from regulators representing 68 countries, including the European Union, China, Canada, Brazil and the United Kingdom. Paramount CEO David Ellison urged the 12 states to negotiate a settlement that would allow the deal to go through, instead of proceeding to a federal trial next March.[220]
On August 17, 2026, Paramount Skydance pubicly demanded a large bond for AG's and WGA over costs of antitrust suit for the Warner Bros. Discovery merger that made $1.88 billion serious, according to California. That same day, it said that both the Clayton Act, the federal antitrust law upon which these suits were based, and other federal law expressly provided that plaintiffs were required to post a bond covering the potential harm from halting a transaction to litigate, so that if they lost, the injured party had a source of recovery for the damage caused, every month of delay carried substantial and quantifiable financial consequences.[221]
On August 19, 2026, the Los Angeles Department of Economic Opportunity published a report stating that the merger would impact 4,500 local film and TV jobs, with a total of 10,360 total jobs indirectly exposed. It would also put $4.06 billion in business output and $547 million in tax revenue at risk.[222]
On August 20, 2026, it confirmed that the combined merger would lose 15,567 jobs.[223] WGA staff and union workers impeached Los Angeles Mayor Karen Bass for supporting the settlement for the Paramount-WBD deal.[224]
Government and industry responses
Industry
Several theater-owner groups warned that the proposed Netflix–Warner Bros. deal would harm theatrical film distribution. Cinema United, a major trade association, called the acquisition an "unprecedented threat", arguing that Netflix's streaming-first strategy might reduce theatrical releases, cut box-office revenue, and hurt independent cinemas. The group urged regulators to scrutinize the transaction, saying the consolidation could affect theaters worldwide.[225][226]
The Directors Guild of America (DGA) reportedly expressed concerns over the Netflix–Warner Bros. merger, noting that a major consolidation could threaten competitive opportunities for talent and reduce diversification in studio and streaming-driven content.[227]
The Writers Guild of America (WGA) stated that the proposed Netflix–Warner Bros. merger "must be blocked", arguing that "the world's largest streaming company swallowing one of its biggest competitors is what antitrust laws were designed to prevent."[228]
Actress Jane Fonda heavily pushed back against the Netflix–Warner Bros. deal. In a statement released through her organization Committee for the First Amendment, she called the deal "catastrophic" and urged the Department of Justice to review the deal.[229][230][231]
SAG-AFTRA raised concerns about the proposed Netflix–Warner Bros. transaction, saying it could affect creative workers and the broader entertainment industry. The union stated that any merger should increase production and protect jobs, and said its final position would depend on a full review of the proposal. Unlike some other industry groups, SAG-AFTRA had not called for the deal to be blocked.[232]
James Cameron publicly threw his support behind Paramount Skydance in its bidding war for WBD, claiming that a Netflix takeover "would be a disaster" for the studio's long-term creative future.[233][234]
Roy Price wrote that an acquisition of Warner Bros. by Netflix could lead to fewer shows being made and "a narrower range of storytelling" with "decision making around one organization's or one individual's point of view".[235]
Cinema United warned a congressional committee that an acquisition of WBD by either Netflix or Paramount Skydance could negatively affect movie theater operators. The trade association said further industry consolidation could reduce the number of films released theatrically and increase studios' leverage in negotiations with exhibitors. Cinema United outlined its concerns in a statement submitted to a U.S. House Judiciary Committee antitrust subcommittee holding a hearing on competition in digital streaming.[236]
On January 29, 2026, a coalition of indie filmmakers, theater operators and nonprofits has reportedly sent a letter to the National Association of Attorneys General (NAAG), asking state attorney generals to block Netflix's accepted $82.7 billion acquisition of WBD's studio and streaming businesses, citing antitrust concerns.[237]
In February 2026, several Hollywood labor groups, including the Directors Guild of America, Producers Guild of America, and Writers Guild of America, submitted statements to a Senate Judiciary antitrust subcommittee expressing concerns about the potential sale of WBD.[238]
On February 5, 2026, Paramount CEO David Ellison published an open letter to the UK creative community outlining commitments tied to Paramount's bid for WBD, including increased content investment, continued theatrical releases, and preserving HBO as a distinct brand. Ellison described a Paramount–WBD combination as pro-competitive and criticized the rival Netflix deal as potentially creating excessive market power, a claim Netflix disputed. He also highlighted Paramount's UK operations and pledged support for competition and the creative workforce.[239]
Cinema United told lawmakers the Netflix–Warner Bros. deal could cut theatrical releases, increase consolidation, and harm theaters and local economies.[240]
Several entertainment unions expressed opposition to the proposed Netflix–Warner Bros. transaction, including the Writers Guild of America, which urged lawmakers to block the deal.[241]
Senator Adam Schiff and Representative Laura Friedman asked for details on U.S. production, union jobs, AI safeguards, and competition, seeking responses by February 15, 2026, to assess the impact of both deals on Hollywood workers.[242]
On February 13, 2026, AGC Studios chairman Stuart Ford criticized Netflix's proposed acquisition of Warner Bros. during a keynote at the European Film Market in Berlin, warning it could harm the film industry's financial model. He said a studio-streamer merger might reduce backend participation and residuals for producers and talent, though he noted that stronger theatrical commitments could lessen some concerns. Ford argued that streaming-driven consolidation could threaten traditional revenue-sharing practices that support industry workers.[243]
In February 2026, the board of WBD reportedly reconsidered renewed discussions with Paramount Skydance regarding a revised acquisition proposal, despite having previously agreed in December to an $83 billion sale to Netflix. Paramount Skydance's latest offer, its ninth since 2025, included a provision granting WBD shareholders an additional $650 million per quarter for any delay in completing the Netflix transaction beyond December 31, 2026. Although the board initially rejected the revised proposal as insufficient, ongoing scrutiny from investors and corporate governance observers prompted further evaluation to demonstrate fulfillment of fiduciary duties. Under the existing agreement, Netflix retains the right to match any superior competing offer prior to closing, while the proposed transaction is expected to face regulatory review in the United States.[244]
On February 18, 2026, Cinemark Theatres CEO Sean Gamble said exhibitors were cautious about Netflix's pledges to maintain traditional theatrical release windows, citing the company's history and calling for firmer assurances. He described the situation as "active and fluid" as Netflix and Paramount Skydance competed for WBD. Gamble said Cinemark, individually and through the trade group Cinema United, had remained in contact with the companies and regulators to advocate for sustained exclusive theatrical windows. He added that exhibitors had long believed Netflix would eventually recognize the value of theatrical releases, noting that Amazon and Apple had embraced the model.[245][246]
During April and May 2026, more than 5,000 Hollywood actors, directors, producers, writers, editors, composers and costumers signed an open letter opposing the Paramount-WBD merger.[247][248][249][250][excessive citations] On April 13, 2026, The Ankler's chief columnist, Richard Rushfield was seen carrying a bag of "Block the Merger" buttons at CinemaCon.[251] Paramount reportedly would then pull its advertising budget from The Ankler and direct its employees not to engage with The Ankler as well. However, there was no further removal of ads since.[252][unreliable source]
Bob Wieckowski wrote, in May 2026, "this deal won’t seemingly impact either" consumer pricing or competition and that "without the merger, the likely outcome will be a weaker domestic market. That will mean fewer productions, investments and jobs here in California."[253]
From June 6, 2026 to June 16, 2026, the protests against the Paramount-WBD deal were triggered in Lumiere Cinema at Los Angeles, Writers Guild of America headquarters at New York City, and The Gathering Spot at Atlanta, Georgia.[254]
British actors—who each work in both the UK and the US—Benedict Cumberbatch, Alan Cumming and Benedict Wong wrote an op-ed, published by The Guardian on July 27, 2026, to urge the U.K. government to intervene, claiming that the proposed merger, “threatens to inflict immense harm on the British public.”[255]
Consumer lawsuits
On December 8, a class-action lawsuit was filed against Netflix by an HBO Max subscriber residing in Las Vegas, Michelle Fendelender, who alleges that the proposed Netflix–Warner Bros. acquisition would reduce competition in the U.S. video on demand market.[256][257]
In April 2026, Paramount+ subscribers challenged the merger.[258][259][260] In July 2026, Judge Araceli Martínez-Olguín denied a motion to preliminarily enjoin a merger.[261][262]
- Walt Disney Studios (23.4%)
- Warner Bros. Entertainment (23.1%)
- Universal Studios (18.0%)
- Paramount Skydance Studios (6.03%)
- Sony Pictures (3.51%)
- Amazon MGM Studios (10.3%)
- Lionsgate Studios (9.36%)
- A24 (6.30%)
Government
Congressional and political reactions
A group of film industry figures, described as concerned feature film producers, sent an anonymous letter to members of the U.S. Congress urging lawmakers to oppose the proposed acquisition of WBD by Netflix and to apply heightened antitrust scrutiny. The letter argued that combining WBD's film and television library with Netflix's streaming platform could increase market concentration, reduce competition, and limit creative diversity by consolidating control over content production, distribution, and release strategies within a single company.[264]
U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren criticized the proposed acquisition of WBD by Netflix, stating that it could raise antitrust concerns related to market concentration. Warren argued that the transaction could reduce competition in the streaming market, potentially resulting in higher prices, fewer consumer choices, and adverse effects on workers in the media industry. She also called for rigorous and transparent enforcement of U.S. antitrust laws during the review process, including by the Department of Justice.[265]
U.S. Senator Mike Lee stated that the proposed acquisition of WBD by Netflix raised antitrust concerns and indicated that congressional oversight of the transaction was likely. Republican Senator Roger Marshall and U.S. Representative Darrell Issa also called on federal antitrust authorities to closely review the proposed merger, citing potential effects on theatrical film distribution.[266]
The Netflix proposal raised concerns about potential job losses. U.S. Representative Laura Friedman stated that continued consolidation in the film and television industry has contributed to employment losses and argued that any merger should be evaluated based on its effects on competition and labor.[267][268][269][270][excessive citations]
On March 23, 2026, Democratic senators called for a "full and independent" FCC review of foreign ownership in the Paramount–WBD merger deal.[271]
The sole Democratic FCC Commissioner, Anna M. Gomez said, "There are serious, unresolved questions about how this foreign investment may jeopardize national security, and this Commission has a legal obligation to answer them before handing wealthy friends of this Administration yet another Billionaire Buddy Bypass on a transaction that strikes at the heart of American journalism."[272][273][274]
Trump administration and political influence concerns
In December 2025, President Donald Trump stated that the Netflix acquisition could raise concerns due to the size of the combined company's market position and said "I'll be involved in that decision too."[275] Asked about Jared Kushner, whose firm Affinity Partners was among the external financiers of Paramount's bid, Trump said "I've never spoken to him about it. He's really trying to work on Gaza. His primary thing is Gaza."[276][277] On February 4, 2026, Donald Trump told NBC Nightly News anchor Tom Llamas that he had decided that he "shouldn't be involved" in his administration's review of the Netflix–WBD merger or if Paramount succeeds in its hostile bid. He said the Department of Justice was involved in acquisition of WBD by Netflix or Paramount.[278]
Senior Trump administration officials had previously told CNBC that the administration viewed the Netflix acquisition with "heavy criticism".[279]
According to regulatory filings, the financing for the Paramount Skydance proposal included investments from sovereign wealth funds associated with Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar. The filing stated that these investors, along with Affinity Partners, agreed to forgo governance rights and representation on the board of directors, a structure the company said would place the transaction outside the scope of review by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States. The same filing reported that Tencent had withdrawn its financing from the proposal, which Paramount Skydance said was intended to avoid potential CFIUS review.[280] Affinity Partners withdrew its financing on December 16, 2025.[281]
The Wall Street Journal reported that after the Netflix deal was publicly announced, Larry Ellison, the father of Paramount Skydance CEO David Ellison, called Trump to argue that the deal would hurt competition. Before Paramount Skydance's hostile takeover bid was announced, it was also reported that David Ellison went to Washington DC and promised Trump administration officials that he would make big changes to CNN. Larry Ellison reportedly discussed with White House officials replacing specific CNN hosts that Trump reportedly dislikes.[282] Trump has stated that he thinks that it is "imperative" that CNN be included in an acquisition "because the people that are running CNN right now are either corrupt or incompetent".[283][284] CNN is among the various news organizations against which Trump has pursued retaliatory litigation and his administrations have removed the press credentials of their reporters,[285] and while the Paramount Skydance proposal includes the purchase of CNN, the Netflix proposal does not.[286]
In an interview with CNBC on December 8, 2025[287] David Ellison suggested that CNN would be merged with CBS News, which had been included in the Paramount–Skydance merger that was completed on August 7, 2025. Before the Paramount–Skydance merger, Paramount Global paid a $16 million settlement in a lawsuit Trump filed against the company over alleged deceptive editing on 60 Minutes that observers suggested was necessary for the merger to be approved by the Federal Communications Commission (which was required because of Paramount's ownership of 28 broadcast licenses of CBS-affiliated television stations).
After acquiring CBS News, David Ellison made a series of changes to the organization that anonymous sources within CBS News have suggested were in response to Trump's criticisms of the organization, including installing Bari Weiss as editor-in-chief (a conservative op-ed writer and columnist that founded The Free Press) and Kenneth R. Weinstein as ombudsman (the former CEO of the Hudson Institute, a conservative think tank) and ending its corporate DEI initiatives. However, when asked about the Paramount Skydance acquisition proposal, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) chair Brendan Carr said that the agency would probably have no role in approval of the proposed acquisition. WBD does not own any broadcast licenses.[288][289]
When asked in the CNBC interview whether he thought Trump was more supportive of the Paramount Skydance proposal, David Ellison said, "What I would say is I'm incredibly grateful for the relationship that I have with the President, and I also believe he believes in competition."[290] Trump also previously arranged for Larry Ellison to acquire a sizable ownership share of TikTok as part of the enforcement of the ban-or-divestment law for foreign adversary controlled social media applications enacted in the United States in 2024. As the Justice Department's Antitrust Division and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) have overlapping jurisdiction in reviewing mergers and acquisitions for compliance with U.S. antitrust laws,[291][292] Paramount Skydance submitted required forms with both the FTC and the DOJ on December 8.[293]
On January 14, 2026, U.S. Representative Sam Liccardo, a Democrat from California, called on Paramount Skydance to submit any potential acquisition of WBD to a foreign ownership review, even if such a filing was not legally required. In a letter to David Ellison, Liccardo said that a voluntary review would demonstrate good faith, strengthen public trust, and provide assurances regarding national security, data privacy, and potential foreign influence risks.[294]
Ted Sarandos stated that he was unsure why President Donald Trump had shared the One America News article demanding that Netflix be stopped from purchasing the Studios and Streaming division of WBD, stating "No conversation we ever had was about any of the things that were in that article that he posted. I don't want to overread it, either."[295]
On January 16, 2026, British culture minister Lisa Nandy met Paramount Skydance chief executive David Ellison to discuss issues affecting the UK's film and television sector.[296] It was also reported that, on December 12, 2025, days after Netflix announced its intention to purchase the Studios and Streaming division of WBD, President Trump had purchased corporate debt security bonds from both WBD, and Netflix, valued at up to $500,000 each.[297]
On March 13, 2026, Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth publicly stated that he looked forward to CNN being bought by the Ellisons while criticizing the network due to its coverage of the 2026 Iran war, saying: "The sooner David Ellison takes over that network, the better".[298]
Regulatory review and antitrust oversight (United States)
On January 22, 2026, the U.S. Department of Justice launched an antitrust review of Netflix's proposed deal. WBD disclosed in a regulatory filing that both companies had received a formal "second request" for information from the DOJ's Antitrust Division on January 16, which paused the statutory waiting period and prevented the transaction from closing pending further review. The second request signaled heightened scrutiny of whether the transaction could lessen competition in streaming, film production, or television distribution markets. The review followed Netflix's decision to revise its proposal to an all-cash offer. The transaction remains subject to regulatory approval and a shareholder vote, and both companies said they continued to expect a closing timeline of 12 to 18 months.[299] The Antitrust Division approved the acquisition on June 12, 2026.
Trump's former defense lawyer, Todd Blanche testified at his confirmation hearing to be the US Attorney General that "I Was Part Of That Decision" to approve an acquisition.[300]
Congressional hearings and investigations
In February 2026, Netflix co-chief executive officer Ted Sarandos and WBD chief strategy officer Bruce Campbell testified before the United States Senate regarding the company's proposal.[301] While the Senate does not directly approve such transactions, the hearing provided lawmakers with an opportunity to seek information on the deal's potential impact on consumers, workers, and competitors.[302] In response to questioning regarding the transaction's potential effects on theatrical distribution and the film production ecosystem, Sarandos stated that the company would commit to a 45-day theatrical exhibition window for films produced by WBD following the proposed acquisition. Lawmakers from both parties raised concerns regarding the deal's potential impact on competition, labor markets, and content distribution. Senators questioned Sarandos on issues including residual payments, employment conditions in the entertainment industry, and Netflix's market position relative to other platforms. Sarandos stated that residuals were governed by collective bargaining agreements negotiated through the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers and cited industry data indicating growth in residual payments in recent years. Senators also examined the competitive relationship between subscription-based streaming services and advertising-supported platforms such as YouTube.[303]
Sarandos argued that viewing patterns increasingly overlapped across platforms and cited the expansion of professionally produced content and long-form programming on YouTube, as well as its growing share of television-based viewing. Members of the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust described the proposed acquisition as significant in scale and raised concerns regarding consolidation in the streaming industry. Subcommittee chair Mike Lee stated that the transaction warranted scrutiny due to its potential effects on competition for creative talent, content distribution, and consumer choice, including risks associated with vertical integration. Senator Cory Booker expressed concerns about the cultural and market implications of further consolidation in the entertainment industry and said that representatives of competing bidder Netflix had agreed to testify publicly at the hearing. Also testifying was Bruce Campbell, chief revenue and strategy officer of WBD. Netflix executives have stated that they have engaged in discussions with the U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division, European Union competition authorities, and state attorneys general regarding the transaction. The proposed acquisition remains subject to regulatory review, and Netflix has characterized the deal as pro-competitive, while regulators and lawmakers continue to assess its potential effects on market concentration and consumer outcomes.
Following testimony in February 2026 before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Competition Policy, and Consumer Rights, lawmakers continued to evaluate Netflix's proposed acquisition of the studio and streaming assets of WBD. During the hearing, Sarandos addressed questions related to market competition, consumer impact, and the company's role in the global entertainment industry. The hearing formed part of the broader legislative and regulatory review process examining whether the transaction would comply with antitrust standards and serve the public interest. Lawmakers did not reach conclusions during the session, and the proposed acquisition remains subject to further regulatory scrutiny.[304]
On February 6, 2026, Senator Adam Schiff and Representative Laura Friedman sent a letter to Sarandos and Greg Peters, and to David Ellison, requesting detailed commitments regarding the preservation and expansion of film and television jobs in Los Angeles in connection with their respective proposed mergers involving Warner Bros. The lawmakers noted prior public statements by Sarandos and Ellison asserting that their bids for the studio would benefit consumers and strengthen competition. Sarandos had stated that Netflix's proposed merger with Warner Bros. would help create and protect jobs in the entertainment industry. Schiff and Friedman wrote that such statements should be supported by concrete, measurable commitments to California and U.S. workers, emphasizing the importance of maintaining California's role as a center of film and television production. Ellison said that Paramount and WBD would continue to operate separately and preserve jobs after the Paramount–WBD merger deal closed.[305][306]
On February 12, 2026, Gail Slater left her post as assistant attorney general for the antitrust division; CBS News reported she was removed by senior Trump administration officials. Confirmed with bipartisan support in 2025 and seen by some Democrats as a guard against political interference, her departure came as Live Nation Entertainment faced an antitrust trial and settlement talks with Justice Department officials outside the division, while deputy Mark Hamer also exited that week.
On February 25, 2026, Sarandos scheduled a visit to the White House by February 26 to talk about Netflix's bid.[307] Axios later reported that after Sarandos arrived in Washington, he did not meet with Trump or any White House officials because the meeting was canceled, and that he instead met only with Justice Department officials.[308]
States
In February 2026, 11 Republican state attorneys general from eleven states (Alabama, Alaska, Iowa, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah and West Virginia) sent a letter to the United States Department of Justice to express concern that a Netflix merger with Warner Brothers would "likely result in undue market concentration that stifles competition and therefore creates higher prices, lower reliability, and less innovation for one of America’s major industries—all to the detriment of American consumers."[309][310]
In an interview with MS NOW's Jacob Soboroff, California Attorney General Rob Bonta said reports that he was looking to require Paramount to divest CNN as a condition for the deal to go through were "opining".[311]
On July 13, 2026, 12 Democratic attorneys general from twelve states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, and Washington state), sued to block the acquisition. Bonta's press release said, "The proposed merger, the largest in Hollywood history, would combine two of Hollywood's five major film distributors and two of the five major basic cable channel owners."[312][313]
Shareholder responses
WBD is a publicly traded company with a broad shareholder base. According to The Motley Fool, approximately 71% of its shares are held by institutional investors, 23% by individual investors, and 6% by insiders. Several major shareholders publicly stated their positions during the bidding contest for the company.[314]
Harris Associates, which owns about 4% of WBD through its Oakmark funds, described Paramount Skydance's revised offer as improved but insufficient. In a statement to Reuters, portfolio manager Alex Fitch said the competing bids from Paramount and Netflix appeared roughly comparable and that changing transactions would involve costs. He added that Paramount would need to offer stronger incentives to secure shareholder support.[315]
Mario Gabelli, founder and chairman of GAMCO Investors, said he was "highly likely" to tender his clients' shares to Paramount Skydance.[316] GAMCO holds approximately 5% of WBD's non-index institutional shares.[317]
On January 7, 2026, TheWrap reported that Pentwater Capital Management, WBD's seventh-largest shareholder, sent a letter to the board urging it to more fully engage with Paramount Skydance's amended proposal. Pentwater chief executive Matt Halbower told CNBC that he viewed Paramount's offer as economically superior to Netflix's, citing valuation and regulatory factors. He also questioned the board's stated concerns about financing risk and argued that Paramount's investors had the capacity to complete the transaction.[318]
On February 11, 2026, activist investor Ancora Alternatives LLC announced it would vote against the Netflix transaction, support Paramount Skydance's bid, and initiate a proxy contest if the board declined to engage with Paramount. Ancora argued that Paramount's amended proposal could qualify as a "superior proposal" under WBD's agreement with Netflix, citing what it described as regulatory risks associated with the Netflix deal. Paramount had increased its $30-per-share cash offer by adding a quarterly $0.25 per-share "ticking fee" beginning after December 31, 2026, until closing. It also agreed to cover the $2.8 billion termination fee WBD would owe Netflix if it withdrew from their agreement and to assist with certain debt financing costs. WBD stated that it was reviewing the revised proposal. Analysts said the changes addressed several of the board's earlier concerns and could increase pressure on directors ahead of the shareholder vote.[319]
Investors
Major investors involved in the proposed acquisition include Harris Associates, GAMCO Investors, Ancora Holdings, Pentwater Capital Management, and Sachem Head Capital Management.
Harris Associates (Oakmark Funds)
Harris Associates, through its Oakmark Funds, owned about 4% of WBD outstanding shares, making it the company's fifth-largest shareholder during the takeover battle. Portfolio manager Alex Fitch said after the initial Netflix agreement that the bidding process was not over and encouraged Paramount Skydance to raise its offer. In December 2025, after WBD's board rejected Paramount's $108.4 billion hostile bid, Fitch told Reuters that the Netflix and Paramount proposals were similar in overall value. However, he described Netflix's offer as stronger in its deal terms, indicating that Harris Associates might support a revised Paramount bid if it addressed concerns about the transaction's structure.[320][321][322]
After Paramount amended its offer on December 22, 2025, including a personal guarantee from Larry Ellison, Alex Fitch of Harris Associates described the changes as "essential, yet inadequate". He said Paramount would need to offer "a more compelling incentive" to secure shareholder support. Harris Associates' comments were seen as influential in shaping market expectations about what would qualify as a competitive bid and maintained pressure on both Netflix and Paramount to improve their proposals. In its fourth-quarter 2025 investor letter, the Oakmark Fund stated that it was "pleased with the steps the WBD board has taken thus far to unlock shareholder value" and would "continue to closely monitor developments" as the bidding process continued.[323][324]
GAMCO Investors
GAMCO Investors, led by chairman and CEO Mario Gabelli, owned about 5.7 million shares of WBD, representing roughly 5% of its non-index institutional shares and valued at about $160 million. Gabelli was an early and outspoken supporter of Paramount Skydance's takeover bid. On December 10, 2025, two days after Paramount launched its hostile tender offer, he told TheWrap that he was "highly likely" to tender his clients' shares. He cited the relative simplicity and certainty of Paramount's $30-per-share all-cash offer, compared with Netflix's more complex proposal, which included a combination of cash, stock, and a spinoff of WBD's cable networks.
In the following months, Gabelli continued to support Paramount Skydance's bid for WBD. In February 2026, he appeared on CNBC's Money Movers to discuss the competing offers and their potential impact on the entertainment industry. After WBD's board determined that Paramount's revised $31-per-share offer was superior and Netflix chose not to increase its bid, Gabelli told NBC News that "the board finally woke up and did the math." He reiterated his view that Paramount's all-cash proposal offered greater value and certainty for shareholders.[325][326]
Ancora Holdings
Ancora Holdings, the activist investment arm of the Ohio-based Ancora Holdings Group, which manages about $11 billion in assets, built a stake in WBD valued at roughly $200 million, or about 0.3% of the company. Although its ownership stake was relatively small, Ancora had experience in activist investing, including proxy contests at companies such as Norfolk Southern, C.H. Robinson, and Forward Air. On March 3, 2026, The Wall Street Journal described Ancora as "one of Wall Street's fiercest activist investors" in coverage of its involvement in the WBD takeover battle.[327]
On February 11, 2026, Ancora announced that it would vote against the proposed Netflix transaction and support Paramount Skydance's bid. The firm also said it would begin a proxy contest to replace members of WBD's board if the company did not engage with Paramount. In a 51-page presentation released to investors, Ancora described the Netflix agreement as "flawed, inferior, and high-risk" compared with Paramount's all-cash offer. It criticized the board for "hastily entering into a problematic agreement with Netflix instead of diligently pursuing a better offer". Ancora argued that the board had "no choice" but to consider Paramount's revised proposal as one that "could reasonably lead to a Superior Proposal", citing regulatory uncertainty surrounding the Netflix deal.[328]
Ancora's involvement influenced the outcome of the takeover contest. Along with pressure from Pentwater and other shareholders, its threat to launch a proxy contest contributed to WBD reopening negotiations with Paramount after Netflix granted a seven-day waiver in February 2026. After WBD's board determined that Paramount's $31-per-share offer was superior and Netflix withdrew its bid, Ancora issued a statement describing the result as a "win-win for both shareholders and the entertainment sector". The firm said it was "delighted to have highlighted the necessity for the WBD Board to explore a more substantial and assured arrangement with Paramount".
Pentwater Capital Management
Pentwater Capital Management, WBD's seventh-largest shareholder with about 50 million shares, played a significant role in urging the company's board to more fully consider Paramount Skydance's competing bid. In January 2026, Pentwater chief executive Matt Halbower sent a letter to WBD Chairman Samuel DiPiazza stating that the board had "violated its fiduciary duty" by rejecting Paramount's offer without sufficient review. In an interview with CNBC, Halbower described Paramount's proposal as "economically superior" to Netflix's, citing differences in valuation and potential regulatory challenges. He also questioned the board's concerns about Paramount's financing risk. Pentwater Capital Management increased its involvement in February 2026 after reports indicated that Paramount Skydance was considering chief executive Matt Halbower as a potential nominee to WBD board as part of a possible proxy contest. Halbower confirmed that discussions had taken place but said that "if they're truly fulfilling their fiduciary duties, then there would be no necessity for me to join the board." Pentwater's public backing of Paramount, along with the prospect of a board challenge, added pressure on WBD's directors to defend their support for the Netflix agreement. This pressure contributed to the board's decision to reopen negotiations with Paramount in February 2026.
Sachem Head Capital Management
Sachem Head Capital Management disclosed in a February 2026 filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission that it had more than doubled its stake in WBD during the fourth quarter of 2025, increasing its holdings to nearly 8 million shares. The investment ranked among the firm's ten largest U.S. equity positions. Sachem Head, which has been described as following an "active constructivist" investment strategy, often engages directly with portfolio companies. Its expanded position in WBD was seen as reflecting confidence in potential gains from the ongoing takeover contest and suggesting that some investors viewed the company's shares as undervalued relative to possible transaction outcomes.[329][330]
Although Sachem Head did not publicly oppose the Netflix agreement or threaten a proxy contest, as Ancora and Pentwater did, its increased stake was closely watched by investors as a sign of institutional sentiment. The disclosure came at a pivotal point in the takeover battle, as Paramount intensified efforts to challenge the Netflix deal and other activist shareholders publicly urged WBD's board to enter negotiations.
Assets
Paramount Skydance projected that a merger with WBD would create a media company generating about $70 billion in annual revenue, $16 billion in EBITDA, and $10 billion in cash flow, with around 207 million streaming subscribers. The combined company would include Warner Bros. and Paramount's film, television, and video game studios, HBO/HBO Max, DC Studios, and numerous cable and broadcast networks alongside its content libraries. Its portfolio would also include major sports rights and reunite several networks—such as MTV, Nickelodeon, VH1, and Comedy Central—with other Warner companies after more than 40 years.[331]
See also
- Media capture
- 2019 merger of CBS and Viacom, a media merger that recombined CBS Corporation and Viacom, which had previously split in 2005 from Viacom's original incarnation, into a single company called ViacomCBS (now Paramount Skydance).
- Acquisition of NBC Universal by Comcast, a corporate act of Comcast that acquired NBCUniversal from Vivendi and General Electric.
