Please add info about how reactive oxygen species (ROS) / free radicals / oxidative stress is involved in the adaptation to exercise / the mechanism of beneficial effects of exercise.
This may also be relevant to other articles like Muscle hypertrophy, Antioxidant and Exercise physiology (maybe also a new article – e.g. one similar to Neurobiological effects of physical exercise).
Relevant info can be found at Hormesis#Physical exercise and exemplary sources (feel free to add some) include: , , , and ; the latter has this:
As summarized above, CR and specifically glucose restriction induce mitochondrial respiration and ROS formation in various model organisms. The ROS signal appears to induce ROS defense mechanisms, culminating in extended lifespan, which reflects a typical adaptive response, consistent with the mitohormesis hypothesis. Antioxidants prevent this adaptive response, and extension of lifespan is abolished. It remains to be resolved, in which time-resolved order these processes occur, and specifically whether increased ROS defense counteracts respiration-derived ROS formation. Moreover, these findings indicate that approaches to induce mitochondrial metabolism are likely to promote metabolic health and may potentially extended lifespan. This notion is supported by the fact that not only calorie and/or glucose (and possibly amino acid) restriction, but also [[longevity]-promoting physical exercise induces mitochondrial metabolism and ROS formation (Davies et al., 1982; Chevion et al., 2003; Powers and Jackson, 2008 ). Notably, supplementation with ROS-reducing antioxidants inhibits (Gomez-Cabrera et al., 2008; Ristow et al., 2009 ) the health-promoting effects (Higuchi et al., 1985; Lindsted et al., 1991; Manini et al., 2006; Warburton et al., 2006; Lanza et al., 2008 ) of physical exercise. This suggests that CR, glucose restriction and physical exercise share, at least in part, a common metabolic denominator (Fig. 1), i.e. increased mitochondrial metabolism and ROS formation inducing a adaptive response that culminates in increased stress resistance, antioxidant defense and extended life span
Unlike the other refs this one is inaccessible and has this:
Exercise activates SIRT1 and FOXO expression, leading to improved stress resistance[13]. Exercise also induces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which activate nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and stimulate expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, thus reducing ROS levels and cellular damage
This info is notable because it seems to be a major important and modulatable element of the mechanism, is also relevant to antioxidants (widely used in dietary and supplement forms, including deliberately for exercise), seems to be involved in various diseases/health-issues and has lots of studies about it. It really seems to be a core element of the mechanisms.
However, info about it probably shouldn't get added in a kind of isolated form; ROS seems to be part of another aspect(s) or domain(s) or layer(s) of the mechanisms – for example (?) the (bio-)chemical layer, non-hormone-cell-signaling and constructive physical cell alterations (incl damage). This section currently seems to mostly have info about protein-biochemistry/enzymes, has some brief (probably too brief) mentions about cell-biology and briefly mentions hormones.
Maybe there's some higher level reviews we could orient by. I'm sure the mechanisms can't and shouldn't be described in detail here but only broadly outlined(/summarized) and it seems to be substantially lacking info even on the pretty much the highest level of detail. We could also add new section or restructure the section by a bit. A more complete picture could be provided by visualizations / graphics or (probably later) interactive media (not a video but interactive visuals) but this is probably beyond the scope of this discussion and doesn't exist yet (at least nothing that's both a good complement to or better than the existing graphics and licensed CC BY).
This info or ref may be useful there, it's an item of 2021 in science, included there like so:
Researchers report that NOX4 facilitates the beneficial adaptive responses to exercise mediated by ROS (the opposite of antioxidants), which may be relevant to aging, diabetes, muscle-related and obesity interventions.[1][2]
Considering the low amount of talk page posts here, I may ask about this with a link to here at WikiProject Health&fitness and/or e.g. Talk:Reactive oxygen species.
The changes don't have to be perfect and could get revised over time, here I'm just asking to include info about it somehow; the content could be discussed here after something has been added. It would be great if somebody could add some info about it.
References
Xirouchaki, Chrysovalantou E.; Jia, Yaoyao; McGrath, Meagan J.; Greatorex, Spencer; Tran, Melanie; Merry, Troy L.; Hong, Dawn; Eramo, Matthew J.; Broome, Sophie C.; Woodhead, Jonathan S. T.; D’souza, Randall F.; Gallagher, Jenny; Salimova, Ekaterina; Huang, Cheng; Schittenhelm, Ralf B.; Sadoshima, Junichi; Watt, Matthew J.; Mitchell, Christina A.; Tiganis, Tony (December 2021). "Skeletal muscle NOX4 is required for adaptive responses that prevent insulin resistance". Science Advances. 7 (51): eabl4988. Bibcode:2021SciA....7L4988X. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abl4988. PMC 8673768. PMID 34910515.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
Prototyperspective (talk) 13:48, 29 January 2022 (UTC)
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