Reinhold Knacke

Night fighter career

Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, RAF attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign.^[5] By mid-1940, Generalmajor (Brigadier-General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector, named a Himmelbett (canopy bed), would direct the night fighter into visual range of a bomber. In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the Lichtenstein. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942.^[6]

Following the Battle of France, Falck was ordered to establish the first Luftwaffe night fighter wing, Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing). His former unit, I./ZG 1 formed the nucleus of I. Gruppe of NJG 1 which was placed under the command of Oberleutnant Werner Streib.^[7] Now flying in the 2. Staffel of NJG 1, sources vary with respect to when Knacke claimed his first nocturnal aerial victory. According to Foreman, Parry and Mathews, he claimed a Vickers Wellington bomber shot down on 9 March 1941.^[8] According to Obermaier and Stockert, Knacke was credited with his first aerial victory on the night of 2/3 May 1941.^[9][2] He received the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 14 April 1942, after his 18th claim.^[2]

Squadron leader and death

Knacke was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 1. Staffel (1st Squadron) of NJG 1 on 1 April 1942.^[9] On 25/26 June 1942, RAF Bomber Command launched the third thousand-bomber raid and bombed Bremen. That night, Knacke, assisted by his radio operator Unteroffizier Günther Heu, claimed three aerial victories.^[10] On the night of 25/26 July 1942, Knacke shot down a Bristol Blenheim bomber R3837 from 114 Squadron on its intruder bombing mission to Venlo airfield.^[11] Three nights later, Knacke became the first German night fighter pilot to claim a de Havilland Mosquito destroyed. The aircraft, Mosquito DD677 from 23 Squadron, was shot down near Haps.^[12] On 16/17 September 1942, 369 British bombers attacked Germany, losing 39 of their number, a very high 10.6 percent loss rate. Knacke, shot down five bombers that night, which made him an "ace-in-a-day".^{[13][Note 3]} At the end of 1942, Knacke was one of the leading night fighter pilots of the Luftwaffe, which at the time included Lent (49 nocturnal claims), Ludwig Becker (40 nocturnal claims), Werner Streib (39 nocturnal claims) and Paul Gildner (37 nocturnal claims).^[15] He was promoted to Hauptmann on 1 January 1943.^[16]

On the night of 2/3 February 1943, Knacke shot down a Short Stirling bomber on its mission to bomb Cologne. The Stirling I R9264 MG-L from 7 Squadron was a Pathfinder aircraft equipped with the new H2S airborne ground scanning radar. The radar was recovered by German forces and sent to Berlin where it was examined by Telefunken. Knacke then attacked a Halifax bomber near Achterveld which he shot down but his aircraft was also hit by one of the bomber air gunners.^[17] The radio operator, Unteroffizier Kurt Bundrock, managed to bail out from the burning aircraft. Knacke was found dead next to his crashed Bf 110 F-4 (Werksnummer 4683—factory number) "G9+DK" 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Achterveld.^[9] Knacke was posthumously awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) on 5 February 1943. He was the 190th member of the German armed forces to be so honored. Originally buried near Deelen airfield, he was reinterred at the German War Cemetery Ysselsteyn (Block M—Row 4—Grave 80) at Venray.^[16]

Aerial victory claims

According to Aders, Knacke was credited with 44 nocturnal aerial victories.^[18] Foreman, Parry and Mathews, authors of Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 45 nocturnal victory claims.^[19] Mathews and Foreman also published Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, listing Knacke with 43 nocturnal aerial victories claims, plus one further unconfirmed claim as a destroyer pilot during day operations.^[4]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 6255". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 sq mi (930 km²). These sectors were divided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.^[20]

Awards

• Iron Cross (1939)
  • 2nd Class (15 July 1940)^[47]
  • 1st Class (1940)^[47]
• German Cross in Gold on 14 April 1942 as Oberleutnant in the 2./Nachtjagdgeschwader 1^[48]
• Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
  • Knight's Cross on 1 July 1942 as Oberleutnant and pilot in the 3./Nachtjagdgeschwader 1^[49][50]
  • 190th Oak Leaves on 7 February 1943 as Hauptmann and Staffelkapitän of the 3./Nachtjagdgeschwader 1^{[51][Note 5]}