Pyroxferroite
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| Pyroxferroite | |
|---|---|
 Pyroxferroite | |
| General | |
| Category | Inosilicate minerals (single chain) |
| Group | Pyroxene group |
| Series | Pyroxferroite-Pyroxmangite series |
| Formula | (Fe2+,Ca)SiO3 |
| IMA symbol | Pxf[1] |
| Strunz classification | 9.DO.05 |
| Crystal system | Triclinic |
| Space group | P1 (no. 2) |
| Unit cell | a = 6.6213 Å, b = 7.5506 Å, c = 17.3806 Å, α = 114.267°, β = 82.684°, γ = 94.756°, Z = 14 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Yellow |
| Cleavage | Good on (010), poor on (001) |
| Mohs scale hardness | 4.5–5.5 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Streak | White |
| Specific gravity | 3.68–3.76 g/cm3 (measured) |
| Optical properties | Biaxial (+) |
| Refractive index | nα = 1.748–1.756 nβ = 1.750–1.758 nγ = 1.767–1.768 |
| Pleochroism | Faint; pale yellow to yellow-orange |
| 2V angle | 34–40° |
| References | [2][3][4][5][6] |
Pyroxferroite (Fe2+,Ca)SiO3 is a single chain inosilicate. It is mostly composed of iron, silicon and oxygen, with smaller fractions of calcium and several other metals.[2] Together with armalcolite and tranquillityite, it is one of the three minerals which were discovered on the Moon during the 1969 Apollo 11 mission. It was then found in Lunar and Martian meteorites as well as a mineral in the Earth's crust. Pyroxferroite can also be produced by annealing synthetic clinopyroxene at high pressures and temperatures. The mineral is metastable and gradually decomposes at ambient conditions, but this process can take billions of years.
Pyroxferroite is named from pyroxene and ferrum (Latin for iron), as the iron-rich analogue of pyroxmangite.[2] The word pyroxene, in turn comes from the Greek words for fire (πυρ) and stranger (ξένος). Pyroxenes were named this way because of their presence in volcanic lavas, where they are sometimes seen as crystals embedded in volcanic glass; it was assumed they were impurities in the glass, hence the name "fire strangers". However, they are simply early-forming minerals that crystallized before the lava erupted.[7][8]
Occurrence
Pyroxferroite was first discovered in 1969 in lunar rock samples from Tranquility Base, the Sea of Tranquility landing site of Apollo 11.[5] Together with armalcolite and tranquillityite, it is one of the three minerals which were first found on the Moon.[9] Later, pyroxferroite was detected in Lunar and Martian meteorites recovered in Oman. It also occurs in the Earth's crust, in association with clinopyroxene, plagioclase, ilmenite, cristobalite, tridymite, fayalite, fluorapatite and potassic feldspar, and forms series with pyroxmangite. Pyroxferroite has been found in the Isanago mine, in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan; near Iva, Anderson County, South Carolina, US; from Väster Silfberg, Värmland, Sweden; and Lapua, Finland.[2][3] In the original lunar samples, pyroxferroite was associated with similar minerals, but also with troilite which is rare on Earth, but is common on the Moon and Mars.[5]
