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Gadolinium, ₆₄Gd
Gadolinium
Pronunciation	/ˌɡædəˈlɪniəm/ ⓘ (GAD-ə-LIN-ee-əm)
Appearance	silvery white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Gd)
	157.249±0.002; 157.25±0.01 (abridged);
Gadolinium in the periodic table
Atomic number (Z)	64
Group	f-block groups (no number)
Period	period 6
Block	f-block
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1585 K (1312 °C, 2394 °F)
Boiling point	3546 K (3273 °C, 5923 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	7.899 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	7.4 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	10.05 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	301.3 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	37.03 J/(mol·K)
Specific heat capacity	235.485 J/(kg·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	common: +3; 0, +1, +2
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.20
Ionization energies	1st: 593.4 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1170 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 1990 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 180 pm
Covalent radius	196±6 pm
	Spectral lines of gadolinium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2)
Lattice constants	a = 363.37 pm; c = 578.21 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	−21.4×10−6/K (at 20 °C); 11.1×10−6/K (at 100 °C)
Thermal conductivity	10.6 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	α, poly: 1.310 µΩ⋅m
Magnetic ordering	ferromagnetic–paramagnetic transition at 293.4 K
Molar magnetic susceptibility	+755000.0×10−6 cm3/mol (300.6 K)
Young's modulus	α form: 54.8 GPa
Shear modulus	α form: 21.8 GPa
Bulk modulus	α form: 37.9 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	2680 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio	α form: 0.259
Vickers hardness	510–950 MPa
CAS Number	7440-54-2
History
Naming	after the mineral gadolinite (itself named after Johan Gadolin)
Discovery	Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac (1880)
First isolation	Félix Trombe (1935)
Isotopes of gadolinium v; e;
α	147Sm
	Category: Gadolinium; view; talk; edit; \| references

Pronunciation/ˌɡædəˈlɪniəm/ (GAD-ə-LIN-ee-əm)

Appearancesilvery white

Atomic number (Z)64

Groupf-block groups (no number)

Quick facts Gadolinium, Pronunciation ...

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[1]
"Standard Atomic Weights: Gadolinium". CIAAW. 2024.
[2]
Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
[3]
Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
[4]
Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce, Pm, Tm, and Yb have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
[5]
Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
[6]
Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
[7]
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
[8]
Chiera, Nadine M.; Dressler, Rugard; Sprung, Peter; Talip, Zeynep; Schumann, Dorothea (2023). "Determination of the half-life of gadolinium-148". Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 194 110708. Elsevier BV. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110708. ISSN 0969-8043.

[a]
The thermal expansion of a Gd crystal is highly anisotropic and temperature-dependent: the parameters for each crystal axis at 20 °C are: α_a = 9.37×10⁻⁶/K, α_c = −83.0×10⁻⁶/K, and α_average = α_V/3 = −21.4×10⁻⁶/K. At 100 °C: α_a = 6.6×10⁻⁶/K, α_c = 20.1×10⁻⁶/K, and α_average = 11.1×10⁻⁶/K.

[CIAAWgadolinium-1] [1]
"Standard Atomic Weights: Gadolinium". CIAAW. 2024.

[CIAAW2021-2] [2]
Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Arblaster_2018-3] [3]
Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[Cloke1993-4] [4]
Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce, Pm, Tm, and Yb have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.

[GE28-5] [5]
Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[7] [6]
Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[NUBASE2020-8] [7]
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[148Gd-9] [8]
Chiera, Nadine M.; Dressler, Rugard; Sprung, Peter; Talip, Zeynep; Schumann, Dorothea (2023). "Determination of the half-life of gadolinium-148". Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 194 110708. Elsevier BV. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110708. ISSN 0969-8043.

[6] [a]
The thermal expansion of a Gd crystal is highly anisotropic and temperature-dependent: the parameters for each crystal axis at 20 °C are: α_a = 9.37×10⁻⁶/K, α_c = −83.0×10⁻⁶/K, and α_average = α_V/3 = −21.4×10⁻⁶/K. At 100 °C: α_a = 6.6×10⁻⁶/K, α_c = 20.1×10⁻⁶/K, and α_average = 11.1×10⁻⁶/K.

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