The Golden Bird (Berber folktale)

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The Golden Bird (French: L'oiseau d'or) is a Berber tale from Kabylia, collected by author Mouloud Mammeri. It is related to the theme of the calumniated wife and classified in the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as type ATU 707, "The Three Golden Children". These tales refer to stories where a girl promises a king she will bear a child or children with wonderful attributes, but her jealous relatives or the king's wives plot against the babies and their mother. Variants are collected in Algeria and in Kabylie, among the Berbers.

In this tale, three sisters express their wishes to marry the king, and boast about their abilities: the elder boasts she can prepare crêpes for the king with a single grain of wheat; the middle one that she can sew a beautiful coat with a single fleece, and the youngest that she will bear twins, a boy and a girl, with golden forehead. The king, who was strolling in the garden at the time, overhears their conversation, and decides to marry all three. Later, he bids his elder wife fulfills her boast and cook him the crêpes, but she fails. The middle one cannot weave the coat either. As for the youngest, she is pregnant, and indeed gives birth to her children: babies with blond hair so shiny it looks like gold. The elder sisters feel threatened by their cadette's success and bribe a midwife to replace the children for puppies and throw them in the water in a box.

It happens thus: the box washes away and is rescued by a fisherman, who brings it home to his wife. They open it and find the twins inside, their hair shining with a blinding light. They decide to raise the children and name them Aziz and Aziza. Despite their poor situation, Aziz and Aziza play games with a king's son and win louis and enough gold for their adoptive parents. They move out to a palace, but, in time, their adoptive parents die of old age, and leave the twins alone. Aziz spends his days hunting while Aziza stays home. One day, a local old woman, envying their good life, pays them a visit and convinces Aziza to send her brother to fetch lioness's milk in a satchel made of the skin of a lioncub, so the girl can use the milk on her skin and be even more beautiful. Aziz agrees to fetch her the milk, and consults with the local wise men how to approach the lioness: take seven sheep and throw them to the lioncubs in their den while their mother is away. Aziz reaches the lioness's den, feeds them the sheep and takes the cub and milk with him. Next, the old sorceress tells Aziza about a wonderful necklace made of pearls that can make her even more beautiful.

Lastly, the old woman tells Aziza to seek the Golden Bird that can sing melodious songs and can predict the future. Aziz goes to fetch the bird and is turned to stone when he interacts with the bird. When Aziz does not return at the appointed time, Aziza goes after him, captures the bird and restore her male twin and other petrified people. The twins bring the Golden Bird in a cage and hang it on his palace. Meanwhile, the king, their father, goes with his retinue to the twins' palace to see for himself Aziza's beauty and the bird's singing, but the animal stops its song. The king orders the bird to sing, and the bird replies that it cannot sing to a king that wants to marry his own daughter and kill his own son. The king is intrigued by the bird's words, and, advised by the bird, brings with him his former third wife (which he imprisoned), the midwife and his elder co-wives to the palace the next day. At the assemblage, the Golden Bird reveals the whole truth to the twins, their mother and the king.[1]

Analysis

Tale type

The tale is classified in the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as type ATU 707, "The Three Golden Children": three sisters converse among themselves about their plans to marry the king, the youngest promising to bear children with wondrous aspect; the king decides to marry the youngest (or all three), and the youngest bears the wondrous children, who are taken from her and cast in the water by the jealous aunts; years later, the children, after many adventures, reunite the family, which leads to the aunts being punished.[2][3] The tale type, according to scholars Ibrahim Muhawi and Sharif Kanaana, is very popular in the Arab world.[4]

Motifs

French ethnologist Camille Lacoste-Dujardin [fr], in regards to a Kabylian variant, noted that the sisters' jealousy originated from their perceived infertility, and that their promises of grand feats of domestic chores were a matter of "capital importance" to them.[5]

Hasan El-Shamy remarked that in Middle Eastern tales the royal children, born of the third sister, are a brother-sister twin pair.[6]

Variants

See also

References

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