Serbian Church Council of Karlovac Metropolitanate

The Karlovac Metropolitanate had a large territory under its jurisdiction. These areas, in the political sense, were divided into several territories of the Habsburg monarchy. The seat of the metropolis, Sremski Karlovci, was part of the Military Border, and during the revolution of 1848-1849. as part of Serbian Vojvodina, whose proclaimed borders included the western Banat, Bačka, Baranja and most of Srem. A part of these areas was held by Austria under its rule from the end 17th century, with the exception of Banat and lower Srem, which remained under Turkish rule and after Karlovac Peace which was concluded in 1699.

These two areas also belonged to Austria after the Peace Treaty in Požarevac 1718, and 1739, after the Belgrade Peace, the river Danube and Sava became the border between the two empires, the Ottoman and the Habsburgs, which gave the Metropolitan of Karlovac its definite border with the Ottoman Empire. A large number of Serbs have lived on the large territory of that metropolis since the Middle Ages, and their number was constantly increasing with the arrival of new settlers who, Balkan, retreating in front of the Turks, inhabited those areas with permission. Austrian authorities. In that long-running historical process, the most important was Great Migrations of Serbs under the Patriarch of Pec Arsenij Čarnojević, in the last years of the 17th century. These settlers settled, almost exclusively, within the borders of the future Karlovac metropolitanate, on whose territory, thanks to the privileges granted by Emperor Leopold, Patriarch Čarnojević, had religious and to some extent political autonomy that was given not only to the Serbs who immigrated at that time, but also to the native Serbs. Hence the fact that, in a purely ecclesiastical-administrative area, within the boundaries of the Karlovac metropolitanate, he developed a political life which, it is true, was set by Karlovac metropolitans and patriarchs, but also a life in which the people themselves, based on their church autonomy, could resolve many of its internal purely political issues.

The first organization of the Orthodox Church under the Habsburg monarchy was carried out by Patriarch Arsenijr III Čarnojević. He did not intend to settle permanently in the area with the immigrant people, because he believed that Austria, with the help of Serbian refugees and Serbs in general, would succeed in suppressing the Turks and liberating the areas. Because of that, Patriarch Čarnojević, asking Emperor Leopold for privileges for Serbs and for the Orthodox Church, asked for the same rights for indigenous Serbs and all Serbs wherever they are in that empire. With the privilege given by Emperor Leopold, that right was recognized to all Serbs, in all areas where they live. Those privileges given at that time were the basis of the people's church-political and educational self-government that Serbs had in the Karlovac metropolitanate, and on the basis of them, to a narrower or wider extent, depending on the court's favor and political circumstances, the political life of the Serbian population developed.

On the basis of that privilege, only a Serb could be elected archbishop, when he elected the National-Church Council. The archbishop, on the other hand, managed the church-people's life on the basis of old customs, and since the patriarch under the Turks also had some secular rights over the Serbs, those rights were given to him by that imperial privilege. In that way, the people came to their village and city self-government in the area of this metropolis, so that Serbs in villages and towns could live in their old people's organizations, according to their old folk customs, and under the rule of their people's authorities, princes and other elders. which they choose themselves.

These privileges provided the basis for the organization of national-church life, to which the tone and regulations were given by the Serbian National-Church Councils, an institution that arose from the framework of given privileges, chosen by the church and secular classes. The parliaments were therefore a religious-political autonomous institution, which lasted over 200 years and was the center of the best part of all cultural and political work in the vast areas of the Karlovac metropolitanate.

It is understood that the Serbian People's-Church Councils served the metropolitans and archbishops as a strong support in the defense of people's rights and privileges, which were very often in danger from either the Viennese or the Budapest rulers. From these assemblies, lawsuits and numerous deputations were often sent to the emperors, who managed to resolve many important national-political and religious issues favorably. On the contrary, the state authorities very often obstructed the work and functions of the Parliament, and even managed to stir up a struggle between the higher clergy and the bourgeoisie among the Serbs, so that a persistent struggle for supremacy was waged among them. Since that time, many Serbian People's Church Councils have been more to the detriment than to the benefit of both the people and the Church, and this struggle has made the later Councils of Serbs in the Habsburg monarchy lose much of their former significance and importance.

The assemblies, if held in the seat of the metropolitanate in Sremski Karlovci, were held in the cathedral church of St. Nikola, and later in various other rooms, mostly in the hall of the Karlovac city municipality. Only at the end 19th century and the People's House was built in Karlovac, with a special parliamentary hall, in which the last few parliaments were held.

The elections for the Serbian National-Church Assembly in Sremski Karlovci, especially those from the last period, had a great political significance and gave the existing Serbian parties the possibility of affirmation. This is the case, for example, at the last Parliament, which was held 1910 in Sremski Karlovci, the majority was Serbian Independent Party, while People's Radical Party was in the minority.

The last Serbian National-Church Assembly of the Karlovac Metropolitanate was opened 29 may 1910. The opening by reading the emperor's rescript was made by the commissioner of the Hungarian government Julia Rohonji, the Hungarian secretary of state who read the rescript in Hungarian. The main task of that Parliament was to renew the central people's-church autonomous authorities, to elect a new Parliamentary Board, the Metropolitan Church Council and the People's School Council, to elect the main school clerk and to amend some autonomous provisions. The Parliament held 47 sessions in all, but its conclusions remained unfulfilled because the Hungarian government found it necessary to suspend the main provisions of the autonomous decree, motivating this step by "the fact that the Serbian National-Church Parliaments, after 9 legal articles from 1868, passed some decrees are detrimental to the highest royal supervision and violate majestic rights. "^[5]

The Serbian People's Church Council also had their own bodies, the scope of which can be determined as follows:

• 1. The Parliamentary Board, which was a higher instance for church-administrative affairs. In addition, he had the right to prepare proposals for parliamentary debates, to make public and execute parliamentary conclusions, etc. The Parliamentary Committee was elected by the Parliament itself, and its president was the Metropolitan himself, and later the Patriarch. The members of the board were another bishop, two priests and five lay people, members of parliament.
• 2. The Metropolitan Church Council consisted of a metropolitan with 2 bishops, three priests and three lay people, and met several times a year. That council performed mainly those functions that are performed today by the Great Spiritual Court.
• 3. The People's School Council was the supreme supervisory authority of all Serbian religious schools and other educational institutions. The council consisted of the main school clerk and six people elected by the Parliament, and its functions were to take care of primary, secondary and higher education and training of Serbs in the metropolis.

In addition to a purely religious and educational character within the framework of religious autonomy, the Serbian people's and church assemblies also had a political character that was of great importance for Serbs in the Karlovac metropolitanate, and especially for that part of them whose representatives did not go to far more tolerant Croatian but Hungarian cathedral. Within that autonomy, the Serbs in Srem and the rest of Vojvodina strengthened themselves morally and materially; with this work, they prepared a whole cadre of intellectuals who played one of the most important cultural and political roles in the renewed Serbia, from Karadjordj's time until the founding of the Great School in Belgrade and later; in the same framework, they managed to develop a great cultural, literary, artistic and scientific activity, the whole significance of which can only be properly assessed today. After all, if it were not for the autonomy that gained more importance through the Parliament than it really had, there would be no Serbian Athens, nor the influence that the old Serbian spiritual center exerted in the most critical times of Serbian national history.^[6]