List of active separatist movements in Asia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism can include autonomism and secessionism,[1] despite the fact that independence is the primary goal of many separatist movements. Many separatist movements arise as a result of religious, racial, social, and cultural disparities between certain peoples and the majority or ruling class in a country.
Criteria
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy. (Excluding Uncontacted peoples)
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).
Afghanistan
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- Ethnic group: Uyghurs, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Turkmens, and other Turkic peoples
- Proposed state:
Southern Turkestan[4][5] - Militant organisations: Turkestan Freedom Tigers[6][7]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Hazara people
Armenia
- Ethnic group: Western Azerbaijanis
- Proposed state:
Goycha-Zangezur Republic[11] - Advocacy group: Western Azerbaijan Society
- Proposed state:
Bangladesh
- Ethnic group: Jumma people
- Proposed: Autonomy for the Chittagong Hill Tracts[13][14]
- Political parties: Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti, United People's Democratic Front
- Ethnic group: Kuki
- Proposed state:
Zale'n-gam - Militant organisation: Kuki National Army, Kuki-Chin National Front[15][16]
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation
- Proposed state:
Zogam (Parts of Chittagong hill tracts)
- Ethnic group: Zomi
- Proposed state:
Zogam - Militant organisation: Zomi Revolutionary Army[17]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Mro people
- Proposed: autonomy for the Mro people
- Ethnic group: Khasi people
- Proposed: autonomy for the Khasi people in Sylhet Division
China
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Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
- Ethnic group: Uyghurs
- Proposed state:
East Turkestan[21] - Government-in-exile: East Turkistan Government-in-Exile
- Militant organizations: Turkistan Islamic Party, East Turkestan Liberation Organization
- Advocacy group: World Uyghur Congress, Campaign For Uyghurs, East Turkistan National Awakening Movement
- Proposed state:
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- Ethnic group: Han Chinese of Hong Kong
- Proposed state:
Hong Kong or reunification with the 
United Kingdom as an 
Overseas Territory - Political parties: Youngspiration, Hong Kong Indigenous, Hong Kong National Party, Alliance of Resuming British Sovereignty over Hong Kong and Independence, Hong Kong Independence Party
- Proposed state:
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- Ethnic group: Tibetan people
- Proposed state:
Tibet (includes all of Xizang and parts of Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, and Yunnan) - Government-in-exile: Central Tibetan Administration
- Advocacy groups: Tibetan Youth Congress, International Tibet Independence Movement[22][23][a]
- Proposed state:
Minor movements
Georgia
Territory of the former 
Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Ethnic group: Abkhazians
- De facto state:
Abkhazia[32] (recognized by 5 UN members)
- Political organization: Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organization: Abkhazian Armed Forces
- De facto state:
Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast
- People: Ossetians
- De facto state:
South Ossetia[33] (recognized by 5 UN members) - Proposition: Recognition of South Ossetia as an independent state or unification with Russia[34][35][36][37] or unification with
North Ossetia to form a united independent Ossetia
- Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organisation: Armed Forces of South Ossetia
- De facto state:
- Ethnic group: Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti
- Proposed: Autonomy for the region
Javakhk (Javakheti) or unification with 
Armenia - Political party: United Javakhk Democratic Alliance[38][39][40]
- Proposed: Autonomy for the region
India
- Separatist movements
- Proposed state:
Nagalim
- Ethnic group: Naga people
- Militant organization: National Socialist Council of Nagaland
- Proposed: independence or autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir from India or unification with
Pakistan
- Ethnic group: Kashmiris
- Political organizations: All Parties Hurriyat Conference, Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen
- Political parties (autonomy): Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference, Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party, Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
- Militant organizations:
Lashkar-e-Taiba, Hizbul Mujahideen, 
Jaish-e-Mohammed, 
Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
- Proposed state: Kamtapur or becoming a state of India
- Ethnic group: Rajbanshi people
- Political parties (statehood): Kamtapur People's Party
- Militant organization:
Kamtapur Liberation Organisation[44][45][46]
- Proposed state: Zale'n-gam
- Ethnic group: Kuki, Bnei Menashe[47]
- Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation
- Ethnic group:
- Proposed state:
Manipur
- Ethnic groups: Meitei, Pangal, Naga
- Government-in-exile: Manipur State Council[50]
- Militant organizations:
United National Liberation Front, 
People's Liberation Army of Manipur, 
Kangleipak Communist Party, People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak, Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup, Maoist Communist Party of Manipur
Zogam (In India the claimed territories are: Barak Valley, Tripura, East Jaintia Hills, Dima Hasao district and Karbi Anglong district of Assam)
- Ethnic group: Zomi
- Proposed state: Zogam
- Militant organisation: Zomi Revolutionary Army[17]
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state:
Khalistan[51]
- Ethnic group: Punjabis
- Political organizations: Dal Khalsa, Sikhs for Justice, Waris Punjab De
- Political parties: Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De), Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
- Militant organizations: Babbar Khalsa, Khalistan Commando Force, Khalistan Liberation Force, Khalistan Zindabad Force, Khalistan Tiger Force, ISYF, AISSF
Indonesia
- Ethnic group: Acehnese
- Proposed state:
Aceh - Militant organisation: Free Aceh Movement (negotiated peace with the Indonesian government in 2005, and now it is a civil movement, but the separatism still has supporters)
- Advocacy group: Aceh–Sumatra National Liberation Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)[52][53][54]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Balinese
- Ethnic group: Sundanese
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- Ethnic group: Dayaks
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Kalimantan[63]
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
- Ethnic group: Moluccans
- Proposed state:
South Maluku - Government-in-exile: Republic of South Maluku (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Advocacy group: Maluku Sovereignty Front[66]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Minahasan
- Proposed state:
Greater Minahasa[67] - Advocacy group: Free Minahasa Movement[68]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Nias People
- Proposed State: Republik Nias Merdeka[69]
- Ethnic group: Riau Malays
- Ethnic Group: Atoni
- Proposed State: West Timor or Unification with
East Timor[76][77]
- Proposed State: West Timor or Unification with
Iran
- Ethnic group: Khuzestani Arabs
- Proposed state:
Al-Ahwaz[78] - Militant organisations: Al-Ahwaz Arab People's Democratic Popular Front, National Liberation Movement of Ahwaz, Ahwaz Arab Renaissance Party, Ahwaz Liberation Organisation, Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz
- Advocacy group: Democratic Solidarity Party of Al-Ahwaz (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic groups: Kurds
- Proposed state:
Kurdistan[79] - Political parties: Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Kurdistan Free Life Party, Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic groups: Iranian Azerbaijanis
- Proposed state:
South Azerbaijan[80][81][82] or unification with 
Azerbaijan - Advocacy group: South Azerbaijan National Awakening Movement,[83][84] Azerbaijan National Resistance Organization[85][86][87] Turkemenshara[88]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Balochis
- Proposed state:
Balochistan in Sistan and Baluchestan province with Pakistani Balochistan[89][90] and Baloch majority territories in Southern Afghanistan - Militant organisations: Jundallah (until 2011),[91][92][93]
People's Fighters Front (
Jaish ul-Adl,[94][95]), 
Ansar Al-Furqan
- Proposed state:
Iraq
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Proposed state: 
Kurdistan
- Ethnic group: Kurds
- Current de jure and de facto autonomous region: Iraqi Kurdistan
- Political parties: Kurdistan Independence Movement, Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisation: Peshmerga
- Proposed autonomous area: Nineveh Plains
- Ethnic group: Assyrians, Christians in Iraq, Mandaeans
- Proposed state:
Assyria - Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyrian Universal Alliance (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Assyria Liberation Party
- Militant organisation: Nineveh Plain Protection Units
- Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Assyrians, Christians in Iraq, Mandaeans
- Proposed autonomous area: Al-Rafidain Autonomous Region
Proposed state: Basra[96][97][98]
- Current de jure and de facto autonomous region:
Basra Governorate
- Ethnic group: Iraqi Turkmen
- Proposed autonomous region or state:
Turkmeneli[100][101][102] - Political party: Iraqi Turkmen Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)[103]
- Proposed autonomous region or state:
- Ethnic group: Yazidis
- Proposal: autonomy for the Sinjar region, including the Sinjar Mountains
- Political parties:
Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress, Sinjar Alliance[104][105]
- Proposed: elevating in the Al-Zubair District into a province
Japan
- Ethnic group: Ryukyuan
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Republic of Ryukyu or Ryukyu Kingdom[110] - Political parties: Kariyushi Club, formerly Ryūkyū Independence Party (琉球独立党, Ryūkyū Dokuritsutō)
- Political groups: Ryukyu independence movement
- Note: The supporters of the movement want the Amami Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture, former part of the defunct Ryukyu Kingdom until 1609, to be part of independent Ryukyu.
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
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- Ethnic group: Japanese people
- Proposed: autonomy for Kansai region
- Political party: Union of Kansai Governments
- Ethnic group: Japanese people
- Proposed: creation of a Kyushu Prefecture
Kazakhstan
North Kazakhstan Region and other ethnic Russian parts of Kazakhstan[113]
- ethnic group: Russians in Kazakhstan
- proposed: Petropavlovsk People’s Soviet[114]
- Ethnic group: Kazakhs
- Proposed state: Adaistan
- Ethnic group: Koryo-saram
- Proposed: autonomy for the Koryo-saram
Laos
- Ethnic group: Hmong people
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Malaysia
- Ethnic groups: Johor Malays and Johoreans
- proposed state:
Johor
- proposed state:
- Ethnic groups: Chinese and indigenous people, (See Demographics of Sabah)
- Proposed state: Sabah
- Advocacy groups: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM)[122][124]
- Ethnic groups: Chinese and indigenous people, (See Demographics of Sarawak)
- Proposed state:
Sarawak
- Advocacy groups: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sarawak For Sarawakian Big Team (S4S Big Team), Sarawak Association of People's Aspirations (SAPA), Sarawak Sovereignty Movement, Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM), Sarawak Liberation Movement[122][124][127]
- Political parties: Parti Bumi Kenyalang
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Myanmar
- Ethnic group: Rakhine
- Proposed state:
Arakan State - Advocacy groups: Arakan Independence Alliance
- Militant organizations: Arakan Army (Kachin State), Arakan Army (Kayin State)
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Chin
- De Facto State:
Chinland[128] - Political Party: Chin National Front
- Militant organisation: Chin National Army (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- ethnic group: Kachin
- proposed state:
Kachin - militant organization: Kachin Independence Army
- proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Karen
- Proposed state: Kawthoolei
- Militant organisation: Karen National Liberation Army
- Advocacy group: Karen National Union
- Proposed state: Kawthoolei
- Ethnic group: Karenni
- Proposed state: Kayah State
- Militant organisation: Karenni Army
- Advocacy group: Karenni National Progressive Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Government-in-exile: Karenni Provisional Government
- Proposed state: Kayah State
- Ethnic group: Kokang people (ethnic Han Chinese)
- Proposed state: Kokang
- Militant organisation: Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army
- Proposed state: Kokang
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- Ethnic group: Mon
- Proposed state: Mon State, Monland
- Political party: New Mon State Party
- Proposed state: Mon State, Monland
- Proposed state: Nagalim
- Ethnic group: Naga people
- Militant organization: National Socialist Council of Nagaland
- Ethnic group: Rohingya
- Militant organisation: Arakan Rohingya Army, Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army,[130] Rohingya Solidarity Organization
- Advocacy groups: Arakan Rohingya National Organisation,[131][132] Rohingya National Council[133]
- Ethnic group: Shan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: Shan Republic
- Political party: Shan Democratic Union
- Militant organisation: Shan State Army
- Advocacy group: Restoration Council of Shan State
- Government in exile: Interim Government of Federated Shan States[134]
- Proposed state: Shan Republic
- Proposed state:
Pa'O Self-Administered Zone
- Ethnic group: Pa'O
- Militant organisation: Pa-O National Liberation Army
- Proposed state:
Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone
- Ethnic group: Palaung
- Militant organisation: Palaung State Liberation Army
- Ethnic group: Wa
- Proposed/de facto State: Wa State
- Political party:
United Wa State Party - Militant organisation: United Wa State Army
- Proposed/de facto State: Wa State
- Ethnic group: Kuki
- Proposed state: Zale'n-gam
- Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Zomi
- Proposed state: Zogam
- Militant organisation: Zomi Revolutionary Army[17]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Shanni
- Proposed: self determination for the Shanni
- Political party: Shanni Nationalities Army
- Ethnic group: Bamar people
- Proposed: autonomy for the Bamar people in a federal Myanmar
- Militant organization: Bamar People's Liberation Army
Danu Self-Administered Zone[138]
- Ethnic group: Danu people
- Proposed: greater self rule for Danu Self-Administered Zone
- Militant organization: Danu People's Liberation Army
- Ethnic group: Lahu people
- Proposed: self determination for Lahu people
- Political party/militant organization: Lahu Democratic Union
- Ethnic group: Kayan people
- Proposed: autonomy for the Kayan people
- Militant organization: Kayan National Army
Pakistan
- Proposed: secession of Kashmir from Pakistan[142][143]
- Ethnic groups: Kashmiri Muslims, Kashmiris
- Political party: Azad Kashmir Plebiscite Front
- Student organization: Jammu Kashmir Student Liberation Front
- Militant organisation: Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (until 2019)
- Proposed: autonomy for Gilgit-Baltistan and declaration as the fifth province of Pakistan or succession into
Balawaristan
- Ethnic groups: Baltis, Shins, Burusho
- Political party: Balawaristan National Front (Pro-Independence, defunct) and
Balawaristan National Front (Naji) (Pro-Autonomy, active)[144]
- Ethnic group: Balochis
- Proposed state:
Balochistan along with Sistan and Baluchestan of Iran and some parts of Afghanistan[147] - Political parties: Baloch National Movement, Baloch Republican Party (autonomy and rights only), Free Balochistan Movement (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Student organization: Baloch Students Organization (inactive)
- Militant organisations: Baloch Raaji Aajoi Sangar coalition (2018–present) (
Baloch Liberation Army (2005–present), 
Baloch Liberation Front (1963–1977, 2000–present)) and 
Other groups.
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Sindhis
- Proposed state:
Sindhudesh - Political parties: Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz, Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz, Sindh United Party
- Student organization: Jeay Sindh Studdents' Federation
- Militant organization:
Sindhudesh Liberation Army, Sindhudesh People's Army and Sindhudesh Revolutionary Army
- Proposed state:
- Proposed: Southern Punjab be separated into a separate province called Saraikistan in the Saraiki-speaking areas
- Ethnic group: Saraikis
- Political party: Saraikistan Qaumi Council,
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, 
Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz), and 
Pakistan People's Party
- Ethnic group: Pashtuns
- Proposition: Advocating for the regional autonomy and increased Pashtun cultural expression or an independent state called
Pashtunistan consisting of the Pashtun parts Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and North Balochistan or accession with Afghanistan - Political party:
Pashtun Protection Movement (autonomy and rights), Pashtun Social Democratic Party (accession with Afghanistan), Afghan Mellat Party (accession with Afghanistan), 
Khalq (accession with Afghanistan; inactive) 
Taliban (accession with Afghanistan)[150][151] - Militant organisations:
Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan/Pakistani Taliban, 
Pashtun Zalmay (inactive)
- Proposition: Advocating for the regional autonomy and increased Pashtun cultural expression or an independent state called
- Ethnic group: Muhajirs
- Proposition: Independence for Jinnahpur or creation of a separate province known as 'Muhajir Sooba' (literally: 'Immigrant Province') for the Muhajir people in Southern Sindh
- Political Parties:
Muttahida Qaumi Movement – London (defunct)[152][153][154] - Militant organisation: MQM–London (defunct)[155]
- Ethnic group: Hazarewals
- Proposed: establishment of a separate Hazara province in Pakistan
- Advocacy group: Hazara province movement
- Ethnic group: Kalash people
- Proposed: a separate province for the Kalasha Valleys
- Ethnic group: Saraikis
- Proposed: creation of a Bahawalpur province within Pakistan
Palestine
- Proposed: independence for Hebron
The Philippines
Sulu archipelago and parts of Zamboanga Peninsula
- Ethnic groups: Moro (Tausūg, Banguingui, Sama-Bajau, Yakan)
- Proposed state/autonomous area:
Bangsa Sūg[161][162]
- Proposed state/autonomous area:
Cordillera Administrative Region
- Ethnic group: Igorot
- Proposed autonomous area: Cordillera Autonomous Region[163] or Autonomous Region of the Cordillera[164][165]
- Advocacy groups: Autonomy in the Administrative Cordillera Movement,[166] Cordillera People's Liberation Army,[167][168] Cordillera Bodong Administration[169]
- Ethnic group: Mindanaoans
- Proposed: independence for Mindanao
- Advocacy group: Mindanao Independence Movement
- Ethnic group: Maguindanao people
- Proposed state:
Bangsamoro - Militant organization: Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters
- Proposed state:
Russia
Siberia or Siberian Federal District[173]
- Ethnic group: Russians, Siberians (Siberian peoples)
- Proposed state or federal subject:
Siberian Republic
- Militant organisation: Sibir Battalion of the Civic Council[174]
- Advocacy groups: Siberian regionalist groups,[175] Civil Council
- Militant organisation: Sibir Battalion of the Civic Council[174]
- Proposed state or federal subject:
- Ethnic group: Chechens
- Proposed state:
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria[178][179] - Political parties: Government of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in Exile
- Militant organisations:
- Sheikh Mansur Battalion[180]
- Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion[181]
- Separate Special Purpose Battalion of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria[182]
- OBON (Independent Special Purpose Battalion)[183]
- 1st Separate Special Purpose Battalion of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria[184]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Circassians
- Proposed state:
Circassia[187][188] - Political organizations: Circassian Congress, International Circassian Association
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic groups: Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks, Tabasarans, Nogais
- Proposed state:
Dagestan - Political organizations: Dagestan National Center, Free Dagestan Movement
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Buryats
- Proposed state:
Buryatia or unification with Mongolia[191]
- Advocacy groups: Free Buryatia Foundation
- Proposed state:
Ural Federal District[192][193]
- Ethnic group: Russians, Siberian Tatars
- Proposed state:
Ural Republic[194][195] - Political parties: Ural Republic Movement, Free Ural, Ural Democratic Foundation
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic groups: Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvash, Mari, Mordvins, Udmurts
- Proposed state: Idel-Ural State[198][199]
- Political parties: Free Idel-Ural, Idel-Ural National Liberation Movement, Azatliq Radikal Tatar Party
- Ethnic group: Yakuts, Evenki people, Evens
- Ethnic group: Tuvans
- Proposed state;
Republic of Tyva
- Political parties: People's Party of Sovereign Tuva, People's Front of Tuva[203]
- Proposed state;
- Ethnic group: Koryak people
- Proposed: re-establishment of the
Koryak Okrug
- Proposed: re-establishment of the
- Ethnic group: Russians, Ukrainians, Tungusic peoples, Koryo-saram, Chinese
- Proposed: independence for the "Green Wedge"
- Advocacy group: Far eastern movement
- Ethnic group: Russians, Don Cossacks
- Proposed state:
Don Republic - Political organizations: Free Don Movement
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic groups: Russians, Kuban Cossacks, Ukrainians, Circassians
- Proposed state:
Kuban (Republic) - Political organizations: Free Kuban Movement
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Kalmyks
- Proposed state:
Kalmykia - Political organizations: Free Kalmykia Movement, Oirat-Kalmyk Congress
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Altai people
- Proposed: independence for
Altai
- Proposed: independence for
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug[citation needed]
- Ethnic group: Russians, Siberian Tatars, Oirats, Evenki people, Dolgans, Kets, Nganasan, Selkups
- Proposed state:
Yenisei republic
- Proposed state:
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug[215]
- Ethnic group: Nenets
- Proposed: Independence for the
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
- Proposed: Independence for the
- Ethnic group: Dolgans
- Proposed: reinstatement of the
Taymyr Autonomous Okrug
- Proposed: reinstatement of the
Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug[217]
- Ethnic group: Buryats
- Proposed: re establishment of the
Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug
- Proposed: re establishment of the
- Ethnic group: Evenki people
- Proposed: re establishment of
Evenkia
- Proposed: re establishment of
- Ethnic group: Russians and Jews
- Proposed: independence for the
Jewish Autonomous Oblast
- Proposed: independence for the
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug[citation needed]
- Ethnic group: Chukchi, Kereks, Yupik, Evens, Chuvans
- Proposed: independence for the
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
- Proposed: independence for the
Kamchatka Krai[citation needed]
- Ethnic group: Itelmens, Koryaks, Alyutors
- Proposed: independence for
Kamchatka Krai
- Proposed: independence for
- Ethnic group: Yukaghir people
- Proposed autonomous region:
Suuktul
- Proposed autonomous region:
Zabaykalsky Krai[citation needed]
- Ethnic group: Russians
- Proposed state:
Chita Republic
- Proposed state:
Far Eastern Federal District[citation needed]
- Ethnic group: Russians
- Proposed state:
Far Eastern Republic
- Proposed state:
Saudi Arabia
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- Ethnic group: Arabs (Shiites in Saudi Arabia)
- Proposed state: Qatif and Al-Ahsa
Sri Lanka
- Ethnic group: Sri Lankan Tamils
- Proposed state:
Tamil Eelam - Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam,[224][225][226]
People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam, etc. - Political parties: Tamil National Alliance, People's Front of Liberation Tigers
- Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam[227][228]
- Advocacy groups: Global Tamil Forum, Tamil Youth Organisation, World Tamil Movement
- Proposed state:
Syria
De facto autonomous region:
Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)
- Larger ethnic groups: Kurds, Arabs, Assyrians
- Smaller ethnic groups: Armenians, Turkmen, Yazidis, Circassians, Christians
- Political organisation: Syrian Democratic Council
- Militant organisation: Syrian Democratic Forces
Autonomist movements:
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- Ethnic group: Druze
- Proposed Autonomous Region: Jabal Druze State (Suwayda Governorate) or unification with
Israel[230][231] (Quneitra Governorate) - Political organisation: Supreme Legal Committee in Suwayda
- Militant organisation: National Guard
- Proposed Autonomous Region: Jabal Druze State (Suwayda Governorate) or unification with
- Ethnic group: Assyrians, Christians in Syria[232]
- Proposed state:
Assyria - Political parties: Syriac Union Party, Assyrian Democratic Organization
- Militant organisations: Syriac Military Council, Sutoro
- Advocacy groups: Assyria Council of Europe,
- Proposed state:
Taiwan
The 
Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state that has diplomatic relations with 11 United Nations member states (as well as the Holy See, an observer).
- Proposed state:
Republic of Taiwan
- Movement: Taiwan independence movement, Taiwanese nationalism
- Note: The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) has been democratically elected to power in Taiwan five times; in 2000 (until 2004), in 2004 (until 2008), in 2016 (until 2020), in 2020 (until 2024), and in 2024 (until 2028). Although the DPP has been the nominal ruling party of the Republic of China throughout these four ruling terms, the DPP has been pushing a pro-Taiwan independence agenda, whether tacitly or overtly. Some representatives of the DPP, such as Lai Ching-te, argue that Taiwan independence should not even be considered an "independence movement" but is rather the recognition of the reality of the current situation of the Republic of China on Taiwan. Many supporters of Taiwan independence believe that Taiwan, under the formal name of the "Republic of China", is already an independent country from mainland China, under the formal name of the "People's Republic of China". Some groups also exclude the Kinmen and Matsu Islands from their proposal.
- Political parties: Pan-Green Coalition (Democratic Progressive Party, Taiwan Solidarity Union, Taiwan Independence Party), New Power Party, Taiwan Statebuilding Party
- Advocacy groups: Keep Taiwan Free (Taiwanese organisation), World United Formosans for Independence
- Movement: Taiwan independence movement, Taiwanese nationalism
- Ethnic group: Native Taiwanese
- Proposed: autonomy for the indigenous peoples of Taiwan[234]
- Political party: Taiwan First Nations Party[235]
Tajikistan
- Ethnic group: Hindus in Tajikistan
- Proposed state: Hisor
Thailand
- Ethnic group: Patani Malays
- Proposed state:
Pattani Darul Makrif,[237] unification with 
Malaysia[238][239] - Militant organisation: Patani United Liberation Organisation, Patani Malays National Revolutionary Front, Runda Kumpulan Kecil, Pattani Islamic Mujahideen Movement, Islamic Liberation Front of Patani
- Advocacy group: Pelajar Bangsa[240][241][242]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Isan people
- Proposed: autonomy for Isan
- Advocacy group: New Isan Movement
- Ethnic group: Northern Thai people
- Proposed: autonomy for Northern Thailand/Lan Na
Turkey
- Ethnic group: Kurds
- Proposed state: Kurdistan
- Militant organisations: Democrat Party of Kurdistan/North (PDK/Bakur), Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK), Communist Party of Kurdistan (KKP)
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Assyrians, Arab Christians
- Proposed state: Assyria
- Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyria Liberation Party
- Militant organisations: Nineveh Plain Protection Units, Dwekh Nawsha
- Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Armenians
- Proposed state:
Western Armenia or merger with Armenia - Government in Exile: Western Armenia Government in Exile
- Political parties: Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party
- Advocacy groups: Armenian National Committee of America
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Zazas
- Proposed state:
Zazaistan
- Political parties: Democracy Time Party[247]
- Advocacy groups: Federation of Zaza Associations
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Pontic Greeks
- Proposed state:
Pontus
- Proposed state:
Turkmenistan
- Ethnic group: Turkmen people
- Proposed state: Yomudistan
United Arab Emirates
- Ethnic group: Arabs
- Proposed state:
Umm al-Quwain
- Proposed state:
Uzbekistan
- ethnic group: Karakalpaks
- proposed state:
Karakalpakstan
- proposed state:
Vietnam
- Ethnic group: Montagnard[254]
- Proposed: autonomy[255] or independence of the
[256] - Political organisations:
Montagnard Foundation, Inc., Montagnard Dega Association, Montagnard Human Rights Organization, United Montagnard People, M'Nong Bu-dang, Movement for the Unity of Ethnic Groups of South Viet-Nam[257]
- Proposed: autonomy[255] or independence of the
_created_in_1987_-_Marko_de_Haeck.png){kind=small}
- Ethnic group: Hmong people
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
ChaoFa Hmong[258]
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Mekong Delta and South East Vietnam
- Ethnic group: Khmer Krom[259][260]
- Proposed: Autonomy for the Khmer Krom or unification with
Cambodia[citation needed] - Political party:
Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation
- Proposed: Autonomy for the Khmer Krom or unification with
Yemen
- Proposed state:
State of South Arabia[261]
- Political parties: Southern Movement
- Regional groups: Southern Yemenis, Mahris and Soqotrans
- Proposed autonomous area:
Hadhramaut Region[262][263]
- De facto autonomous government:
Hadramout National Council - Political parties:
Hadhramaut Tribal Alliance, Hadhrami League, - Militant organisation(s): Hadhrami Elite Forces
- Regional groups: Hadharem, Mahris and Soqotrans
- De facto autonomous government:
- Tihamah[264][265]
- Proposed: autonomy for Tihamah
