Unified Northern Alphabet
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Unified Northern Alphabet (UNA) (Russian: Единый северный алфавит, romanized: Edinyy severnyy alfavit) was a set of Latin alphabets created during the Latinisation in the Soviet Union for the "small" languages of northern Russia and used for about five years during the 1930s.
Systematic work on the development of writing in the languages of the peoples of the North began in 1926, when the Northern Faculty (known as the Institute of the Peoples of the North (IPN) since 1930) of the Leningrad Oriental Institute was established.
Alphabets were initially planned for Chukchi, Even, Evenki, Gilyak, Itelmen, Ket, Koryak, Mansi, Nanai, Nenets, Kildin Sámi, Selkup, Siberian Yupik and Udihe.
Letters in use across different languages
The descending tail or hook beneath the letters may look like a cedilla, comma, ogonek, or extended serif, depending on the typeface.
| Letter | Trans.[1] | Kildin Sámi
(a)[2] |
Kildin Sámi
(b)[1] |
Nenets | Selkup | Mansi | Khanty | Evenki | Even | Nanai | Udihe | Itelmen | Chukchi | Koryak | Yupik | Aleut | Ket | Gilyak |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A a | a | A a | A a Ā ā | A a Ā ā | A a Ā ā | A a | A a | A a Ā ā | A a Ā ā | A a Ā ā | A a Ā ā | A a | A a Ā ā | A a | A a | A a | A a | A a |
| B ʙ | b | B ʙ | B ʙ B̦ ʙ̦ | B ʙ B̦ ʙ̦ | B ʙ | — | — | B b | B ʙ | B ʙ | B ʙ | B ʙ B̦ ʙ̦ | — | — | B ʙ B̦ ʙ̦ | B ʙ | B ʙ | B ʙ |
| C c | c (ts) | C c | C c Ç ç | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | C c Ç ç | — | — | C c | C c | — | — | |
| Ꞓ ꞓ (Є є) | č | Ꞓ ꞓ | — | Ꞓ ꞓ | — | Ꞓ ꞓ | Ꞓ ꞓ | Ꞓ ꞓ | Ꞓ ꞓ | Ꞓ ꞓ | — | Ꞓ ꞓ | Ꞓ ꞓ | — | — | — | Ꞓ ꞓ | |
| D d | d | D d D̦ d̦ | D d D̦ d̦ | D d | — | — | D d | D d | D d | D d | D d D̦ d̦ | D d | — | D d | D d | D d | D d D̦ d̦ | |
| Ʒ ʒ | dž | Ʒ ʒ | — | — | — | — | Ʒ ʒ | Ʒ ʒ | Ʒ ʒ | Ʒ ʒ | — | — | — | — | Ʒ ʒ | — | — | |
| Ɜ ɜ | dz | Ɜ ɜ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| E e | e | E e | E e Ē ē | E e | E e | E e | E e | E e | E e | E e Ē ē | E e | E e Ē ē | E e | E e | E e | E e | E e | |
| Ə ə | ə | Ə ə | Ə ə Ə̄ ə̄ | Ə ə | — | Ə ə | Ə ə Ə̄ ə̄ | Ə ə Ə̄ ə̄ | Ə ə Ə̄ ə̄ | Ə ə Ə̄ ə̄ | Ə ə | Ə ə Ə̄ ə̄ | Ə ə | Ə ə | Ə ə | Ə ə | Ə ə | |
| Æ æ | ä | — | Æ æ | — | Æ æ | — | — | — | — | — | Æ æ | — | — | — | — | — | Æ æ | — |
| F f | f | F f | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | F f | F f | — | — | F f | F f | — | F f | |
| G g | g | G g Ģ ģ |
G g | G g | G g | G g | — | G g | G g | G g | G g | G g Ģ ģ | G g | G g | G g | G g | G g | G g |
| H h | h | H h | H h | — | H h | H h | H h | H h | H h | H h | H h | — | — | H h | H h | H h | H h | |
| Ꜧ ꜧ | γ | — | Ꜧ ꜧ | — | Ꜧ ꜧ | Ꜧ ꜧ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Ꜧ ꜧ | Ꜧ ꜧ | |
| I i | i | I i | I i Ī ī | I i Ī ī | I i | I i | I i | I i | I i | I i Ī ī | I i Ī ī | I i | I i Ī ī | I i | I i | I i | I i | I i |
| Ь ь | y | Ь ь | Ь ь Ь̄ ь̄ | Ь ь | Ь ь | Ь ь | — | — | — | — | Ь ь | Ь ь Ь̄ ь̄ | Ь ь | Ь ь | Ь ь | Ь ь | — | |
| J j | j | J j | J j | J j | J j | J j | J j | J j | J j | J j | J j | J j | J j | J j | J j | J j | J j | |
| K k | k | K k Ķ ķ | K k | K k | K k | K k | K k | K k | K k | K k | K k Ķ ķ | K k | K k | K k | K k | K k | K k Kʻ kʻ | |
| L l | l | L l Ļ ļ | L l Ļ ļ | L l Ļ ļ | L l Ļ ļ | L l Ļ ļ | L l | L l | L l | L l | L l Ļ ļ | L l | L l Ļ ļ | L l Ļ ļ | L l Ļ ļ | L l Ļ ļ | L l | |
| Ł ł | tl | — | — | — | — | Ł ł Ł̦ ł̦ | — | — | — | — | Ł ł | — | — | Ł ł | Ł ł | — | ||
| M m | m | M m M̦ m̦ | M m M̦ m̦ | M m | M m | M m | M m | M m | M m | M m | M m M̦ m̦ | M m | M m | M m | M m | M m | M m | |
| N n | n | N n Ņ ņ | N n Ņ ņ | N n Ņ ņ | N n Ņ ņ | N n Ņ ņ | N n Ņ ņ | N n Ņ ņ | N n Ņ ņ | N n Ņ ņ | N n Ņ ņ | N n | N n Ņ ņ | N n Ņ ņ | N n | N n Ņ ņ | N n Ņ ņ | |
| Ŋ ŋ | ng | Ŋ ŋ | Ŋ ŋ | Ŋ ŋ | Ŋ ŋ | Ŋ ŋ | Ŋ ŋ | Ŋ ŋ | Ŋ ŋ | Ŋ ŋ | Ŋ ŋ | Ŋ ŋ | Ŋ ŋ | Ŋ ŋ | Ŋ ŋ | Ŋ ŋ | Ŋ ŋ | |
| O o | o | O o | O o Ō ō | O o Ō ō | O o | O o | O o | O o Ō ō | O o Ō ō | O o Ō ō | O o Ō ō | O o | O o Ō ō | O o | O o | O o | O o | O o |
| Ɵ ɵ | ö | — | — | Ɵ ɵ | — | Ɵ ɵ | — | — | — | Ɵ ɵ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| P p | p | P p P̦ p̦ | P p P̦ p̦ | P p | P p | P p | P p | P p | P p | P p | P p P̦ p̦ | P p | P p | P p | P p | P p | P p Pʻ pʻ | |
| Q q | q | — | — | Q q | — | Q q | — | — | — | — | Q q | Q q | Q q | Q q | Q q | Q q | Q q Qʻ qʻ | |
| R r | r | R r Ŗ ŗ | R r Ŗ ŗ | R r | R r | R r | R r | R r | R r | R r | R r Ŗ ŗ | R r | R r | R r | R r | R r | R r Rʻ rʻ | |
| Ɍ ɍ | ř | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Ɍ ɍ | — | — | |
| S s | s | S s Ș ș | S s Ș ș | S s | S s | S s Ș ș | S s | S s | S s | S s | S s Ș ș | S s | S s | S s Ș ș | S s | S s Ș ș | S s | |
| Ꞩ ꞩ | š | Ꞩ ꞩ | — | Ꞩ ꞩ | Ꞩ ꞩ | Ꞩ ꞩ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| T t | t | T t Ț ț | T t Ț ț | T t | T t Ț ț | T t Ț ț | T t | T t | T t | T t | T t Ț ț | T t | T t Ț ț | T t | T t | T t Ț ț | T t Ț ț Tʻ tʻ | |
| U u | u | U u | U u Ū ū | U u Ū ū | U u | U u | U u | U u | U u | U u Ū ū | U u Ū ū | U u | U u Ū ū | U u | U u | U u | U u | U u |
| V v | v | V v V̦ v̦ | — | — | V v | — | — | — | — | — | V v V̦ v̦ | V v | V v | V v | V v | — | V v | |
| W w | w | — | W w | W w | — | W w | W w | W w | W w | W w | W w | W w | W w | W w | W w | W w | — | |
| X x | x | — | X x | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | X x | X x | — | — | X x | X x | — | X x |
| Y y | ü | — | — | Y y | — | Y y | — | — | — | Y y | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Z z | z | Z z Z̦ z̦ |
Z z | Z z Z̦ z̦ | Z z | — | — | — | — | — | Z z | Z z Z̦ z̦ | — | — | Z z | — | — | Z z |
| Ƶ ƶ | ž | Ƶ ƶ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Ƶ ƶ | — | — | |