Timeline of Goan history
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a timeline of Goan history. It overlaps with the histories of other regions in South Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and colonial powers that influenced the region, including Kingdom of Portugal.
- c. 80,000 – c. 100,000, B.P. (Before Portuguese) Arrival of modern Homo sapiens in the basin of Mandovi and Zuari as evidenced from Acheulean handaxes.[1]
- c. 80,000 – c. 8000 B.P. Stone Age of Goa, cave dwellings, hunter-gatherer society, humans migrate from the river banks towards the coast in search of sea salt, the first rudimentary petroglyphs (Usgao), birth of shamanism and cult of earth goddess
- Micro > Neolithism > Megalithism
- c. 8000 – c. 4000 B.P. Critical and exciting period of Goan Neolithism and Chalcolithism, the nomadic people of Kushavati culture, golden age of petroglyphs and rock art in Goa; shamanistic nomadic society, animal trappers, fishers, discovery of edible plants, tubers, mushrooms, worship of ant hill goddess, a nature worship, origin of Dhalo; origin of Perni jagor mask dance drama, a smooth transition of Neolithic to megalithic society (dolmens, menhirs) towards the end
- c. 6000 – c. 4000 B.P. Drop in sea level, Marine fossil beds at Bambolim, Siridao, Camurlim, etc.
- c. 3600 B.P. entry of horses and pottery in Goa, megalithism, first attempts to make salt from sea water, silt based farming in river valleys, development of trade routes, influence and contact with Indus civilization, Harappan seafarers
Antiquity
- c. 1000–800 BC Primitive agriculture: the Kumeri or burn and shift agriculture and the reclamation of coastal mangroves for preparing khazan lands, probable birth of Gaonkaris (latter-day communidades) of Goa, common land ownership, Iron Age in Goa, first ploughs.
- 500 BC Jainism and Buddhist influence in south India spreads to Goa (the following chronology would be expanded later)
- up to 200 BC Imperial Mauryan rule
- up to AD 200 Imperial Satavahanas of Pratishthan, Western Kshatrapas Roman trade contacts, beginning of Arab trade in horses
Age of dynastic rule-golden period of maritime history
- AD 200–400 many minor dynasties and feudatories (Chutus, Maharathis, Kadambas of Halsi, Kuras of Kolhapur)
- AD 400–600 Bhojas of Chandor (Chandrapur/Sindbur to Arabs)
- AD 500–800 Badami Chalukyas, Konkan Mauryas, etc., embassy to Persia. Boost in horse trade, migration of Kaundinya seafarers from Goa to south east Asia
Middle Ages
- AD 800–1000 Shilahara branches, imperial Rashtrakutas of Malkhed, Spread of Arab trading settlements (Anjumans)
- AD 1000–1330 Goa Kadambas (detail chronology is being compiled), (Devagiri Yadavas, gangas, Hoysalas, etc.)
Islamic influence
- 1326–1380 Bahamani rulers
- 1380–1472 Under Vijayanagara rule the Hindu ruler started construction of temples in Goa on Buddhist temples all the way to Kanada present-day Karnataka
- 1472–1510 Adilshahi rule (details to be added)
- (a separate chronology of new conquest areas before their annexation by Portuguese needs to be compiled as these territories at different times were ruled by adilshahi, Marathas, kings of sundas, Bhonsles of wadi, Dessais, etc. from 1510 to 1793)
- (definitive and accurate chronology of the period 200 AD to 1510 AD is possible based on epigraphical, archaeological, architectural, iconographic, numismatic records and publications-but many scholars need to contribute from Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Gujarath)
Portuguese India
1500s
- 1505 – The construction of Fort Anjediva begins. It was one of the first four forts commissioned by Manuel I of Portugal to Dom Francisco de Almeida in India.
- 10 December 1510 – Afonso de Albuquerque accepts the surrender of the forces of Yusuf Adil Shah.
- 31 January 1533 – Diocese of Goa is established as a suffragan of the newly created Archdiocese of Funchal by Pope Paul III. Francisco de Melo was appointed its bishop but never took the possession. This created an episcopal see of Goa, having jurisdiction of all Portuguese conquests from the Cape of Good Hope to China and Japan.
- 6 May 1542 – 36-year-old Jesuit missionary, Francis Xavier of Navarre, arrives in Goa.
- 1545 – João III of Portugal orders João de Castro to establish schools for Christian doctrine (escolas de doutrina) in the villages where students were taught music (solfeggio), violin and the organ in addition to the three R's. This music (which was wholly religious) was taught for congregational participation during Church services. In the 19th century, these village schools became known as Parish Schools (escolas paroquiais). Early exposure to and love for Western Music produces many Goan musicians who are recognized internationally for their ability to play all of its genres; 19th-century Salcete will become the birthplace of the Mando - a particularly Goan form of music.
- 1546 – Francis Xavier requests the installation of the Goa Inquisition for the "New Christians" in a letter dated 16 May 1546 to King João III of Portugal, but his request will be carried out only in 1560.
- 3 December 1552 – Francis Xavier dies off the coast of China.
- 1555 – Holy Magi Church of Reis Magos is the first church built in Bardez.
- 1556 – pt:João Nunes Barreto, the Patriarch of Abyssinia (roughly corresponding to the current-day Ethiopia) introduces the printing press to Goa; situated at the Jesuit College of Saint Paul at Old Goa, it is the first in all of Asia. The first book published that year is the Conclusiones Philosophicas.
- 4 February 1557 – Pope Paul IV separated the Goan diocese from the ecclesiastical province of Lisbon and raised it to a metropolitan archdiocese, with the suffragan dioceses of Diocese of Cochin and Diocese of Malacca. In the course of time other dioceses were included in the metropolitan area of Goa such as Macau, Funai, Cranganore, Meliapor, Nanjing, Beijing, Mozambique and Díli.
- 1557 – The printing press publishes its second book, Catecismo da Doutrina Christã, posthumously, five years after the death of its author, St. Francis Xavier. The Patriarch of Abyssinia was residing in Goa at the time and offering his episcopal services till the appointment of the first Archbishop of Goa, Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira in 1558.
- 1558 – André Vaz is ordained as the first native Goan priest of the Catholic church.
- 1560 – Safa Masjid is built by the Bijapuri ruler Ibrahim Adil Shah I.
- 1565 – Igreja de Nossa Senhora das Neves, Rachol is the first church built in Salcette.
- 1571 – War of the League of the Indies, the Portuguese successfully defend Ilhas.
- 13 December 1572 – Pope Gregory XIII grants the archbishop of Goa the title of "Primate of the East".
- 25 July 1583 – Cuncolim Massacre of Christian priests and civilians by Hindu Kshatriyas.
1600s
- 1615 – Canonization of St. Francis Xavier, still a figure of widespread devotion among Goa's Catholic population, who is known to Goans as Goencho Saib.
- 1619 - Se Cathedral, the cathedral of the Latin Rite Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman, is completed.
- 1634 - Ponte de Linhares, was completed. It connects Ribandar with Panjim . The 3.2 km route was the longest causeway in Asia at the time of its completion.
- 1635 - Matheus de Castro is appointed as the first Indian Bishop of the Catholic church.
- 1638 - Battle of Goa was fought between the Portuguese and the Dutch as part of Dutch-Portuguese War of the 1600s.
- 30 September 1639 - A second naval battle resulted in Dutch victory.
- 21 April 1651 – Birth of St. Joseph Vaz, who would, three-and-half centuries later, become the first Goan to be beatified (on 21 January 1995) and also the first Goan to be canonized (14 January 2015).
- 1667 - The first known translation of any Christian Scripture in an Indian language was done to Konkani by Ignazio Arcamone, an Italian Jesuit.
- After 1668 - Portuguese Indian rupia currency was introduced. It equalled 2 "Xerafim".
- 1683 - Invasion of Goa by Sambhaji. Many battles were fought in a span of 3 months between the Maratha Empire and the Portuguese Empire. Marathas captured several forts in Goa temporarily which made no permanent territorial changes. Marathas retreated on 2 January 1684.
1700s
- 31 May 1756 - Abbé Faria (José Custódio de Faria) was born. A Luso-Goan Catholic monk became one of the pioneers of the scientific study of hypnotism.
- 1770 - Fontainhas was established in Panjim by Antonio Joao de Sequeira (Mossmikar).
- 5 August 1787 – Denunciation of the Conspiracy of the Pintos, an event in which a section of the local population sought to fight Portuguese rule in Goa. Curiously, Fr. José Vaz from Anjuna was among the priests denounced and detained.
1800s
- 1802–1813 - Several British Army troops are posted in different corners of Goa to protect it from a possible French invasion during the Napoleonic Wars. British Cemetery near the Governor's Palace at Dona Paula is a legacy of this period.
- 1818 - The New Testament was translated into Konkani in Roman script.
- 21 December 1821 – Goa's first newspaper Gazetta de Goa was published by the Government printing press in Goa, the Imprensa Nacional which was an official government document containing local and international news.
- 14 June 1822 - At 1822 Portuguese legislative election, three "Deputados" representing Portuguese India were elected namely Bernardo Peres da Silva, pt:Constâncio Roque da Costa, both Goans and pt:António José Lima Leitão, a Portuguese.
- 29 October 1826 – the Government suspended Gazetta de Goa publication.
- 15 September 1832 - Goa State Central Library (oldest public library in India) is inaugurated by Viceroy Dom pt:Manuel de Portugal e Castro as "The Publica Livraria of the Academia Militar de Goa".
- 27 May – 6 June 1835 – Bernardo Peres da Silva, first native prefect (governor) of Portuguese India, was expelled by the White-dominated military in Goa and he departed to Bombay (Mumbai). While in exile, he sought financial aid from a Goan opium trader named Rogério de Faria, and set out with an expeditionary force. However, because of miscalculation of the monsoons, the fleet was destroyed upon the rocks of Vengurla. Despite this stumbling block, Peres da Silva won re-election for three subsequent terms to the Portuguese Parliament in Lisbon. Though he expressed unhappiness because his fellow members of parliament ignored him and were often absent during his pleas for the civil rights of Goa and Goans, he did not cease to campaign for Goa. He is buried in the cemetery of Prazeres in Portugal.
- 13 June 1835 to 30 November 1837 – a government journal the Chronica Constitucional was published
- 7 December 1837 – brought into existence the Boletim do Governo do Estado da India a weekly paper which was later renamed the Boletim Oficial do Estado da India. It remained a weekly from September 1879 and April 1880 when it came out three times a week until 1 May 1882. It became a daily paper until 30 November 1887, when it once again reverted to its three times a week status until 1897 and finally twice a week. In 1899 the paper did not carry any news or historical items.
- 1841 - Panjim post office was notified to be the head post office of Goa.
- 5 November 1842 – Escola Medico-Cirurgica de Goa was established. This was probably the first medical school of Western medicine in Asia. The school was started as Hospital Militar (later known as Hospital Regimental, Hospital Central and Hospital Escolar) at Pangim or Nova Goa. The graduates of Goas medical school made significant contributions in the field of medicine in Goa and beyond it, particularly in Africa where they worked as general practitioners and specialists in various branches of medicine.
- 1843 - The capital of Goa was shifted from Velha Goa to Nova Goa and Panjim town was elevated to the status of a city on 22 March 1843 making it the oldest civic institution (The Corporation of the City of Panaji) in Asia.
- 1852 – 1855 – Dipaji Rane revolted against the Portuguese. He captured the fort of Nanuz in Sattari and launched his attacks from there. This went on for around five years. Finally the Portuguese authorities made peace with Dipaji Rane and pardoned all the rebels restoring their rights.[2]
- 1858 – Bernardo Francisco da Costa (who was a member of the Portuguese Parliament from 1853 to 1869) founded his own printing press in Margão and published O Ultramar, the following year; it was Goa's first privately published newspaper.
- 1866 - Os Brahamanes (The Brahmans) was written by Francisco Luis Gomes and became the first Goan to publish a novel.
- 1868 - Banco Nacional Ultramarino opens its first Goan branch at Panjim. Currently State Bank of India is operating through the same structure.
- 1869 – 71 – A revolt was led by Kustohba Rane. He wreaked havoc in the Portuguese territories for two years. He was assassinated outside his house on 13 June 1871.[2]
- 1870 - The Goa civil code was introduced after Portuguese Goa and Damaon were elevated from being a mere province to the status of a Província Ultramarina (Overseas possession).
- 1878 - Under the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878, Mormugao was identified as having one of the best natural harbours and the work of modernising the port was undertaken by The Western Indian Portuguese Guaranteed Railway Company. The work began in 1878 and the Mormugao Port was commissioned in 1885. The treaty allowed British India to have monopoly over the salt trade in Goa. Moreover, contraction of the Goan economy took place due to the large scale emigration of Goans to British India, mostly to Bombay. The treaty was terminated in 1892.
- 23 January 1886 - Pope Leo XIII, through the bull Humanae Salutis Auctor, invested the Archbishop of Goa with the honorary title of Patriarch of the East Indies. António Sebastião Valente became the first Patriarch of the East Indies.
- 1887 - The first English medium high school of Goa, St. Joseph High School, Arpora was established by William Robert Lyons, a Jesuit scholar.
- December 1887- A meter-gauge railway track of 43 km between Mormugao-Sanvordem via Vasco da Gama was inaugurated. In 1888 it was extended till Castle Rock Railway Station.
- 21 September 1890 - Vasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses ordered his armed men to fire upon the civilians who had gathered around the Holy Spirit Church, Margao to protest the malpractices done by the government during the Camara Municipal de Salcete election held earlier on that day. 23 Goans lost their lives.
- 17 April 1892 - Costancio Lucasinho Caridade Ribeiro (Lucasinho Ribeiro) from Assagao along with João Agostinho Fernandes from Borda, Margao and Caetaninho Fernandes of Taleigao presented the first tiatr performance ever, Italian Bhurgo, adapted from an Italian operetta, was staged at the New Alfred Theatre, Bombay. On 17 April 1996, first Tiatr Dis (Tiatr Day) was celebrated by Kala Academy.
- 27 October 1892 - Swami Vivekananda arrived in Goa. He studied at Rachol Seminary and also visited several prominent temples over a course of week's time.
- 1895 -The first original tiatr script was written and directed by João Agostinho Fernandes, entitled The Belle of Cavel or Sundori Cavelchi in Bombay. He was conferred the title Pai Tiatrist (Father Tiatrist).
1900s
- 22 January 1900 - O Heraldo was established as the first daily Portuguese newspaper by Aleixo Clemente Messias Gomes and Luís de Menezes Bragança in Goa.It was later transformed into an English daily in 1983.
- 3 December 1901 – A launch crossing Mandovi from Betim to Panaji ran aground which killed 81 people on the feast day.
- 13 March 1902 – Dada Rane and his 22 "accomplices" sentenced to exile to East Timor. They embarked on 26 March 1902. Dada and his son Indroji died in Timor, but others had their term of exile reduced and are believed to have returned to Goa. One of them, Santoba Rane participated in yet another and final revolt in 1912.
- 22 November 1904 - Regina Fernandes, wife of the playwright João Agostinho Fernandes, became the first female tiatr actor in Batcara.
- 29 October 1914 – birth of Silvestre Micael Feliciano Martins in Orlim; prolific Goan composer and musician.
- 1917 - The "Carta Organica" law was passed, overseeing all civil liberties in Goa.
- 1917 - thirty-one settlements were carved out of the Salcete to form Mormugao taluka (sub-district).
- 1 May 1928 - The Diocese of Daman was dissolved. The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Goa was renamed to Metropolitan Archdiocese of Goa and Daman.
- 1928 - Tristão de Bragança Cunha founded the Goa National Congress and got it affiliated to All-India Congress Committee in 1938 and moved its operation to Bombay.
- May 1930 - Portugal passed the "Acto Colonial" (Portuguese Colonial Act), which restricted political rallies and meetings within all Portuguese colonies. It was repealed later in 1950 by the efforts of Froilano de Mello.
- 1930 - The 16th edition of All India Marathi Literary Conference was held in Margao. The conferences of 1964 and 1994 were also held in Goa.
- 9–10 March 1943 - Operation Creek was carried out by members of Calcutta Light Horse and Calcutta Scottish at Mormugao harbour. They successfully attacked the German cargo ship Ehrenfels which had been transmitting information about the movement of allied ships.
- 11 January 1946 - The Church of Bom Jesus was made a Basilica. It is the first basilica of India.
- April 1946 - Polícia do Estado da Índia was formed. It replaced the Corpo de Polícia e Fiscalização da Índia (CPFI).
- July 1946 - Ram Manohar Lohia and Juliao Menezes addressed a meeting in Panjim on 15 June and then another one on 18 June (Goa Revolution Day) in Margao. Portuguese didn't intervene the first meet but at Margao meeting they were arrested and taken to jail.
- 24 April 1950 - Mogacho Anvddo produced and directed by Jerry Braganza became the first full-length Konkani film. This day is celebrated as Konkani cinema Day.
- 4 December 1950 - Valerian Gracias was appointed as the first native Indian Archbishop in India. Later on 29 December 1952, he also became the first Cardinal from India.
- 1951 - Goa First Division began and it was organised by the Conselho de Desportos. The first League champion of Goa was Clube Desportivo de Chinchinim who beat Football Club of Siolim, to clinch the title.
- 1953 - Kesarbai Kerkar, an Indian classical vocalist from Keri, became the first woman to win the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award.
- 1953 - The Government of India closes its legation in Lisbon, following tensions between the two countries over the future of Portuguese colonies in South Asia.
- 1954 - India annexed the enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli (near Daman)
- 1954–1955 - In 1954, National Congress Goa led a Satyagraha in Goa and in 1955 Azad Gomantak Dal organised a satyagraha. Some exiled Goans aided Goa Liberation Movement and Indian nationalists in a Gandhi-style campaign which failed due to little local support. 32 Satyagrahis were shot dead by the Portuguese.
- 1 September 1955 - India shut its consul office in Goa.
- 1955 - The Aeroporto de Dabolim (later officially renamed to Aeroporto General Bénard Guedes) was built in 1955 by the Government of the Estado da Índia, on 249 acres (101 ha) of land. Until 1961, the airport served as the main hub of the Portuguese India's airline TAIP (Transportes Aéreos da Índia Portuguesa).
- 1957 - "Estaleiros Navais de Goa" is established to build barges to support Goa's growing mining industry. Currently it manufacturers warships for the Indian Navy and the Indian Coast Guard.
- 1958 - Portuguese Indian rupia was replaced by Portuguese Indian escudo. One rupia was equal to 6 escudos. After 1961, the currency was nullified and Indian Rupee was declared as the currency of Goa.
- 1958 - Anjanibai Malpekar, an Indian classical singer of Malpe, Pernem became the first woman to be awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship.
- 10 June 1959 - Dutch aircraft Martin PBM-5A Mariner en route to the Netherlands from Indonesia experienced engine trouble and therefore diverged to Dabolim airport but it crashed at Alto Mangor, Vasco. All the eight crew died.
- 1959 - The Goa Football Association was established as the official administrative body of football in Goa.
- 26 January 1960 - Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar, an obstetrician and gynaecologist, born in Shiroda, became the first Goan to receive Padma Bhushan and later in 1971, he also became the first Goan to receive Padma Vibhushan for his contribution to medicine.
- 26 October 1960 - His Highness the Aga Khan IV was decorated with the Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry the Navigator by Governor General Vassalo e Silva at Cabo Palace.
- 1961 - Leslie Buddy D'Souza was the first awardee of Arjuna Award in Boxing. He also became the first Goan origin person to win an Arjuna Award.
- 8 March 1961 – In a UN debate, V. K. Krishna Menon (India) described the Portuguese overseas territories as a "slave empire" and declared that the "liberation of Goa" was "part of the unfinished task of liberating India."
- 1 April. 1961 – Jawaharlal Nehru announced in India's lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha that the Government of India had decided to relax the ban on trade with Goa and the other small, scattered Portuguese colonies in India with immediate effect, "as part of its policy of liberalization."
- 23 October 1961 – India's prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru in a Bombay speech referred to increasing reports of "terror and torture" by the Portuguese authorities in Goa and declared that "the time has come for us to consider afresh what method should be adopted to free Goa from Portuguese rule."
- 24 November 1961 - Sabarmati, a passenger boat passing between Angediva and Kochi, was fired upon by Portuguese ground troop stationed at Angediva resulting in injuries to the chief engineer of the boat and the death of a passenger.
- 1 December 1961 - Dilip Sardesai becomes the first Goan to play international cricket for India.
- 9 Dec 1961 - The vessel India arrived at Mormugão port en route to Lisbon from Timor. 700 Portuguese civilians of European origin boarded the ship and fled Goa.
- 17 December 1961 – The long-standing tension between India and Portugal over the question of what was described variously as the Portuguese "territories", "enclaves" or "colonies" in South Asia—Goa, and the small enclaves of Daman and Diu—culminated in the annexation of Goa after a brief (48 hours) military campaign by an estimated 30,000 Indian troops pitted against Portugal's 3,000 troops, 900 Goan police and no air or naval power. See Operation Vijay (1961)
- 18 December 1961 - The 50th Parachute Brigade (India) moved into Goa at Thivim, Ponda via Usgao and Panjim via Banastarim. The two Indian air raids destroyed Dabolim Airport runway. The third Indian air raid damaged the wireless station at Bambolim. The Indian Naval Command assigned the task of securing Anjidiv to the cruiser INS Mysore and the frigate INS Trishul under the command of Lieutenant Arun Auditto stormed the island and secured it the next day.
- 19 December 1961 – The Indian tricolour flag was hoisted in Goa, in front of the Pangim seat of state power.