Taxonomy of invertebrates (Brusca & Brusca, 2003)
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System of classification of animals with emphasis on the invertebrates
The biological systematics and taxonomy of invertebrates as proposed by Richard C. Brusca and Gary J. Brusca in 2003 is a system of classification of invertebrates, as a way to classify animals without backbones.[1]
Further information: Prokaryotes
- Kingdom Eubacteria, also known as Bacteria – Domain of microorganisms
- Kingdom Archaea, also known as Archaebacteria – Domain of organisms
Eukaryotes (Eukaryota, or Eukarya)
Further information: Eukaryotes
- Kingdom Fungi – Organism belonging to kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Plantae – Kingdom of life (= Metaphyta)
- Kingdom Protista – Eukaryotes other than animals, plants or fungi
- Phylum Euglenida – Class of protozoans
- Phylum Kinetoplastida – Flagellated protists belonging to the phylum EuglenozoaPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
- Alveolata phyla – Clade of protists
- Phylum Ciliophora – Taxon of protozoans with hair-like organelles called cilia
- Phylum Apicomplexa – Phylum of parasitic alveolates
- Phylum Dinoflagellata – Aquatic, unicellular protists with two flagella
- Phylum Stramenopila – Clade of eukaryotesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
- Phylum Rhizopoda – Cellular body type
- Phylum Actinopoda – Cellular body type
- Phylum Granuloreticulosa – Phylum of amoeboid protists
- Phylum Diplomonadida – Group of mostly parasitic flagellates
- Phylum Parabasilida – Group of flagellated protists
- Phylum Cryptomonada – Group of algae and colorless flagellatesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
- Phylum Microspora – Genus of green algae
- Phylum Ascetospora – Group of eukaryotes that are parasites of animals
- Phylum Choanoflagellata – Group of eukaryotes considered the closest living relatives of animals
- Phylum Chlorophyta – Phylum of green algae
- Phylum Opalinida – Small group of peculiar heterokonts
- Incertae sedis: Genus Stephanopogon – Genus of flagellate marine protozoan
Kingdom Animalia (Metazoa)
Further information: Metazoa
Parazoa
Further information: Parazoa
Phylum Porifera
- Phylum Porifera
- Class Calcarea
- Subclass Calcinea
- Subclass Calcaronea
- Class Hexactinellida
- Subclass Amphidiscophora
- Subclass Hexasterophora
- Class Demospongiae
- Subclass Homoscleromorpha
- Subclass Tetractinomorpha
- Subclass Ceractinomorpha
Mesozoa
Further information: Mesozoa
Phylum Placozoa
- Phylum Placozoa
Phylum Monoblastozoa
- Phylum Monoblastozoa[2]
Phylum Rhombozoa
- Phylum Rhombozoa
- Order Dicyemida
- Order Heterocyemida
Phylum Orthonectida
- Phylum Orthonectida
Eumetazoa
Further information: Eumetazoa
Radiata
Further information: Radiata
Phylum Cnidaria
- Phylum Cnidaria
- Class Hydrozoa
- Order Hydroida
- Suborder Anthomedusae (= Gymnoblastea or Athecata)
- Suborder Leptomedusae (= Calyptoblastea or Thecata)
- Order Trachylina
- Order Siphonophora
- Order Chondrophora
- Order Actinulida
- Class Anthozoa
- Subclass Octocorallia (= Alcyonaria)
- Order Alcyonacea
- Order Gastraxonacea
- Order Gorgonacea
- Order Helioporacea
- Order Pennatulacea
- Order Protoalcyonaria
- Order Stolonifera
- Order Telestacea
- Subclass Hexacorallia (= Zoantharia)
- Order Actiniaria
- Order Scleractinia (= Madreporaria)
- Order Zoanthidea
- Order Corallimorpharia
- Subclass Ceriantipatharia
- Order Antipatharia
- Order Ceriantharia
- Order Stauromedusae
- Order Coronatae
- Order Semaeostomae
- Order Rhizostomae
Phylum Ctenophora
- Phylum Ctenophora
- Order Beroida
- Order Cestida
- Order Cydippida
- Order Ganeshida
- Order Lobata
- Order Platyctenida
- Order Thalassocalycida
Bilateria
Further information: Bilateria
The authors divide the bilaterians in three informal groups:
- acoelomates (phyla Platyhelminthes, Gastrotricha, Entoprocta, Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora)
- blastocoelomate (or pseducoelomate, phyla Rotifera, Kinorhyncha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Acanthocephala, Loricifera)
- coelomates (or eucoelomates, phyla Nemertea, Priapula, Annelida, Sipuncula, Echiura, Onychophora, Tardigrada, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Phoronida, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata, Chaetognatha, Hemichordata, Chordata).
Several groups traditionally viewed as having a blastocoelomate condition are viewed here as acoelomates (e.g., Gastrotricha, Entoprocta, Gnathostomulida).
Some of the coelomates groups (e.g., Arthropoda, Mollusca) have greatly reduced celomic spaces; often the main body cavity is a bloodfilled space called a hemocoel, and is associated with an open circulatory system.
The Brachiopoda, Ectoprocta and Phoronida are viewed as lophophorates.
In a phylogeny,[3] the bilaterians are divided in:
Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Class Turbellaria
- Order Acoela
- Order Catenulida
- Order Haplopharyngida
- Order Lecithoepitheliata
- Order Macrostomida
- Order Nemertodermatida
- Order Polycladida
- Order Prolecithophora
- Order Proplicastomata
- Order Proseriata
- Order Rhabdocoela
- Suborder Dalyellioida
- Suborder Thyphloplanoida
- Suborder Kalyptorhynchia
- Suborder Temnocephalida
- Order Tricladida
- Class Monogenea
- Subclass Monopisthocotylea
- Subclass Polyopisthocotylea
- Class Trematoda
- Subclass Digenea
- Subclass Aspidogastrea
- Class Cestoda
- Subclass Cestodaria
- Subclass Eucestoda
Phylum Nemertea
- Phylum Nemertea
Phylum Rotifera
- Phylum Rotifera
- Class Digonata
- Order Seisonidea
- Order Bdelloidea
- Class Monogononta
Phylum Gastrotricha
- Phylum Gastrotricha
- Order Macrodasyida
- Order Chaetonotida
- Suborder Multitubulatina
- Suborder Paucitubulatina
Phylum Kinorhyncha
- Phylum Kinorhyncha
- Order Cyclorhagida
- Order Homalorhagida
Phylum Nematoda (= Nemata)
- Class Adenophorea (= Aphasmida)
- Subclass Enoplia
- Subclass Chromadoria
- Class Secernentea (= Phasmida)
- Subclass Rhabditia
- Subclass Spiruria
- Subclass Diplogasteria
Phylum Nematomorpha
- Phylum Nematomorpha
- Order Nectonematoidea
- Order Gordioidea
Phylum Priapula
- Phylum Priapula
- Family Priapulidae
- Family Tubiluchidae
- Family Maccabeidae (= Chaetostephanidae)
Phylum Acanthocephala
- Phylum Acanthocephala
- Class Palaeacanthocephala
- Class Archiacanthocephala
- Class Eoacanthocephala
Phylum Entoprocta (= Kamptozoa)
- Phylum Entoprocta (= Kamptozoa)
- Family Loxosomatidae
- Family Loxokalypodidae
- Family Pedicellinidae
- Family Barentsiidae
Phylum Gnathostomulida
- Phylum Gnathostomulida
- Order Filospermoidea
- Order Bursovaginoidea
Phylum Loricifera
- Phylum Loricifera
- Order Nanaloricida
- Family Nanaloricidae
- Family Pliciloricidae
Phylum Cycliophora
- Phylum Cycliophora
Phylum Annelida
- Phylum Annelida
- Class Polychaeta, with 25 orders and 87 families (not all are listed)
- Order Capitellida
- Order Chaetopterida
- Order Cirratulida
- Order Eunicida
- Order Myzostomida
- Order Opheliida
- Order Spionida
- Order Orbiniida
- Order Oweniida
- Order Phyllodocida
- Order Sabellida
- Order Terebellida
- Class Clitellata
- Subclass Oligochaeta
- Order Lumbriculida
- Family Lumbriculidae
- Order Moniligastrida
- Family Moniligastridae
- Order Haplotaxida, with 25 families (not all are listed)
- Family Almidae
- Family Megascolecidae
- Family Tubificidae
- Family Naididae
- Family Lumbricidae
- Subclass Hirudinoidea
- Order Acanthobdellida
- Order Branchiobdellida
- Order Hirudinida
Phylum Sipuncula
- Phylum Sipuncula
- Class Phascolosomida
- Order Aspidosiphoniformes
- Order Phascolosomiformes
- Class Sipunculida
- Order Golfingiaformes
- Family Themistidae
- Family Phascolionidae
- Family Golfingiidae
- Order Sipunculiformes
Phylum Echiura
- Phylum Echiura
- Order Echiuroinea
- Order Xenopneusta
- Order Heteromyota
Phylum Onychophora
- Phylum Onychophora
- Family Peripatidae
- Family Peripatopsidae
Phylum Tardigrada
- Phylum Tardigrada
- Order Heterotardigrada
- Order Mesotardigrada
- Order Eutardigrada
Phylum Arthropoda
- Phylum Arthropoda
- Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
- Subphylum Crustacea
- Class Remipedia
- Class Cephalocarida
- Class Branchiopoda
- Order Anostraca
- Order Notostraca
- Order Diplostraca
- Suborder Laevicaudata
- Suborder Spinicaudata
- Suborder Cyclestherida
- Suborder Cladocera
- Class Malacostraca
- Subclass Phyllocarida
- Order Lepstostraca
- Subclass Eumalacostraca
- Superorder Hoplocarida
- Order Stomatopoda
- Superorder Syncarida
- Order Bathynellacea
- Order Anaspidacea
- Superorder Eucarida
- Order Euphausiacea
- Order Amphionidacea
- Order Decapoda
- Suborder Dendrobranchiata
- Suborder Pleocyemata
- Infraorder Caridea
- Infraorder Stenopodidea
- Infraorder Brachyura
- Infraorder Anomura
- Infraorder Astacidea
- Infraorder Palinura
- Infraorder Thalassinidea
- Superorder Peracarida
- Order Mysida
- Order Lophogastrida
- Order Cumacea
- Order Tanaidacea
- Order Mictacea
- Order Spelaeogriphacea
- Order Thermosbaenacea
- Order Isopoda
- Suborder Anthuridea
- Suborder Asellota
- Suborder Calabozoidea
- Suborder Epicaridea
- Suborder Flabellifera
- Suborder Gnathiidea
- Suborder Oniscidea
- Suborder Phreatoicidea
- Suborder Valvifera
- Order Amphipoda
- Suborder Gammaridea
- Suborder Hyperiidea
- Suborder Caprellidea
- Suborder Ingolfiellidea
- Class Maxillopoda
- Subclass Thecostraca
- Infraclass Facetotecta
- Infraclass Ascothoracida
- Infraclass Cirripedia
- Superorder Acrothoracica
- Superorder Rhizocephala
- Superorder Thoracica
- Subclass Tantulocarida
- Subclass Branchiura
- Subclass Pentastomida
- Subclass Mystacocarida
- Subclass Copepoda
- Infraclass Progymnoplea
- Order Platycopioida
- Infraclass Neocopepoda
- Order Calanoida
- Order Cyclopoida
- Order Gelyelloida
- Order Harpacticoida
- Order Misophrioida
- Order Monstrilloida
- Order Mormonilloida
- Order Poecilostomatoida
- Order Siphonostomatoida
- Subclass Ostracoda
- Superorder Myodocopa
- Order Myodocopida
- Order Halocyprida
- Superorder Podocopa
- Order Podocopida
- Order Platycopida
- Order Palaeocopida
- Subphylum Hexapoda
- Class Entognatha
- Order Collembola
- Order Protura
- Order Diplura
- Class Insecta
- Subclass Archaeognatha
- Order Archaeognatha (= Microcoryphia)
- Subclass Zygentoma
- Order Thysanura
- Subclass Pterygota
- Infraclass Palaeoptera
- Order Ephemeroptera
- Order Odonata
- Infraclass Neoptera
- Order Plecoptera
- Order Blattodea
- Order Isoptera
- Order Mantodea
- Order Phasmida (= Phasmatoptera)
- Order Grylloblattodea
- Order Dermaptera
- Order Orthoptera
- Order Mantophasmatodea
- Order Embioptera
- Order Zoraptera
- Order Psocoptera
- Order Phthiraptera
- Order Thysanoptera
- Order Hemiptera
- Order Strepsiptera
- Order Megaloptera
- Order Raphidioptera
- Order Neuroptera
- Order Coleoptera
- Order Mecoptera
- Order Siphonaptera
- Order Diptera
- Order Trichoptera
- Order Lepidoptera
- Order Hymenoptera
- Subphylum Myriapoda
- Class Diplopoda
- Subclass Penicillata
- Order Polyxenida
- Subclass Chilognatha
- Order Callipodida
- Order Chordeumatida
- Order Glomerida
- Order Glomeridesmida
- Order Julida
- Order Platydesmida
- Order Polydesmida
- Order Polyzoniida
- Order Siphonophorida
- Order Siphoniulida
- Order Sphaerotheriida
- Order Spirobolida
- Order Spirostreptida
- Order Stemmiulida
- Class Chilopoda
- Subclass Notostigmophora
- Order Scutigeromorpha
- Subclass Pleurostigmophora
- Order Craterostigmomorpha
- Order Geophilomorpha
- Order Lithobiomorpha
- Order Scolopendromorpha
- Subphylum Cheliceriformes
- Class Pycnogonida
- Class Chelicerata
- Subclass Merostomata
- Order Eurypterida
- Order Xiphosura
- Subclass Arachnida
- Order Acari
- Suborder Opiloacarifomes
- Suborder Parasitiformes
- Suborder Acariformes
- Suborder Mesothelae
- Suborder Opisthothelae
- Superfamily Mygalomorpha
- Family Ctenizidae
- Family Atypidae
- Family Theraphosidae
- Family Dipluridae
- Superfamily Araneomorphae
- Family Loxoscelidae
- Family Theridiidae
- Family Uloboridae
- Family Araneidae
- Family Tetragnathidae
- Family Clubionidae
- Family Linyphiidae
- Family Agelenidae
- Family Argyronetidae
- Family Lycosidae
- Family Pisauridae
- Family Oxyopidae
- Family Thomisidae
- Family Heteropodidae
- Family Salticidae
- Family Dinopidae
- Family Scytodidae
- Order Opiliones
- Order Palpigradi
- Order Pseudoscorpionida
- Order Ricinulei
- Order Schizomida
- Order Scorpiones
- Order Solpugida
- Order Uropygi
Phylum Mollusca
- Phylum Mollusca
- Class Aplacophora
- Subclass Chaetodermomorpha (= Caudofoveata)
- Subclass Neomeniomorpha (= Solenogastres)
- Class Monoplacophora
- Class Polyplacophora
- Order Lepidopleurida
- Order Ischnochitonida
- Order Acanthochitonida
- Class Gastropoda
- Subclass Prosobranchia
- Order Archaeogastropoda
- Order Mesogastropoda
- Order Neogastropoda
- Subclass Opisthobranchia
- Order Acochlidioidea
- Order Cephalaspidea
- Order Runcinoidea
- Order Sacoglossa
- Order Anaspidea
- Order Thecosomata
- Order Gymnosomata
- Order Notaspidea
- Order Nudibranchia
- Subclass Pulmonata
- Order Archaeopulmonata
- Order Basommatophora
- Order Stylommatophora
- Order Systellommatophora
- Class Bivalvia (=Pelecypoda, or Lamellibranchiata)
- Subclass Protobranchia
- Order Nuculida (= Palaeotaxodonta)
- Order Solemyida (= Cryptodonta)
- Subclass Lamellibranchia
- Superorder Filibranchia (= Pteriomorpha)
- Superorder Eulamellibranchia (= Heterodonta)
- Order Palaeoheterodonta
- Order Veneroida
- Order Myoida
- Subclass Anomalodesmata
- Class Scaphopoda
- Class Cephalopoda (= Siphonopoda)
- Subclass Nautiloidea (= Tetrabranchiata)
- Subclass Coleoidea (= Dibranchiata)
- Order Sepioida
- Order Teuthoida (= Decapoda)
- Order Octopoda
- Order Vampyromorpha
Phylum Phoronida
- Phylum Phoronida
Phylum Ectoprocta (= Bryozoa)
- Phylum Ectoprocta (= Bryozoa)
- Class Phylactolaemata
- Class Stenolaemata
- Class Gymnolaemata
- Order Ctenostomata
- Order Cheilostomata
Phylum Brachiopoda
- Phylum Brachiopoda
- Class Inarticulata
- Class Articulata
Phylum Echinodermata
- Phylum Echinodermata
- Class Crinoidea
- Class Asteroidea
- Order Platysterida
- Order Paxillosida
- Order Valvatida
- Order Spinulosida
- Order Forcipulatida
- ”Sea daisies” (previously the class Concentricycloidea, but assigned by many authorities to the Spinulosida)
- Class Ophiuroidea
- Order Oegophiurida
- Order Phrynophiurida
- Order Ophiurida
- Class Echinoidea
- Subclass Cidaroidea
- Subclass Euechinoidea
- Infraclass Echinothurioida
- Infraclass Acroechinoidea
- Cohort Diadematacea
- Cohort Echinacea
- Cohort Irregularia
- Class Holothuroidea
- Subclass Dendrochirotacea
- Order Dactylochirotida
- Order Dendrochirotida
- Subclass Aspidochirotacea
- Order Aspidochirotida
- Order Elasipodida
- Subclass Apodacea
Phylum Chaetognatha
- Phylum Chaetognatha
- Order Phragmophora
- Order Aphragmophora
Phylum Hemichordata
- Phylum Hemichordata
- Class Enteropneusta
- Class Pterobranchia
- Class Planctosphaeroidea
Phylum Chordata
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Urochordata (= Tunicata)
- Class Ascidiacea
- Class Thaliacea
- Class Appendicularia (= Larvacea)
- Class Sorberacea
- Subphylum Cephalochordata (= Acrania)
- Subphylum Vertebrata
- Class Myxini
- Class Cephalaspidomorphi
- Class Chondrichthyes
- Class Osteichthyes
- Class Amphibia
- Class Reptiliomorpha (= Sauropsida)
- Class Mammalia
See also
- Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet et al., 2017)
- Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005) – System for the scientific classification of gastropod mollusks
- Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997) – Morphological system for the scientific classification of gastropod mollusks
- Taxonomy of the Conoidea (Tucker & Tenorio, 2009) – Classification of cone snails and allies
- Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera – Classification of moths and butterflies
References
- ↑ Richard C. Brusca & Gary J. Brusca (2003). Invertebrates (2nd ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-097-5.
- ↑ Brusca, R. C.; Brusca, G. J. (2005). Invertebrados (2nd ed.). Madrid: McGraw-Hill-Interamericana. ISBN 978-0-87893-097-5.
- ↑ Richard C. Brusca & Gary J. Brusca (2003), p. 875.
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