Senedd

Road to devolution

Political movements supporting Welsh self-rule began in the late nineteenth century alongside a rise in Welsh nationalism. The Sunday Closing (Wales) Act 1881 was the first piece of legislation to acknowledge Wales as a separate politico-legal nation from England since the Acts of Union 1535 and 1542. The late 19th century saw the formation of a number of national institutions; a national and annual cultural event, the National Eisteddfod of Wales in 1861,^[11] the Football Association of Wales in 1876,^[12] the Welsh Rugby Union in 1881^[13] and the University of Wales in 1893.^[14]

In 1896, education in Wales began to become distinct with the formation of the Central Welsh Board which inspected grammar schools in Wales and The Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889 was brought about to "make further provision for the intermediate and technical education of the inhabitants of Wales and the county of Monmouth", making the board responsible for inspection of secondary schools.^[15][16] In 1907, the Welsh department of the Board of Education was formed and in the same year, a Welsh Inspectorate was established for inspection of elementary schools in Wales.^[17]

The early 20th century also saw the continued formation of a number of Welsh national institutions; the National Library of Wales in 1911,^[18] the Welsh Guards in 1915^[19] and the Welsh Board of Health in 1919.^[20] The Church in Wales came into existence in 1920 following the disestablishment of the Church of England via the Welsh Church Act 1914.^[21]

An appointed Council for Wales and Monmouthshire was established in 1949 to "ensure the government is adequately informed of the impact of government activities on the general life of the people of Wales". The council had 27 members nominated by local authorities in Wales, the University of Wales, National Eisteddfod Council and the Welsh Tourist Board. A post of Minister of Welsh Affairs was created in 1951 and the post of Secretary of State for Wales and the Welsh Office were established in 1964 leading to the abolition of the Council for Wales. The establishment of the Welsh Office effectively created the basis for the territorial governance of Wales.^[22] The Royal Commission on the Constitution (the Kilbrandon Commission) was set up in 1969 by Harold Wilson's Labour Government to investigate the possibility of devolution for Scotland and Wales.^[23] Its recommendations formed the basis of the 1974 White paper Democracy and Devolution: proposals for Scotland and Wales,^[23] which proposed the creation of a Welsh Assembly. However, Welsh voters overwhelmingly rejected the proposals in a referendum held in 1979.^[23][24]

Following the 1997 general election, the new Labour Government argued that an Assembly would be more democratically accountable than the Welsh Office. For eleven years prior to 1997 Wales had been represented in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom by a Secretary of State who did not represent a Welsh constituency at Westminster.^[25] A referendum was held in Wales on 18 September 1997 in which voters approved the creation of the National Assembly for Wales with a total of 559,419 votes, or 50.3% of the vote.^[26]

In the following year, the Government of Wales Act was passed by the United Kingdom parliament, establishing the Assembly. On 1 July 1999 the powers of the Secretary of State for Wales were transferred to the Assembly, and the Welsh Office ceased to exist.^[27]

In July 2002, the Welsh Government established an independent commission, with Lord Richard (former leader of the House of Lords) as chair, to review the powers and electoral arrangements of the National Assembly to ensure that it is able to operate in the best interests of the people of Wales.^[28] The Richard Commission reported in March 2004. It recommended that the National Assembly should have powers to legislate in certain areas, whilst others would remain the preserve of Westminster.^[28] It also recommended changing the electoral system to the single transferable vote (STV) which would produce greater proportionality.^[28]

In response, the British government, in its Better Governance for Wales White Paper, published on 15 June 2005, proposed a more permissive law-making system for the Welsh Assembly based on the use of Parliamentary Orders in Council.^[29][30] In so doing, the Government rejected many of the cross-party Richard Commission's recommendations. This has attracted criticism from opposition parties and others.^{[citation needed]}

Enhanced powers: The Government of Wales Act 2006

The Government of Wales Act 2006 received Royal assent on 25 July 2006. It conferred on the Assembly legislative powers similar to other devolved legislatures through the ability to pass Assembly Measures concerning matters that are devolved. Requests for further legislative powers made through legislative competence requests were subject to the veto of the Secretary of State for Wales, House of Commons or House of Lords.

The Act reformed the assembly to a parliamentary-type structure, establishing the Welsh Government as an entity separate from, but accountable to the National Assembly. It enables the Assembly to legislate within its devolved fields.

The Act also reforms the Assembly's electoral system. It prevents individuals from standing as candidates in both constituency and regional seats. This aspect of the act was subject to a great deal of criticism^{[citation needed]}, most notably from the Electoral Commission^{[citation needed]}, although it was supported in the Richard Commission.^[28]

The Act was heavily criticised^{[citation needed]}. Plaid Cymru, the Official Opposition in the National Assembly from 1999 to 2007, attacked it^{[citation needed]} for not delivering a fully-fledged parliament. Many commentators^[who?] have also criticised the Labour Party's allegedly partisan attempt to alter the electoral system. By preventing regional Members from standing in constituency seats the party has been accused^{[by whom?]} of changing the rules to protect constituency representatives. Labour had 29 members in the Assembly at the time, all of whom held constituency seats.^{[citation needed]}

The changes to the Assembly's powers were commenced on 4 May 2007, after the election.^[31]

Following a referendum on 3 March 2011, the Welsh Assembly gained direct law making powers, without the need to consult Westminster.

Reserved powers model: The Wales Act 2017

The Conservative-Liberal coalition government created the Commission on Devolution in Wales (also known as Silk Commission), composed of members nominated by the 4 parties represented in the Welsh Assembly and several leading legal and political experts, to "create a lasting devolution settlement for Wales". Following the first set of recommendations by the Commission, the UK government announced in November 2013 that some borrowing powers are to be devolved to the Assembly along with control of landfill tax and stamp duty. Additionally the Wales Act 2014 provides for a referendum to be held on the Assembly's ability to set a degree of income tax,^[32] though there is a proposal for the requirement for a referendum to be removed.

Both the UK and Welsh governments supported the Silk Commission (Part 2) proposal to move to a "reserved powers" model of devolution (similar to that of the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly) where the UK government would have specific "reserved" powers and the Welsh Assembly would have control of all other matters.^[33][34] This replaced the previous model where certain powers were "conferred" and all others were assumed to be powers of the UK national government. Since the passing of the Wales Act 2017, the power model in Wales has been in line with that of Scotland, being a reserved matter model.^[35]

The Wales Act 2017, based on the second set of recommendations of the Silk Commission, proposed devolving further areas of government, including some relating to water, marine affairs (ports, harbours, conservation), energy (subsidies, petroleum extraction, construction of smaller energy-generating facilities, etc.), rail franchising and road travel.^[36]

Name change

In July 2016, Assembly members unanimously agreed that the name of the Assembly should reflect its constitutional status as a national parliament.^[37] The Assembly Commission ran a public consultation on the proposal, which showed that 61% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that the Assembly should change its name.^[38] In 2018, the commission announced its intention to introduce legislation to change the name of the Assembly. Later that year, the Llywydd – the Assembly's presiding officer – wrote to all Assembly Members explaining that the name change proposed in the Bill would be the monolingual name Senedd.^[39] In 2019, the Senedd and Elections (Wales) Bill, favouring the name Senedd, was introduced on behalf of the Assembly Commission. Following support of a subsequent amendment to the Bill which favoured a bilingual name for the institution, the Bill was passed by the Assembly on 27 November 2019 and was given Royal Assent on 15 January 2020.^[40][41] The Act changed the name of the Assembly to Senedd Cymru or the Welsh Parliament. Its guidance states that the institution will be commonly known as the Senedd in both languages. The name change came into effect on 6 May 2020. Members of the renamed body are known as Members of the Senedd (MS), or Aelodau o'r Senedd (AS) in Welsh.^[42][43]

Expansion

On 22 November 2021, Welsh Labour and Plaid Cymru agreed a co-operation deal^[44] that will see the implementation of 46 policies that the two parties share.^[45] One of these is the expansion of the Senedd from 60 Members to between 80 and 100 Members.^[46]

At its Conference on 12 March 2022, Welsh Labour unanimously approved increasing the size of the Senedd. "The expansion of the Senedd is essential because the journey of devolution is not yet complete", former First Minister Alun Michael said. "There is more to come. And the capacity needs to be there for those backbenchers to do the job of holding to account that you rightly said, cannot be done by to smaller number of representatives."^[47] Two weeks later, Plaid members backed the expansion proposal as well.^[48]

On 10 May 2022, plans to increase the number of MSs from 60 to 96 were unveiled, as well as the scrapping of first past the post, which, at the time, was used to elect 40 of the 60 Members of the Senedd (MSs). Drakeford said these changes were required as "report after report" had demonstrated that the Senedd in its current form "cannot do the job in the way that people in Wales have a right to expect it to be done".^[49] Welsh Lib Dem leader Jane Dodds criticised these plans, claiming that they would disproportionately impact smaller parties.^[50]

On 8 June 2022, the Senedd voted 40–14 in favour of expanding the number of MSs.^[51]

In 2023, the reform bill committee heard reforms included taking 32 new constituencies created that will be used in the 2024 general election and pairing them to create 16 Senedd constituencies – with each returning six members in multi-member districts.^[52] Opposition to the proposed closed list voting system was expressed by some Labour^[53] and Plaid Cymru^[54] representatives, while opposition to the overall expansion of the Senedd was expressed by some Labour representatives^[55] and the Conservatives.^[56]

Powers of the Senedd

The Senedd has the competence to pass bills for Acts of Senedd Cymru in all areas which are not explicitly reserved to Westminster; these 'reserved matters' are outlined in schedule 7A of the Government of Wales Act 2006.^[69]

This means the Senedd has powers over areas such as:

• Agriculture, fisheries, forestry and rural development
• Culture
• Economic development
• Education and training
• Environment
• Health and health services
• Highways and transport
• Local government
• Tourism
• Welsh language

Reserved matters include subjects such as:

• Foreign affairs
• Immigration
• Police and justice
• Currency
• Most benefits
• Most taxes
• Defence

Constraints on powers and undermining of devolution

As part of the process of leaving the European Union, the Conservative Party in power in Westminster passed the United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020. This legislation aims to prevent internal trade barriers within the UK, and to restrict the exercise of legislative powers of the devolved administrations in economic areas.^[9] It has several effects on the constitutional arrangements regarding devolved legislative powers. Principal amongst these is the effect that the market access principles will have on the practical ability of the devolved administrations to regulate economic activity.^[76][79] It also expressly reserves the regulation of distortive or harmful subsidies to the UK Government, and gives them spending powers in numerous policymaking areas.^[70][76]

These powers undermine the authority of the Senedd to determine infrastructure priorities within its jurisdiction. The principles undermine devolved competences in two ways. These relate to its status as a protected enactment, and to the disproportionate market size and power of the economy under English jurisdiction.^[70] Because the Senedd will be unable to disapply the market access principles, if they attempt to introduce new or stricter regulatory standards, they will only apply to goods produced within the devolved jurisdiction. This means that these standards will have little or no practical effect other than to disadvantage their own economy, severely restricting their ability to introduce regulatory divergence, or pursue different economic or social choices to those made in Westminster.^[76][79]

In 2025 the Labour government in Westminster started the Pride in Place scheme.^[80] Through this scheme the UK Government spent £180 million across nine Welsh areas in order to invest in public services, undermining the Welsh Government's devolved responsibility of local government.^[81] In response to this 11 Labour MSs wrote a letter to the UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer accusing the UK Government of "rolling back the existing devolution settlement".^[82][83]

Government formation

Plaid Cymru won 43 out of 96 seats in the 2026 Senedd elections, 6 seats short of a majority. On 9 May 2026 the leader of Plaid Cymru Rhun ap Iorwerth said they would seek to run a minority government, and he is expected to become the First Minister on 12 May.^[90][91]

Reform UK is expected to become the official opposition with 34. Both Welsh Labour, and the Welsh Conservatives have enough seats to cooperate with Plaid in order to have a majority to pass laws.

Current Seats

Following the 2026 Senedd election, there are 6 parties represented in the Senedd, 4 of them are official Senedd groups (those with 5 or more seats) which are allocated speaking time in debates, are represented on Senedd committees, can table motions and questions, and have access to more resources and staff.

Elected officials

After each election, the Senedd elects one Member of the Senedd to serve as Llywydd (Presiding Officer) of the Senedd, and another to serve as Deputy Presiding Officer (Dirprwy Lywydd). Elin Jones, Plaid Cymru MS, has been Llywydd since 2016, having taken over from Rosemary Butler. The Llywydd also acts as Chair of the Senedd Commission. Both the Llywydd and the Deputy Presiding Officer (Dirprwy Lywydd) typically don't vote in simple-majority votes, but can vote if there is a tie.

Following the 2026 election Conservative MS Paul Davies has put his name forward to become Llywydd.^[92]

Permanent officials

The permanent administrative and support staff of the Senedd are employed by the Senedd Commission. They are not civil servants, although they enjoy similar terms and conditions of service to members of the UK Civil Service. The most senior permanent official is the chief executive and clerk, and the position is currently held by Manon Antoniazzi.

Summary

2026 election

More information Party, Votes ...

2026 Senedd election results

Party		Votes	%	Seats
	Plaid Cymru	444,665	35.41	43
	Reform UK	367,985	29.30	34
	Labour	139,203	11.08	9
	Conservative	134,926	10.74	7
	Green Party	84,608	6.74	2
	Liberal Democrats	56,012	4.46	1
	Heritage Party	5,474	0.44	0
	Propel	4,032	0.32	0
	Gwlad	2,479	0.20	0
	Open Party	684	0.05	0
	Welsh Christian Party	456	0.04	0
	Britain's Communist Party	354	0.03	0
	Socialist Labour Party	285	0.02	0
	Official Monster Raving Loony Party	279	0.02	0
	Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition	244	0.02	0
	Social Democratic Party	165	0.01	0
	Independents	14,063	1.12	0
Total		1,255,914	100.00	96
Registered voters/turnout		2,433,921	51.6
Source: Sky News BBC

Close

Turnout

Voter turnout at Senedd elections has been historically been lower than UK general elections. The 2026 election turnout was for the first time in a Senedd election above 50%, reaching 51.6%, however that is still lower than recent UK general elections in Wales (56% in 2024). In their 2004 paper Turnout, Participation and Legitimacy in Post-Devolution Wales, academics Roger Awan-Scully, Richard Wyn Jones and Dafydd Trystan Davies identified three potential reasons for this: antipathy to the Welsh institutions, apathy to the Welsh institutions or apathy to politics more generally. They suggested apathy – in Wales and to politics in general – is the most likely reason.^[99]

Following the 2021 election, Dr Jac Larner, a politics lecturer at Cardiff University and an investigator for the Welsh election survey, said the lower turnout figures in Wales did not necessarily reflect a lack of perceived importance in the Senedd.^[100] He told BBC News: "We know from research that low voter turnout is actually a lot do to with people thinking they can't win in a devolved election, so they don't bother going to vote. That's different to a general election where, in Wales, Labour are still more likely to win a majority of seats, but at the UK level it's far more competitive."^[100] He compared turnout in Wales to turnout for Scottish Parliament elections, which is significantly higher: "Scotland is in quite a unique political position at the moment, where the single most salient issue and the biggest cleavage in society – the issue of independence – basically is going to be determined by what happens at the Holyrood elections. Part of it is this idea of interest – there has always been more interest in the idea of a Scottish Parliament, the Scottish Parliament has always been more powerful than the Senedd, even going back to 1999."^[100]

Senedd building

The debating chamber in Cardiff Bay, the Senedd (Senate), was designed by the Richard Rogers Partnership, and built by Taylor Woodrow, with environmental, mechanical, electrical and plumbing design by BDSP Partnership. It uses traditional Welsh materials, such as slate and Welsh oak, in its construction, and the design is based around the concepts of openness and transparency. The timber ceiling and centre funnel, manufactured and installed by BCL Timber Projects (sub-contracted by Taylor Woodrow) is made from Canadian sourced Western Red Cedar.

The Senedd building

Logo of the Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament on the outside of the building

In the reception area, maps of the boundaries of the five electoral regions that elect 20 seats (left), and the constituencies that elect 40 seats (right)

The Senedd houses the debating chamber known as the Siambr (Welsh: Y Siambr)^[101] and Committee Rooms. It was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on Saint David's Day, 1 March 2006.^[102]

The Senedd is designed to be environmentally friendly: it uses an Earth Heat Exchange system for heating; rainwater is collected from the roof and used for flushing toilets and cleaning windows, and the roof features a wind cowl which funnels natural light and air into the debating chamber below.^[103]

Telecasting

The building houses the debating chamber and committee rooms for the Senedd. When the Senedd building opened on 1 March 2006, there was regular screening of live proceedings from the Siambr on S4C2 and also on internet television.^[104] Coverage of the S4C2 screenings were on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays between 9:00 am 6:00 pm when the Senedd was sitting.^[105] In addition, limited screens were shown on the BBC Two Wales programme "am.pm", including First Minister's Questions.^[106] These were decommissioned after S4C2 switched its scheduling to children programs and because of budget cuts.^[107] Internet television screenings are now shown on the Senedd's own website called Senedd.tv, which screens approximately 35 hours of content each week in English and Welsh. The service began 15 April 2008.^[108] Key events such as First Minister's Questions are shown live and recorded on BBC Parliament on television and on iPlayer. Also on BBC Parliament some proceedings are shown as highlights of the week on the programme The Week in Parliament.

In October 2023, GB News was banned from the Senedd's internal TV system, with a spokesperson for the presiding officer claiming the channel was "deliberately offensive, demeaning to public debate and contrary to our parliament's values".^[109]

Tŷ Hywel and Pierhead Building

Tŷ Hywel

The Pierhead Building

Between 1999 and 2006, a temporary debating chamber was initially based in Tŷ Hywel, next to the site of the present building. The offices of Members are still in this building which is connected to the Senedd by a skyway. Tŷ Hywel once again hosts plenary sessions of the Senedd between April 2025 and March 2026 whilst the debating chamber in the Senedd building undergoes refurbishment to increase its capacity in the lead up to the next Senedd election where the number of members returned is to rise to 96.

The Senedd Commission is also responsible for the Pierhead Building, which is the location of "The Assembly at the Pierhead" exhibition, and is the Visitor and Education Centre for the Senedd as well as housing a small gift shop. The exhibition provides visitors with information on the history, functions and day-to-day work of the Senedd.

North Wales Office

The Senedd North Wales Office is located at Government Buildings, Llandudno Junction. The office is open to the public to access information about the Senedd on weekdays between 10:00 and 12:00 and 14:00 and 16:00.^[110] Previously the office was located at Prince's Park, Colwyn Bay.^[110]