Makrani dialect
Major dialect group of Balochi spoken in Pakistan and Iran
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Makrani (Balochi: مکرانی), also referred to as Southern Balochi (زرباری بلۏچی, romanized: Zerbári Balòči),[2] is a variety of the Balochi language[3] spoken in the historical region of Makran (مکران) within Balochistan.[4][5]
| Makrani | |
|---|---|
| مکرانی | |
Makrani written in the Nastaliq font | |
| Native to | Pakistan, Iran[1] |
| Region | Makran |
| Dialects | |
| Perso-Arabic script (Balochi alphabet) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | bcc |
| ISO 639-3 | bcc – inclusive codeIndividual code: bcc – Southern Balochi |
| Glottolog | sout2642 Southern Balochimakr1243 Makrani |
| Linguasphere | (South Balochi) 58-AAB-ac (South Balochi) |
Background
Subdialects
Southern Balochi subdialects include Lashari, Sarbazi, Kechi, Karachi and Coastal dialect. They are spoken in the Makran region, which is why all these dialects are generally called Makrani.[6][11]
Kechi,[6] is the main subdialect spoken in Kech, including Turbat.[5][12]
Lashari,[12] is the main subdialect centered on the village of Lashar.[5]
The "Coastal Dialects",[13][14], including Qasr-e Qand, Nik Shahr, Rask, Bandar Abbas, Karachi, Chahbahar, Gwadar, and Pasni.[12]
Phonology
Vowels
| long vowels | â:, ā, ē, ī, ō, ū |
|---|---|
| Short vowel | â, a, e, i, o, u |
| Compound vowel | [ie], [ue] |
| Scholars | Vowel systems | Dialect |
|---|---|---|
| Farrell (1990) | ī, i, ē, a, ā, ō, u, ū, ā͂, ē͂, ī͂, ō͂, ū͂ | Karachi |
| Yousefian (2008) | i, e, ē, a, â, o, ō, u | Lashari |
It is similar to that of Koroshi dialect spoken in Iran.[15] Nasalization, which is common in Southern Balochi dialects, is phonetically less salient in Koroshi.
Consonants
The consonants /b/ ، /d/ ، /ḍ/ ، /g/ ، /p/ ، /t/ ، /ṭ/ ، /k/ ، /P/ /h/ ،/tʰ/ ،/ṭʰ/ ، /k/ /h/ ،/s/ ،/z/ ،/ʃ/ ،/ȝ/ ،/h/ ،/ʤ/ ، ʧ ،/ʧʰ/ ،/m/ ،/n/ ،/ŋ/ ،/r/ ،/ṛ/ ،/l/ ،/w/ ،/j/ are articulated as alveolar in Southern Balochi.[16]
Nasalization is phonemic in Eastern Balochi and that caused by the effect of the Indo-Aryan languages, similar to Soleimani dialect that has borrowed a few sounds from them.
The consonants /f x ġ/ in the Rakhshani dialect often remain, but in Makrani they become /g/, /k/ or /h/, and /p/, respectively.[13] In addition, /f/ occurs in a few words in Southern Balochi. /x/ (voiceless velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to /ʁ/ (voiced uvular fricative) in Western Balochi.
Syllables
Makrani dialect, the presence of minimal pairs such as [iehd] - [iḳd] or [suek] - [suk] easily shows that each compound vowel can be placed as a single, independent phoneme in the center of a syllable and create new word with semantic distinction.[16]
Southern dialects as in Lashari Balochi the place of stress depends on the weight of the syllable.[17]
Grammar
Makrani dialect uses both head-marking and dependent-marking structures. In this dialect, the verb group can take four types of complements: the noun group, the adjective group, the prepositional group, and the complement clause. The Balochi Makrani dialect uses the adverb of quantity and the prepositional group as descriptors of the core adjective in the adjectival group. The prepositional group is described by adverbs.
These adverbs come before the core preposition.[18] Southern Balochi has genitive singular -ē and the object is marked with: ānā (rā), -ânā, or -ānrā.
Pronouns
| Pronouns | Rakhshani (Western) | Makrani (Southern) |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | من | من |
| 2nd person | تو | تو |
| 3rd person | آ/آئی | آ/آیی |
| 1st person (plural) | ئما/هٔما | مِشما/ما |
| 2nd person (plural) | شما | شما |
| 3rd person (plural) | آوان | آیاں |
Example sentences
| English | Southern Balochi |
|---|---|
| Goodbye | خدا حافظ |
| What is this? | ایں چی اِنت؟ |
| Where is Ali? | علی کجا اِنت؟ |
| This horse is white | ایں اسپ اسپیت ئے |
| Who called me? | کہ منا توار کوتا؟ |
| I am tired | من ژند اں |
| I have two small brothers and sisters | منا دو کسانیں برات ءُ گوار هست |
Makrani v. Karachi
| English | Makrani | Karachi |
|---|---|---|
| I am Mahnaz. | من مَهناز اں | من مَهناز اں |
| Where are they going? | آ کجا روگ اِنت؟ | آ کجا روگا اِنت؟ |
| What are you doing? | تو چی کنگ ئے؟ | تو چی کنگا ئے؟ |
| Friend, tell me what is happening? | سنگت، منا بہ گوش چی بیگ اِنت؟ | یار، منا بہ گوش چی بوئگا اِنت؟ |
